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INTRODUCTION

“The skin is the large sensory organ that interacts with the environment and sends signals to the

brain about touch, pain vibration and position” (eMedicinehealth). An intact skin serves as the irst line o

deense o our body against inection. Any break in the skin whether simple cut, laceration, abrasion, or

puncture is an entry point or harmul microorganism to enter the body and cause disease rom simple to

even worst inection. !ounds can be chronic or acute.

"n the #nited $tates, chronic wounds is becoming a health problem because o highly%branded

disease as diabetes and obesity, and the treatment o chronic wound is becoming a burden because o

increasing health care cost. The need post%surgical wound care is also rising with technology. According

to &ational 'ealth enter o $tatistics (***), +* million in%patients surgical procedures were perormed

ollowed by -. million out%patient surgeries.

/mergency wound care in an acute setting has ma0or signiicance not only in war setting but also

in homeland preparedness against natural disasters as loods and ire. An additional o wound healing is

the problem o skin scarring. urrent research advances in the ield have led to solutions that have been

eective in improving patient care. The immense economic and social impact o wounds in our society

calls or allocation o higher level o attention and resources.

Background of the Study

Akapulko (Cassia alata linn) is a shrub that is scientiically proven or curing ungal inections.

The plant is abundantly ound in the 1hilippines. "t is occasionally planted or either its ornamental or

medical use. &owadays, Akapulko e2tract is commonly used as an ingredient or soaps, shampoos and

lotions. There are past researches that have showed Akapulko is not only proven to be scientiically

antiungal but also analgesic, antimicrobial, antiseptic and anti%inlammatory. $everal studies have tested

and re3uently used Akapulko leaves in e2periments, the roots and lowers and the body o the plant also

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may have medicinal value which was never used. There is no clear study and inormation about the

medical usage o the shrub4s roots, lowers and body, but still there is a possibility o its sae potential

medical beneits since its leaves are beneicial and useul.

The researcher chose this plant because o its availability o materials which is copiously ound in

the 1hilippines.

Statement of the Problem

This study shall be conducted to prove the possibility o Akapulko plant e2tract as an eective

wound disinectant. $peciically the study will sought answers to the ollowing sub problems.

-. !ill the Akapulko plant e2tract serve as an eective wound disinectant5. an Akapulko plant e2tract prevent inection5. !ill Akapulko plant e2tract as a wound disinectant aect the 1hilippine economy5

Statement of the Hypothe!

Akapulko plant e2tract is proven to be a possible and eicient wound disinectant.

-. The Akapulko plant e2tract is an eective wound disinectant.

. The Akapulko plant e2tract can prevent inection.

. The Akapulko plant e2tract as a wound disinectant will help the 1hilippine economy.

S!gn!f!cance of the Study

This study was conducted to know i the Akapulko plant as a whole is possible and eective as a

wound disinectant, and present inections.

1eople, most especially in rural areas would only spend less compared buying commercial

medicine because o the simple process in making the medicine. The health status o the country would

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improve not only since Akapulko is a common shrub ound in the 1hilippines but also because everyone

can create it in their houses.

The government will ultimately beneit rom the result o the study as using the plant e2tract as

organic medicine to cure some skin problems, the government burden on health can be lessened. 6ikewise

i preparation and packaging is improved, it can compete in the local market.

!ith the study, the researcher would gain e2perience while conducting the study. Also, additional

inormation would beneit other researchers who have researches in relation to the study.

Scope and "!m!tat!on

The study aims or the useulness and eectiveness o the Akapulko plant as a disinectant or

wounds. "t also deals with the prevention o wound inections or any other skin damage inlicted by a

wound. The researcher used a pet dog with skin irritation as the specimen. "n inding its useulness and

eectiveness, the researcher mainly observed the eects and reactions the specimen encountered while

doing the application o the study.

The study will be conducted in the month o 7ctober, *- under normal room temperature

condition. This study will be only limited on using Akapulko plant as a main substance. The study will be

ater the e2tract4s eectiveness, side eects and reactions on the specimen.

Re#!e$ of Related "!terature and Stud!e

Related "!terature

Akapulko or Acapulco in /nglish is a shrub ound throughout the 1hilippines. "t is known under

various names in dierent regions in the country. 6ocals call the plant katanda, andadasi, and palochina in

Tagalog, "locos and in the 8isayas regions, respectively. This medicinal herb contains chrysophanic acid,

a ungicide used to treat ungal inections, like ringworms, scabies, and ec9ema. Akapulko also contains

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saponin, a la2ative that is useul in e2pelling intestinal parasites.

