research paper child talk

8/14/2019 Research Paper Child Talk

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1Running Head: Child Talk

Child TalkJanuary 23, 2010

Submitted to:

Anita Jueco- Rosal, D.A.L.T.

Submitted by:

Angelo Ofianga Tubac

Profile of the Child

Name: Biosano, Michael Angelo G.

Birthday: June 05, 2007

Age: 2 years old and 6 months

Place of Birth: Tagbilaran City

Parents: Bilinguals (Cebuano-Bisaya, Tagalog)


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Grandparents: Bilinguals (Cebuano-Bisaya, Tagalog)

Aunt and uncle: Bilinguals (Cebuano-Bisaya, Tagalog)

A. Methodology

The researcher conducted an observation and interview for a month, the first visit

was on November 29, 2009. The child never talked, he seemed so conscious and often

cried before his father. The researcher was only able to casually talk to the parents that

day. The next visits were on December 5, 6, 12, 13, the child talked but he was not very

comfortable with the researcher. The researcher only elicited minimal responses from

the child because more often the child preferred to be cradled by his father. With that,

the researcher decided to change his strategies, he gave candies, chocolates, and fruits

just to let the child feel comfortable. The last visit was on December 23, the data for the

research is almost completed, the child became more casual in talking, but since there

is an on going videoke singing inside the house, the researcher decided to conduct a

final interview to the mother.

The instruments used in gathering the data were personal observation and oral

interview with the individuals who have immediate contact with the child. It was find out

that the the child talked more when his father gave him a bottle of Coke, when his

grandparents let him watched Wowowee, or when his aunt and uncle showed him his

guns, trucks, and cell phone dummy.

B. Phonological Development

Inventory of the

Consonant Sounds

Corresponding

Words/ Sample Words

Source /

Facilitators

Occasions

1. /m/ Mama

embep (corned

father

aunt

feeding

playing


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beef)

empen (airplane)

empe (coffee)

anggam (bubble

gum)

broom-broom

(motorcycle)

nammmm (lami)

aykem (ice cream)

grandma watching

TV

roaming

around the

street

1. /b/ Broom-broom

(motorcycle)

Embep (corned

beef)

father feeding

roaming

watching

TV

1. /n/ Ingkit (bite)

Inting (gamay)

Nano (foreigner, he

labeled them

Amerikano)

Intay (talisay tree)

Intok (itlog)

father

mother

feeding

watching

TV

roaming

around the

street

1. /h/ hi grandmother when the

grandmothe

r arrives,

the

grandma

says hi first,

then the

child

imitates

1. /d/ Bad

God

hands

mother

grandmother

watching

TV

during


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prayer

1. /g/ Anggam (bubble

gum)

Sa utang (asa

ibutang)

Iga (siga)

father when the

child is ask

to do a task

when the

father

cooks

when

buying in

the sari-sari

store

1. /k/ Ingkit (bite)

Intok (egg)

neck

uncle

father

eating

when ask to

identify

parts of his

body

1. /t/ Prt (Sprite)

Ingkit

Elit (police,

chocolate) Atas (gatas)

two

father

mother

eating

drinking his

milk

roaming inthe

community

1. /p/ Papa

Prt (Sprite)

father Drinking a

soft drink

1. /r/ Broom-broom

(motorcycle)

father roaming in

the

community

1. /l/ Atol (katol) Father

uncle

when he

feels itchy

1. /s/ Apis (lapis)

Isyu (tissue)

mother during

weekend,

when he is

taught how


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to write

The above table shows that the 2 years and 6 months old child can already

produce some of the consonants which are expected to be produced by a child of his

age; it is also notable that the sample words indicated in the second column are in the

Cebuano-bisaya language, it is probably because the people surrounding the child are

talking to him in their native tongue due to their limited knowledge in the English

language.

Inventory of Vowel

Sounds

Corresponding

Words/ Sample Words

Source/ Facilitators Occasions

1. /a/

Papa

Anggam (bubble

gum)

Ampo (pray)

father

mother

praying

buying

1. /i/ It (pait)

Ingkit (bite)

Father eating

1. /I/ Intay (talisay)

Pig

Iga (siga)

Father

grandfather

roaming

cooking

1. /aU/ cow mother when the

child is

asked to

name the

cow

1. /U/ Ampo (pray)

Intok (itlog)

Atol (katol)

grandmother

father

when asked

to pray

watching

TV (lucky

me

advertisem


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ent)

The data shows that among the eleven American English vowels, the child in his

early age can produce four; it could also be attributed to the native tongues influence,

where the Cebuano-bisaya language has [a], [i], [u, and [U] only in most of its words.

