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Towards sustainable

well-being

Research portfolio IDE/TUD 2008-2012

I n d u s

t r i a l D e s

i g n E

n g

i n e e r i n g


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/research-portfolio-2008-2012 3/441 | Research Portfolio IDE/TUD 2008-2012

Contents

Introduction 2

Part I Goals, objective and position of 3

Industrial Design Engineering

Part II Research programmes of the 8

new portfolio


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/research-portfolio-2008-2012 4/442 | Towards sustainable well-being

This brochure documents the content of a new research portfolio for theFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering (IDE) for 2008–2012. Six researchprogrammes outlined in Part II represent this content. The choices made

for this portfolio are based on the goals, research objective and strategicpositioning of IDE. Part I describes these starting points and concludes with ashort description of the research organisation and policy.

Launching this portfolio, slated to begin in 2008, at the start of 2009 mayseem a little belated, but 2008 was an important transitional year in whichthe six programmes were extensively presented, shaped and modi ed. It tookus one year to nalise the old portfolio, process the results of the researchassessment report and fully de ne the six programmes presented in the newportfolio. So, though this portfolio was initiated in 2008, it is only now, at thestart of our 40th lustrum, that we are fully equipped to make a fresh start.The main goal of this brochure is to serve as a source of inspiration, for allthe researchers within our faculty, for all our research minded students, andfor all academic and industrial partners with whom we cooperate, now and inthe future. The portfolio described in Part II of this brochure is therefore nota portfolio in the strictest sense of the word. Here we have chosen to presentforemostly the underlying starting points, the focus and the vision of thesix programmes instead of giving a comprehensive overview of all researchprojects.

The basis of this portfolio was designed more than a year ago whenthe ‘3H-team’ (professors Hekkert, Horvath, & Hultink) laid down its maincontours. Following this pioneering groundwork, many individuals inside andoutside the faculty – we would especially like to thank the Research AdvisoryBoard – have contributed to its vision, content and structure.

The result is an inspiring research agenda for the years to come, anagenda that is both novel and challenging and at the same time builds on the

40 year foundation of human-centred design and research at our faculty.

The Research Council of Industrial Design EngineeringJanuary 2009

Introduction



It is impossible to de ne a new research portfolio, including researchdomains, without rst determining the main goals in terms of strategicintent and research objective. The major goals of research at IDE are: (a)to solve scienti cally challenging and socially useful knowledge problems,

(b) to embed/position the design research activities of the Faculty in linewith national and international trends/objectives, and (c) to harmonise theoverwhelming majority of research activities within the faculty. To de nethese important starting points of our portfolio, a number of considerationsand external driving forces were taken into account.

These considerations and driving forces allowed us to formulate and de ne(1) the development of the discipline of IDE over the next decades, (2) theresearch objective until 2012, and (3) the role of the designer in the years tocome. These three elements of the vision are outlined below, followed by anindication of how these starting points are supported by research organisationand policy.

As a creative profession, industrial design engineering deals with thedesign of sustainable and durable products for people and society, whichtypically appear as artefacts or artefact-service combinations. However,industrial design engineering is also an evolving academic discipline, whichis developing its own body of knowledge, research and design methods, andpractice.

Industrial design engineering was introduced as an academic discipline atTU Delft some 40 years ago and has become one of the most prosperous andprominent faculties in the eld. Forty years is a relatively short period fromthe perspective of an academic discipline, but is long enough to observe aline of evolution. Industrial design engineering is currently evolving from a set

of monodisciplinary sciences to a transdisciplinary eld of knowledge, whereresearch is conducted between disciplines, across different disciplines andbeyond individual disciplines. The general competencies for industrial productdevelopment have been based on the knowledge and methods of four elds

Goals, objectiveand position of Industrial DesignEngineering

P I

I.1

Towards a transdisciplinary science of IDE



of study, namely marketing/innovation management, ergonomics, design/aesthetics, and engineering. Each of these elds of study extend to severalrelated disciplines. For example, engineering concerns materials, electronics,information, manufacturing and energy.