The primary part used or herbal purposes are the leaves, although the roots and lowers are also

used or certain preparations with medicinal value. The e2tracts rom the Akapulko plant is commonly

used as an ingredient or lotions, soaps, and shampoos. (Alvare9, *-+).

Akapulko is used by olks in the rural areas as treatment or various ungal inections by crushing

the leaves and applied it to the inected area. :ungal inections like tinea versicolor, commonly known as

;an%an4, ringworm, scabies, athlete4s oot and ec9ema.

"ts root, lower and lea decoction are used as la2ative and weight loss. "ts e2tract rom the

akapulko plant is now used by dermatological companies as chie ingredient or their lotions, soaps and

shampoos (ae, *--).

The leaves have orange rachis that has -<%= lealets. Akapulko leaves are also known to be

sudoriic, diuretic and purgative, used to treat intestinal problems including intestinal parasites. Akapulko

is also used as herbal medicine to treat bronchitis and asthma. (>e 6eon, *--).

The bayabas ruit bark and leaves are used as herbal medicine. "ts leaves decoction is recogni9ed

or its eectiveness to cure several ailments, including the treatment o uterine hemorrhage, swollenness

o the legs and other parts o the body, o chronic diarrhea, and gastroenteritis, among others. The most

common use o the leaves is or cleaning and disinecting wounds by rinsing the alicted area with a

decoction o the leaves. "n the same way, such leaves are being used to aid in the treatment o dysentery

and the inlammation o the kidneys. The bark and leaves can be used as astringent. "t can also be used as

a wash or uterine and vaginal problems, and is good or ulcers. The medicinal uses o bayabas appear

ininite, as it is also a suggested natural cure or evers, diabetes, epilepsy, worms, and spasms. The ruit,

aside rom being delicious, contains nutritional values with a very high concentration o vitamin A and

vitamin (Alvare9, *-+).

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A &igerian study on assia alata%based soap e2hibited high antimicrobial potency against $taph

aureus, the organism most widely encountered and undesirable o the normal skin lora. At a reduction

time o mins, the herbal soap made a ?+.@= reduction o the microbial load, indings o economic,

industrial and medical signiicance. "n terms o antibacterial, $tudy showed the water e2tract o leaves to

have more portent antibacterial activity than the ethanol e2tract against $. aureus ($antiago, *-).

Related Study

The use o plant materials to prevent and treat inectious diseases successully over the years has

attracted the attention o scientist4s worldwide. The medicinal useulness o the plant Cassia alata (6inn)

has been the ob0ect o many chemical and pharmacological studies. C. alata is an ornamental shrub or

tree growing up to - m high and widely available in the tropics, in the grasslands and around towns and

villages throughout !est Arica. This tree, apart o its uses as sources o irewood and timber, has very

important applications in olkloric medicine. These trees are used to treat diarrhea, dysentery and other

gastrointestinal problems. The macerated 0uices o the young resh leaves are used to treat eye inections

and parasitic diseases. The decoction o the stem bark and roots are used to treat urinary tract inections,

bronchitis and asthma. $everal studies have been done to provide scientiic basis or the eicacy o plants

in phytomedicine ($elvi, *-).

"n the #nited $tates, chronic wounds aect around <. million patients. "t is claimed that an

e2cess o #$B billion is spent annually on treatment o chronic wounds and the burden is growing

rapidly due to increasing health care costs, an aging population and a sharp rise in the incidence o

diabetes and obesity worldwide. The annual wound care products market is pro0ected to reach B-.

billion by *-*. hronic wounds are rarely seen in individuals who are otherwise healthy. "n act, chronic

wound patients re3uently suer rom “highly branded” diseases such as diabetes and obesity. This seems

to have overshadowed the signiicance o wounds per se as a ma0or health problem ($en C, **?).

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The study has conirmed that crude e2tracts o C. alata (6inn) possessed reasonable activity

against some bacteria and i ad0usted to suitable conditions o temperature and p' and urther puriied

can be used to treat urinary tract and gastrointensinal tract disorders, provided the inections are caused by

susceptible bacteria. The eect o this plant against a wider range o bacteria and ungi, and to2icological

studies o the e2tracts is recommended (/l%MAhmood, A.M. and >oughari, D.'., **=).

6eaves o assia alata are ethnomedically claimed as anti%asthmatic. "n tbe current study we

aimed to investigate the anti%allergic activities o hydro%mathanolic e2tract o Cassia alata (6inn.) and its

constituents rhein and kaemperol on triple antigen or sheep serum%induced mast%cell degranulation o

rats.