C. Phonological Processes

Common Phonological Processes in Michael Angelos Speech

Process Examples

Initial Consonant Deletion /embep/ for corned beef

/iga/ for siga

/Ok/ for coke

/pret/ for sprite

/ako/ for dako

/ana/ for kana

/Empen/ for cellophane

/atol/ for katol

Reduplication /broom-broom/ for motorcycle

Based on the words produced by the child, only two processes were found by the

researcher these are initial consonant deletion and reduplication of the target word. It is

shown that reasonable numbers of initial consonants were not sounded by the child

while only a single word is reduplicated.

D. Analysis of the Words/ Lexicon

Comprehension Vocabulary


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Due to variety of reasons, the child spends most of his time with his father. Their

bonding is inseparable; wherever the father goes the child goes with him. If there is

someone who could best understand the child, it is his father. The child has many

gestures which the researcher and the other family members cannot comprehend;

surprisingly the father can decode it. It was also observed in the initiations that the child

responded more to his father than anybody else in the family.

At around 2 years and 6 months the child can already react to some questions

either orally or through physical responses, this further proves that his comprehension

skills are gradually developed.

Actual initiations and responses of the child

Comprehension Vocabularies Physical Response

1. Kaila ka niya? (the father pointing

his finger to a man outside)

The child shook his head.

1. Pila na man imung edad? The child counted his fingers, and

showed us his two fingers.

1. Asa man imung mama Michael? He looked at his aunt, and pointed his

finger to the kitchen.

1. Unsay imung name? He said, Michael

1. Kinsay imung uyab? He looked at his father and showed us

his tongue.

1. Bless lola He went to his grandma and kissed her

hand.

1. Kuhaa tong imung dulaan, kadtong

puwa bitaw. Ipakita ni kuya.

He went to his box, got the red truck

and showed it to me.1. Moinum kag tubig? He said, dili

1. Gigutom na ka? He looked at the researcher, and shook

his head.

1. Unsa man ni? (showing a bottle of

pepsi)

He said, ok for (coke)


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1. Kinsa ni? (his grandfather pointing

the picture)

He said, bata

1. Asa imung cellphone? He said, wala

1. Nikaon na ka? He shook his head.

1. Tudlua ang broom-broom ni papa. He did not reply.

1. Tawga si nanay. His eyes were searching for his aunt.

But he did not say a word.

1. (a picture is shown to the child) He smiled and said, aykem for ice

cream

1. Get your toy. He stared at the researcher but he

never responded.

1. Eat ka? (giving him an apple) He said, nammmmm for lami

1. Unsa ni? He said, intok for egg

1. (the child was given a paper and

pencil)

He accepted it and drew something on

the piece of paper.

1. Kamao ka moihap? He started to count his fingers but did

not produce a sound.

1. Unsay name sa imung papa? (the

aunt asked)

He softly said, papa

1. Kuhaa sa ang akong andyuhus

Michael. (said the grandfather)

He went to the table and gave the eye

glasses to his grandfather.

1. Molantaw ka ug Wowowee? He said, wowee

1. Tawga imung papa. He said, papa

1. Mokaon ka ug lolipap? He got the lollipop, nammmmm he

said.

1. The child watched wowowee. He smiled when the host shouted

congratulations

1. Kinsa ning naa sa picture? Softly he said, lola

1. Kinsa pud ning kauban ni lola? Softly he said, lolo

1. Unsa man ning pula nga lingin?

(pointing his aunts finger to a

bubble gum)

He said, anggam for bubble gum

1. Mangayo ka ug biscuit? (the He said, inting (gamay) then he cried


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neighbor gave him a bite size)

1. Kinsa man tong nilabay? He said, nano for amerikano/foreigner

1. Nag-unsa man to si Santino?

(referring to the TV ad showing

Santino praying)

Ampo, he said

1. (a TV advertisement was shown) He said, elit

1. Love ate. He hugged his 4- year old sister.

1. (A motorcycle passed by) He turned his head, broom-broom

1. Lingkod sa kaw. He sat on his little plastic chair.

1. Kiss amoy. He kissed the image of Our Lady of the

Assumption.

1. Unsa man ni? Amoy, he said.

1. Call ate. Lingling, the child called his sister.

The above table shows that even the child has a limited production vocabulary;

he was still able to comprehend and respond to the instructions given to him by his

parents, grandparents, aunt, and uncle.

The following table shows a list of the Childs production vocabulary.

Childs Production Vocabulary Meaning

Broom-broom motorcycle

ha Kanta

dot Juice

nammmmmm Lami

close Taklob sa rice cooker

liksor Rexona

atotetote Singing I have two hands

hooooof Kapoy


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awawaw Dog

wiswis Read

E.List of Context Bound and Referential Words

It was observed that the childs vocabulary is more on referential words that is

probably because his parents had taught him more on the names of the things

surrounding him. In contrast, only very minimal context- bound words were observed

like when a fried egg was served the child called it itnokbut when he saw a real egg, he

never call it itnok. Another case was when he played with his airplane toy, he called it

empen, but when he saw a real airplane passing by he did not call it empen rather he

was terrified and hugged his father.