Like other disciplines based on a heterogeneous knowledge platform,industrial design engineering will need a long time to come into its own as atransdisciplinary eld of knowledge, requiring its own body of knowledge anddedicated research methods. In the rst phase of this process, the emergenceof interdisciplinary developments will be facilitated. The objective of thesecond phase is to create a multidisciplinary synergy in terms of researchmethods and contextualisation of knowledge. This development, triggered byscienti c research, is intended to break down the interdisciplinary boundariesof the related sciences in order to weld them into the discipline of industrialdesign engineering which simultaneously pursues disciplinary inquiry andinsight and constructs proper knowledge for knowledge-intensive designpraxis. The general objective of this research portfolio is to contribute to thisdisciplinary development.

Following the mission of the Faculty of IDE, the overall research objective for2008-2012 has been de ned as follows:

Fostering sustainable well-being by exploring, generating and transferring knowledge and technologies for industrial design.

The key element of this goal is ‘sustainable well-being’. Well-being refersto an experiential state of people and organisations, which can have manyshapes, such as satisfaction, ful lment, support, inspiration, protection,acknowledgment, comfort, happiness, and involvement. The terms of thiswell-being is not unconditional; it must be sustainable. Its realisation mustconsider the interests of ‘others’, i.e. culture, other people and organisations.This sustainability may take the form of (material) durability, sustained

use, or prolonged affective or aesthetic life span; or it will take the formof social or cultural responsibility. Sustainable well-being thus refers to anarray of desirable states that are not at the expense of others, but addressthe importance of the ecological, social, cultural and economic contexts inwhich we operate. It takes into consideration the resources that are rapidlydiminishing, the inequality of wealth and access, and the global competitionin which companies must survive.1

By fostering this sustainable well-being, we emphasise our desire toencourage and feed it when and where needed, and otherwise cultivate ormaintain it. This fostering is done by exploring and transferring knowledgeand technologies with research-driven innovation as our key tool. On the onehand, we will develop knowledge in the form of theories, models, principles,and conceptual solutions; on the other hand, we will develop technologies,such as design tools and (measurement) instruments. Finally, our efforts aredirected towards the eld of industrial design. This is our ‘core business’ andour main eld of competence. We believe that our contribution to sustainablewell-being can be channelled through the design and development ofcompetitive products and services in a global market.

The designer of tomorrow is an academic designer who is able to integratescienti c knowledge at a strategic level and can cooperate with researchers orscientists from diverse disciplines. Various drivers reveal a need for this type

of designer:• ‘Products’ nowadays can have many manifestations, from physical to virtual,

from identities and policies to services;

I.2

Research objective

1 This notion of ‘sustainable well-being’ is

similar to the concept of sustainability recently

propagated by two in uential thinkers in the

eld: John Ehrenfeld and Ezio Manzini. Both

argue that a sustainable future is not reached

by diminishing unsustainability, but rather

requires a radical change in our way of thinking

and being-in-the-world. See: Ehrenfeld, J.R.

(2008). Sustainability by Design. New Haven:

Yale University Press. Manzini, E. (2009). New

design knowledge. Design Studies , 30, 4-12.

I.3

The designer of tomorrow



• Designers and design approaches are increasingly being recognised in manyparts of society as important ‘ingredients’ for developing innovative outcomes;

• Innovation requires breaking boundaries and making connections betweendiverse disciplines (paradigm shifts);

• The ‘playing eld’ of the designer is growing; more and more disciplines areinvolved in the design process and the designer makes his/her way to newand emerging markets;

• According to our research objective, the designer is human-centred, takingthe (desired) experiential state of people, subsuming issues of value,usability, meaning, etc. as his/her starting point;

• Research is increasingly becoming an integral part of the design process.