"n this study we evaluated the antiseptic potentials o Cassia alata%based herbal soap ormulated

in our laboratory.Cassia alata is known to contain some secondary metabolites like resin, saponin,

phenols, lavonoids, anthra3uinone glycosides and alkaloids (Akinde et al., -???). These

phytoconstituents are also known to possess surace activity and other soap related properties. "n previous

studies, Cassia alata has been ound to possess e2cellent wound%healing properties (Een0amin and

6amikanra, -?=-F 1alanichamy et al., -??-) and is also useul in the treatment o eruptive and pustular

skins conditions by rubbing crushed resh leaves on inected area (Akindeet al., -???).

The leaves o Cassia alata (-kg) were collected in the month o August, ** rom dierent

mature plant stands in a bush at &sukka, south%east &igeria. The collected leaves were identiied by Mr

/kekwe ormerly a garden sta at the >epartment o Eotany, #niversity o &igeria, &sukka. The leaves

were air%dried, pulveri9ed and stored in air%tight bottles or the studies.

The Cassia alata powder (** g) was macerated in ** ml o ? ethanol in a - 6 capacity air%tight

conical lask, with occasional agitation, or + h ater which the mi2ture was iltered. The ethanol e2tract

obtained was concentrated in vacuo and ree9e%dried. The e2tract was sub0ected to a preliminary

antimicrobial activity, using the agar%well diusion techni3ue.

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The ethanol e2tract o Cassia alata (.= g) was incorporated into a soap ormulated with $oduim

hydro2ide, &a7' (- g) and palm%kernel oil (=.+ g) using the cold saponiication process. Eriely, the

&a7' (- g) was weighed into a clean beaker containing ml o distilled water. The e2tract was

incorporated into the hot palm%kernel oil which was then poured into the soda solution in the beaker with

continuous stirring with a glass rod until the molten mi2ture became homogenous. The semi%solid mi2ture

was poured into a mould and allowed to solidiy. A commercial sample o an antiseptic soapG was used

as a reerence product in the study.

The agar%dilution method (Tilton and 'oward, -?=@F Earon and :inegold -??*) was employed in

the in vitroevaluation. The herbal soap (l g) was dissolved in distilled water (* ml) to obtain a

suspension. The suspension was vigorously shaken or dissolution o soap, dispersion o oam and or

homogeneity. Thereater, a -.* ml portion o the soap solution was added to * ml o sterile molten

culture media in 1etri%dishes and allowed to set. Then a *.- ml o standard inoculum o each test organism

was streaked on the plates which were then incubated under the standard conditions or the respective test

organism. :ollowing incubation, plates were observed or the presence or absence o microbial growth.

The eect o the soap on the human skin suraces was evaluated on the outer palms o the healthy

volunteers. :our healthy undergraduates (two males and two emales) o the #niversity o &igeria,

&sukka provided inormed consent and were used or the topical test according to our institutional ethical

protocol. The skin o the palm was swabbed into sterile normal saline in Ei0ou bottles beore washing

with the soap. Ater washing with the test and standard soaps, the outer%palms were looded with -ml o

standard inoculum o $taphylococcus aureus (-*= cuHml) or - h. Thereater, the suraces were swabbed

into sterile normal saline in separate Ei0ou bottles. Ali3uots rom the respective treatments were cultured

and counted on agar plate count using the pour%plate techni3ue. The killing rate was then determined by

the enumeration o viable counts.

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"n the preliminary antimicrobial sensitivity screening, the ethanol e2tract o Cassia alata showed

e2cellent activity against the test organisms (Table-). Many o these organisms are natural lora o the

skin and also known etiologic agents o several skin and mucous membranes inections o man. "n

previous studies, the antimicrobial activity o Cassia alata e2tract has been attributed to the presence o

some active secondary metabolites and high acid values due to the hydrolysis o esters, as well as to the

abundance o phenolic (/simone, et. al *-).

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%&THODO"O'(

This study evaluated the eicacy o Akapulko plant as a wound antiseptic. The researcher

determined the antiseptic properties o the “Akapulko” plant. The researcher used leaves, trunk and root

and sub0ected them to certain processes. /2tracts rom the plant was naturally used or a certain period o

time or acute and chronic wounds. !ith the help o e2perts, the researcher determined the eectiveness

o the plant e2tracts as wound disinectant to acilitate healing o new and chronic wounds, and prevent

inections or acute wounds.