The following are example of referential words with the childs implied meaning.

Referential Words Childs Implied Meaning

liksor Rexona

Broom-broom motorcycle

awawaw Dog

dot Juice Atol katol

embep corned beef

empen airplane

empe coffee

anggam bubble gum

F. Nelsons Five Major Categories

During the course of the study, the researcher was informed by the mother that

the child learned more on nominal-general words like calling all bottled drinks as coke

or sprite, and empe for all liquids in a cup or mug, according to the data, his vocabulary

is rich with words under this category. Second to the most produce words of the child is


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the nominal-specific words like unting (gunting) and empen (ballpen). While his

knowledge on action words are few, among them are ingkitand on (for kaon).It was also

observed that there are instances when he uttered words that are classified as modifiers

like amay titing(for gamay). The child also learned how to say tore (for sorry) which is

classified as personal-social words. The last to be observed is the functional words

which the child minimally used like kiniand ana (for kana).

Grammatical Category Number of Occurrences Examples

1. Nominal- specific 31 Unting (gunting)

Empen (cellophane)

1. Nominal-general 32

Cokes (all bottledsoft drinks)

Empe (all liquid in

mugs and cups)

1. Actions words 24 Ingkit

On (kaon)

1. Modifiers 5 Amay titing (gamay)

1. Personal social 7 Tore (sorry)

1. Functional 4

Ani (kini) ana (kana)

G. Tracking Language Development: Morphemes

When tallied, the childs language contains 103 utterances, 31 of them are

nominal specific, 32 nominal-general, 24 are action words, 5 are modifiers, 7 are

personal social, while 4 are functional words. All of the words are single free

morphemes because of that the M.L.U. is 1.0.

H. Hallidays Communicative Functions

During the first visit there were already occurrences of the different acts, like

when the child was not in the mood he had the tendency to regulate the attention of


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others and become instrumental to achieve his wants. Sometimes, the child shared his

knowledge (informative) to the individuals surrounding him like when he explicitly made

corrections to how his father called Dindong and the child said, Di dong-dong hoy, ani

ni. Nammm nammmnammm.

Below are sample behaviors of the child exhibiting Hallidays Communicative

Functions.

The Act Communicative Purpose Childs Behavior

Interacting Using Language to

maintain contact with

others.

The child said anta,

that is a sign that the

child wanted to

interact with his

mother.

Regulatory Using Language to control

the behavior of others.

The child insisted

that Adje na pud,

obviously he wanted

to control the

behavior and

responses of his

mother.

Personal Using Language to express

emotions or interests

The child said anta,

anta, anta asking

his mother to sing

with him.

Informative Using language to share his

knowledge with others.

When he explicitly

made corrections to

how his father called

Dindong and the

child said, Di dong-


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dong hoy, ani ni.

Nammm

nammmnammm.

Instrumental Using language to satisfyneeds and wants

The child says, Pa awngatol. His uttered this get

what he wants, he needed

a katol so that the

mosquitoes will not bite

him.

Transcriptions

Situation Number 1 (Michael Angelo with his mother)

Mother: Cge, Our father

Child: Anta

Mother: Sige kanta! Amahan namo

Child: Namo

Mother: Anaa ka

Child: Naa ka

Mother: sa mga langit

Child: Adaygon namo

Mother: Pagdaygon


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Child: Aydaygon

Mother: Ang imong ngalan

Child: Adje na pud

Mother: sige, ngadje na pud

Sa ngalan sa amahan

Child: Anta, anta, kanta

Mother: Sige kantana pud Birhen sa baranggay

Child: Blablabla-gay. Anta pa

Blablabla-gay. Ana ba

Mother: Amahan namo

Situation Number 2 (Michael Angelo with his Aunt, Uncle, Mother, and Father)

Aunt: Unsa na long?

Child: Atol. Atay na lamok. Ma iga atol

Mother: Ayaw hilabti, mapaso ka.

Child: Pa awng atol

Father: Daigon be

Child: Ana, iga na atol

Uncle: Unsa na?

Child: Ani

Father: Dingdong

Child: Di dong-dong hoy, ani ni. Nammm nammmnammm

Neighbor: Long?

Mother: Tawag ka ate

Child: ha, unta?


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Situation Number 3 (Michael Angelo with his mother)

Mother: Awat mama bi, my name

Child: mi nem

Mother: is

Child: it

Mother: Michael

Child: Emkel

Mother: Angelo

Child: gelo

Mother: Biosano

Child: Hano

Mother: I live in Doljo, Panglao, Bohol

Child: Lib in Dulo, Panaw, Buho

Mother: Im 2 years old

Child: En to ners od

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