The academic designer is able to integrate principles from diverse eldsinto innovative ideas or ‘manifestation-independent’ solutions. Instead ofprede ning the type of nal solution (i.e., a physical product, a website,a campaign, etc.), the academic designer will search for the optimalembodiment of the idea. To achieve this, the designer must reason at multiplelevels and collaborate with specialists from various disciplines, including

end users. In addition, the academic designer is required to translate theseideas into the best possible manifestation, whether the outcome is a tangibleproduct, a multimedia application, an environment, a brand, a service, or acombination of these. For this, the designer must have an understanding ofthe realisation and production possibilities and limitations connected to eachof these manifestations.

Research in industrial design engineering is conducted to contribute to solvingconcrete problems encountered by people and society through developingknowledge and technologies for the designer and/or design process.

In these terms, it does not make sense to talk about conducting basicscienti c (fundamental) research in the context of industrial design. Additionally, taking into consideration the nature of design research, threemethodological approaches are considered: (a) research in design context,(b) design inclusive research, and (c) practice-based design research.In a general sense, these approaches are considered instrumental for bridgingknowledge between fundamental science and industrial product development(Figure 1).

I.4

Research approach

Figure 1

Research methodological approaches in IDE BasIc scIentI f Ic research

InDUstrIaL PrODUct DeVeLOPMent

scientifc

knowledge

and means

designer

inquiry and

context

research in design context

practice-based design research

design inclusive research



The three framing research methods will be applied to generate bothfoundational (disciplinary) knowledge and operative (practical) designknowledge. The approaches support a scienti cally rigorous but designerlyway of conducting research.

Research in design context is conducted as analytical disciplinary researchaiming for insights and rules. It is based on the knowledge and researchmethods of design-related disciplines (i.e. engineering, psychology, ecology).Contextualisation of the explored knowledge comes from a concern for (1)people (individuals, teams and communities) who are involved in and arein uenced by design, (2) artefacts (concepts, designs and products) thatform the input and output of design processes, and (3) environment (natural,social, economic, ecological, technological and cultural surroundings).

Design inclusive research , also known asResearch through Design , isa speci c design research method, which involves various manifestationsof ‘design’ as a research means. The goal is to create new opportunitiesfor generating knowledge that cannot be obtained otherwise. ‘Design’ asa research means may be an evolving artefact, process, phenomenon orknowledge.

Practice-based design research mainly concerns operative research towardsgeneral principles and patterns. It re ects the endeavours of designersto extend the knowledge base of design as part of their professionalresponsibility, and it explores and generalises knowledge based on designactivities and products.

Part II contains the content and structure of the Research Portfolio of theFaculty of Industrial Design Engineering. Before presenting this structure andthe six research programmes we will brie y outline how these programmes

will be managed and which policy initiatives will support their success.To direct and secure the execution of the portfolio, the IDE ResearchCouncil has been established, consisting of the six programme coordinators.The Research Council (RC) is an advisory body of the faculty MT with themain goal of nourishing and cultivating the academic climate within thefaculty and its research orientation, based on the current portfolio. For this,the RC has the following tasks, authorisations and responsibilities:

• set research targets, in terms of output and nancing;

• mobilise faculty staff and Master students to participate in variousprogrammes ;

• gear the activities within each programme towards one another;

• contribute to (inter)national initiatives, networks and discussions on designresearch (i.e., NWO/STW, Design Research Alliance);

• disseminate research results and policy both internally (to staff andstudents) and externally, a.o. by organising events (i.e., PhD day, seminars,conferences);

• act as a principal discussion partner for the external Research Advisory Board.

Additionally, with respect to their own programme, the six programmecoordinators will:

• take responsibility for their programme content, development, and coherence;

• initiate and advise new research projects;

• de ne and develop relevant research outlets;

I.5

Organisation and policy of research



• initiate and promote funding of research projects (valorisation);

• take care of required marketing, both internally and externaly.

The research policy is directed towards:> Ensuring that the majority (>90%) of all research activities at the faculty are

covered by the Research Portfolio.