%ater!al Ued

The Akapulko plant was obtained in 7ctober *- and authenticated by an e2pert. This was kept

in a residential area o the researcher. ertain number o Akapulko leaves, roots and trunk was collected.

!ater was used or e2traction through boiling process.

'eneral Procedure

The researcher obtained three samples like leaves, roots and trunk. /ach sample was boiled with

-***ml in a metal pot. Ater boiling, solutions were cooled down and iltered. The samples was placed in

sterile plastic containers. The containers was labeled as to leaves, trunk and roots. A pet dog with skin

irritation or problem was used as specimen to test the e2tract. *ml asepto syringe was used in applying

the e2tract on inected areas o the animal. Application was done twice a day, one in the morning and one

in the aternoon. The sub0ect was observed daily as to its behavior and reaction to Akapulko plant e2tract

as disinectant.

Table -. Akapulko 1lant /2tract oncentration$ample Amount !ater (ml)

6eaves - pieces -***

Ioots * grams -***

Trunk * grams -***

R&SU"TS )ND DISCUSSIONS

*!nd!ng

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Animals, whether pet or stray, suer or gets similar skin problems as the human beings. The

dierence is our reaction to the similar problem. 'uman beings can handle the same problem himsel as

he can be taught and ollow procedures o care. 7n the other hand, animal4s reaction to skin problem is to

continuously scratch the skin as deense and cure until it bleeds and gets more damage.

Applying the Akapulko e2tract continuously to the pet dog with skin irritation or two weeks, the

researcher observed that the itchiness and discomort o the dog lessened as the re3uency o scratching

decreased. The dog is able to sleep longer rom its third day o application onward. This prevented urther

in0ury to the skin and bleeding o the scratched areas were controlled. There was drying o the wounds on

the +th J th day and partial sloughing o o the dead skin on the ? th day and thereater as the wound

healed. Krowth o hair in bald areas o the pet dog was also noted, though very slow, during the

application o the e2tract.

:ig. - J -st day :ig. % +th day

:ig. J <th day :ig. +% -*th day

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CONC"USION

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Eased on the indings and analysis rom the e2periment, the researcher concluded thatL

-. Akapulko plant e2tract can be an eective wound antiseptic or disinectant or acute and chronic

wounds and skin irritations.. Akapulko plant e2tract, used regularly and religiously, soothe itchiness thus preventing more

damage or irritation brought about by continuous scratching o the animal. 6ikewise, it dries up

wound easily thus preventing inection and promotes aster healing.. Akapulko plant survive and grows well in the 1hilippine soil and is abundant in all parts o the

country. The plant can survive all weathers and needs no e2tra attention and care to grow healthy

and ast. The Akapulko plant e2tract can even be a source o income or the government once

scientiically prepared or its medicinal eect and be commerciali9ed.

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BIB"IO'R)PH(

Aleap (*--) “Akapulko is Eoth Medicinal and 7rnamental 1lant”% httpLHHaleap.comHakapulko%is%

both%ornamental%medicinal%plantH

Kordillo et.al. (**?) “'uman $kin !oundsL A Ma0or and $nowballing Threat to 1ublic 'ealth and

the /conomy”% httpLHHwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.govHpmcHarticlesH1M=-*-?H

$elvi et.al. (*-) “$tudies on antimicrobial activites rom lower e2tract o Cassia alata 6inn.”%

www.currentscience0ournal.inoHissuespdH$elvi%cassia.pd

Iie9en (**?) “Akapulko (Acapulco) (Iingworm bush) 'erbal Medicine % httpLHHdiseases%o%

lie.blogspot.comH**?H--Hakapulko%acapulco%ringworm%bush%herbal.html

“Akapulko”- httpLHHwww.stuart2change.comHAkapulko.html

“Philippine Herbal Mediine! Akapulko" Aapulo #$a%%ia ala&a'-

httpLHHwww.philippineherbalmedicine.orgHakapulko.htm

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http://affleap.com/akapulko-is-

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810192/

http://www.currentsciencejournal.info/issuespdf/Selvi-cassia.pdf

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/http:%2F%2Fdiseases-of-

http://www.stuartxchange.com/Akapulko.html

http://www.philippineherbalmedicine.org/akapulko.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810192/

http://www.currentsciencejournal.info/issuespdf/Selvi-cassia.pdf

http://www.stuartxchange.com/Akapulko.html

http://www.philippineherbalmedicine.org/akapulko.htm

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/http:%2F%2Fdiseases-of-

http://affleap.com/akapulko-is-

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