> Attracting more and more PhD students and postdoctorates on second and

third stream nancing. For the latter nancing stream (i.e. cooperation withindustry), it is deemed necessary to substantially co- or pre- nance projects(up to 50% of the integral costs).

> Inviting staff members to participate in projects crossing the traditionaldisciplinary boundaries. To that end, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinaryinitiatives and publications, extending departmental borders, will berewarded.

> Promoting publications in dedicated design journals. To establish atransdisciplinary body of knowledge in the design eld, it is of the utmostimportance that articles in key journals for our discipline are cited elsewhere,preferably in other disciplinary journals. For that reason, we need to investin publication by these key journals instead of those from the traditionaldisciplines. Such a policy can only be successful through broader internationalcooperation.

Imperative to the growth of knowledge and the success of our researchprogrammes is cooperation and collaboration. While acknowledging that muchof this cooperation is based on personal contacts of individual researchers,part of this can be stimulated through institutional interventions. Some ofthese methods are listed below, from a micro to a macro level:

• TU level: strengthening of our position in the Delft Research Initiatives.

• 3TU level cooperation : we have started the rst discussions with our partner

institutes in Eindhoven and Twente for the establishment of a 3TU researchschool in industrial design.

• Collaboration with industry : long-term industrial partners could beconnected to our research programmes. Within the thematic areas de ned,we could become the preferred partner of a select group of industries. In this,we can act pro-actively.

• International cooperation : the international Design Research Alliance is theideal platform for the further enhancement of the (scienti c) quality of designresearch in an international context.



Six comprehensive research programmes have beende ned. Three of these programmes , (1) s giD ig , (2) U exp i , d (3) t ology

t o m io , provide foundational multidisciplinaryknowledge for the discipline of industrial design. Thesethree programmes are hierarchically connected inthat they cover the three de ning stages of a designprocess: the strategic/context level, the human-productinteraction level, and the product level, respectively.The programmes are furthermore directly linked to thethree departments within IDE, Product and InnovationManagement (PIM), Industrial Design (ID) and DesignEngineering (DE), respectively.

It is also important for the future of industrial designthat operative knowledge is generated. The proposed

research portfolio secures this generation of operativeknowledge in three applied programmes in whichfoundational knowledge is applied in solutions forspeci c application areas. These areas are:

(4) h l , (5) P o l Mobili y, d(6) Livi g/Wo ki g . Such operative based researchand knowledge development in turn generates many

issues and questions that require and feed foundationalresearch in the three foundational programmes.

It must be emphasised that all six programmes sharethe objective of ‘sustainable well-being’ as the primarydriving force for research topic and question formulation.In each programme, research projects of various typesand sizes will be carried out. Whereas projects in thefoundational programmes can be, but do not need to be,programme-speci c, projects in the applied programmesalways carry a strong link to one or more foundationalprogrammes (see Figure 2) to secure their primary

knowledge-driven objective (instead of being meredesign projects). Next, each of the six programmes isdescribed in more detail.

Researchprogrammes of the new portfolio

Figure 2

The six research programmes of the new

portfolio and their interrelations.

The boxes in the columns represent research

projects in the foundational programmes; boxes

in the rows refer to research projects in the

applied programmes (see text below for a full

explanation).

Strategic

Design

User

Experience

Technology

Transformation

Healthcare

Personal

Mobility

Living/

Working

PIM ID De

P II



Industrial design does not take place in a vacuum.Thus, it is imperative or frms and designers totake into account both the external environment(e.g. competition, trends, regulations, ecologicalconcerns) and the internal environment (e.g.corporate strategy, company capabilities, currentproduct/brand port olio) when deciding whichdirection to move in. The ultimate aim o thisresearch programme is the in depth examinationo the strategic and commercial context o industrial design to optimise new productdevelopment (NPD) processes and outcomes.This ‘optimisation’ o NPD processes andoutcomes implies the design and developmento products and services that are competitive,sustainable and durable or people and society.In other words, this research programme pursuesknowledge to optimise NPD processes andoutcomes in such a ashion that sustainable well-being will be ostered.

The research programme is divided intoour themes. Each addresses di erent but

interrelated issues that examine the strategicand commercial context o industrial design.The frst three themes are e ective design andbrand management, strategic decision makingin the uzzy ront end, and global new productcommercialisation, respectively, and ocus on

optimising NPD projects. The frst theme doesso by examining design capabilities and brandstrategies, the second by studying decisionmaking processes and knowledge exchangeduring product development, and the third by

ocusing on the impact o strategic and tacticalcommercialisation decisions on new productper ormance. The ourth and fnal theme,consumer evaluations o complex products andservices, ocuses on NPD outcomes, by examininghow customers perceive and evaluate complexproducts or services and how this eeds back intothe NPD process.

The research programme generates bothdisciplinary and operative knowledge that servestwo purposes. First, it operates as an independentand sel -contained ocus feld o research.Second, the research results are integrated in theeducational curriculum o the Master o Strategic

Product Design.Within this research programme, di erent

methodological approaches are adopted, with anemphasis on collecting empirical data by meanso multiple case studies, large-scale surveysand controlled experiments. By using thesemethods and techniques, knowledge is generatedthat provides a better understanding o NPDprocesses and their outcomes. This knowledge,embedded in theories, rameworks, or tools, isdisseminated to academic and business circlesthrough numerous publications in scientifc andpractice-related journals and presentations oncon erences, or example.

Funding or the research programme has beenobtained rom the Dutch Science Foundation(NWO), the Dutch Ministry o Economic A airs,the Association o Dutch Designers (BNO), theFinnish Ministry o Science and Technology, thePortuguese Science Foundation and industrialcompanies to name some. Additional undingis being sought rom organisations such as theEuropean Commission (FP7 Programme), TheNetherlands Foundation or Technical Sciences

Research Programme

Strategic Design

I n d u s

t r i a l D e s

i g n

E n g

i n e e r i n g

D . G d G s

Programme coordinator

NPD

iN erNa eNvir NmeN ex erNa eNvir NmeN

1Design and

brandmanagement

3Global new

productcommercialisation

4Consumer

evaluation o complex products

2 Strategic decision making

E V ALU

ATION

PER FOR M ANCE

PR ODUCT

IDE

A



(STW), Senter Novem, the Dutch Association o Purchasing (NEVI)and the Dutch Ministry o PublicWorks, Transport and WaterManagement.Publications are sought in

recognised marketing, design,innovation, and generalmanagement journals. Some recentresearch output was publishedin journals including: Design

Studies , Journal of Product Innovation Management , Journal of Marketing Management ,

Journal of Engineering and Technology Management , Journal of Design Research , CoDesign ,

IEEE Transactions on EngineeringManagement , Advances inConsumer Research , and

International Journal of Researchin Marketing .

This theme ocuses on optimising frms’ industrial design and brand strategiesto create a sustainable competitive advantage. Research has shown thate ective industrial design and brand strategies may contribute signifcantly tocompany per ormance, but that design and brand impact is not unconditional.For example, in industries were industrial design is generally accepted asimportant, ID may no longer constitute a basis or competitive advantage;instead ID may have become a baseline requirement or participation (e.g.,Gemser & Leenders, 2001; Candi & Saemundsson, 2007). More insightis necessary in understanding the relationships between ID, brands, andper ormance, particularly with regard to the actors that may moderate theserelationships.

To establish e ective design and brand strategies, this subtheme includesresearch into the weight placed on creating aesthetic, symbolic, andergonomic value in frms’ innovation activities and on their design and brand

management capabilities. Important elements belonging to design and brandmanagement capabilities are, or example, a manager’s ability to managethe aesthetic aspects o their product port olio. A shortcoming o currentresearch is the assumption that designing aesthetic product aspects is anunmanageable process best le t to the intuition and creativity o designers.However, leaving the designers and the aesthetic design process withoutmanagerial involvement is problematic because decisions on aesthetics areo ten intertwined with decisions about brands, product line and a product’spositioning in relation to its competitors (e.g., Ravasi & Lojacono, 2005).

A current PhD project seeks to develop generic approaches to themanagement o aesthetics to point out the main strategic paths that can be

ollowed by companies, applying both a multiple case study research designand a more large-scale survey design (e.g., Person et al., 2007). An exampleo a uture research project, to be initiated in the frst quarter o 2009, is a

study on the relationship betweenID capabilities and NPD success inwhich data on about 150 new productdevelopment projects in Business-toBusiness and Business-to-Consumermarkets will be collected. Futureresearch is also envisioned to questionhow NPD strategies that ‘embrace’ sustainable well-being can contributeto creating competitive advantage,

or example by creating or re orti yingbrand capital and/or the developmento products and services that better ftcustomer demand.

Theme 1

Effective Design

and Brand Management

In this theme we cooperate with, or

example, Erasmus University (The

Netherlands), Bocconi University (Italy),

Reykjavik University (Iceland), and Helsinki

School o Management (Finland).



This theme addresses strategicdecision-making and organisationalaspects o the uzzy ront end,such as which direction andwhich projects to pursue, andhow to manage inter aces withinthe organisation and with otherpartners. Research has consistentlyemphasised the need to considera multitude o criteria such asstrategic relevance, context o product use, sustainability oravailability o technologies as earlyas possible in the NPD process,

thereby placing more constraints onhow to manage and make decisionsin the uzzy ront end (Langerak et al., 2008). The increasingcomplexity o design problemsnecessitates collaboration acrossdisciplinary and organisationalboundaries. These changes in work practice a ect individual designprocesses as well as organisationalprocesses and call or a modifcationor even new development o theoretical rameworks (e.g.,Lauche, 2007).

The research in this themeaddresses this challenge byintegrating expertise rom design,management, organisationalprocesses and psychology o decision making into a systemsapproach. Topics addressed includestrategic sustainability, distributedcollaboration and codesign, trans erand sharing o expertise, the roleo in ormation and communicationtechnologies or e-sourcing,team coordination and support o communities o practice.

For example, a multiple casestudy o port olio decision-makinginvestigates how frms decide whichproducts to develop, terminateand launch rom a strategicport olio perspective (Kester etal., 2008). The determinants o port olio management e ectivenessidentifed in the cases will bevalidated in a survey in largefrms. Another project addressesthe support o designers in termso Community Based DesignSupport; the aim is to create an

online community plat orm whichenables design practitionersto search, share, evaluate andchoose appropriate approaches orsuccess ul innovation (e.g.,Daalhuizen et al., 2008).

The research is conducted onindividual, team and organisationallevels in qualitative feld studiesas well as in laboratory studieswith the aim to better understandthe challenges that managers,designers and NPD teams ace.These serve to develop rameworksand tools to support strategicdecision-making at the uzzy

ront end.

Theme 2 Strategic decision

making in the Fuzzy Front End

In this theme, some collaborators are

the University o Notre Dame (US), the

University o Cambridge (UK), Technion –

Israel Institute o Technology, University

o Salt Lake City, University o Darmstadt(Germany), the University o Porto, and the

University o Sydney.

Making the right decisions…



In the last two decades much newknowledge has been generated onthe impact o strategic and tacticalcommercialisation decisions on newproduct per ormance (e.g., Hultink et al., 1997), with market entrytiming decisions receiving most o the research attention. While theconsequences o these importantcommercialisation decisions havebecome much clearer, not muchresearch has been done on theantecedents o these decisions.The ew studies that areavailable ocus on the impacto the corporate mind set, amarket orientation and companyresources on the e ectiveness o commercialisation decisions (e.g.,Langerak et al., 2004; Talke & Hultink, 2009).

One o the aims o theresearchers in this theme isto supplement this knowledgeby researching both theantecedents and consequences

o commercialisation decisions ina globalising and interconnectedworld. For example, one PhDproject that started in October2008 analyses the antecedents o profcient market entry timing. Inthis PhD study, an industry studyo the global market or mobilephones is combined with a large-scale questionnaire study designto reveal the antecedents andimportance o profcient market

entry timing or new productper ormance. Furthermore,researchers participating inthis theme aim to broaden the

classical ocus o research on newproduct commercialisation. Insteado studying solely commercialisationactivities directed at overcomingcustomer adoption barriers, wewill also examine activities thataddress di usion barriers causedby other stakeholders such assuppliers, competitors or thecompany’s own sales orce (e.g.,Hultink & Atuahene-Gima, 2000).The relevance o such a broadercommercialisation perspectivewas recently empirically testedin a business-to-business setting(Talke & Hultink, 2009). The study

ound proo that, to optimisenew product per ormance,commercialisation tactics shouldindeed aim at lowering barriersrelated to customers, suppliers,

and stakeholders o the urtherfrm environment (Talke & Hultink, 2009). Future researchwill investigate the nature o commercialisation activities aimedat one specifc stakeholder groupin urther detail, and will test thefndings in a business-to-consumersetting. An example o such aproject is the investigation o customer discussion groups on theweb and internet product reviewson the e ectiveness o new productcommercialisation decisions.

Theme 3

Global New Product Commercialisation

In this theme, cooperations existbetween, or example, TU Eindhoven

(The Netherlands), the Erasmus University

(The Netherlands), University o Utah

(USA), Northeastern University (USA),

Koç University, (Turkey) and TechnicalUniversity o Denmark.



Customer research or product andservice development is problematicwhen new products or services arevery complex and/or new (Hoe er,2003). These type o products orservices may be hard to categorize

or consumers (i.e. with hybridproducts), and the underlyingreasons in uencing choice canbe hard to imagine or verbaliseas is o ten the case or high-techproducts or products in whichaesthetics and branding play animportant role.

The researchers investigatingthis theme aim to better understandcustomer evaluations o these newand complex products and services.This research can assist designersand developers in improving their

designs, not only with regard toservices and service touch points.To this end, or example, oneresearch examined how the manytouch points that make up a servicecan be grouped into separable(and there ore manageable) designtasks (Secomandi et al., 2008).

Another important goal is to betterunderstand customers’ attachmentto products -whether these be verycomplex or not - to help designers

and developers in realising an eco-design strategy. I customers eelattached to a product, they willtry to postpone its replacement,

resulting in product longevity.Stimulating product attachmentmay thus contribute to sustainableconsumption (Mugge et al., 2005).

An example o current research intocustomer evaluations o complexproducts is a study into concepttests in narrative ormat and theire ectiveness in helping potentialcustomers imagine technologicallyadvanced products (Van den Hendeet al., 2008).

A new PhD project, initiatedin 2008, examines customers’ automatic (pre-conscious)responses to aesthetic design, aproduct aspect or which underlyingreasons are hard to verbalise.Recently completed research on

product attachment, aimed atexplaining the emotional bond aperson experiences with a product,suggested di erent strategies tostrengthen customers’ emotionalbonding with products based onempirical data analysis (see e.g.,Mugge et al., orthcoming).

Both current and new researchprojects in this sub-themeare predominantly based onexperimental or survey design

research, re ecting the quantitativeorientation or most o theparticipating researchers.

Collaborations have been establishedwith researchers rom, or example, CityUniversity o London, City University o New York-Baruch, the Swedish School o Economics and Business Administration,Helsinki School o Economics (Finland),the Norwegian School o Economics and

Business Administration, RensselaerPolytechnic Institute (USA), the BostonUniversity (USA) and University o BritishColombia (Canada).

In Japan, cellphones have become too complex to useBy Lisa Katayama www.wired.com/gadgets/wireless/news/2008/06/japan_phones

Theme 4

Customer evaluations of complex products and services



F culty of indust l D s gn eng n ng Landbergstraat 15 T +31 15 2789111 E io@tudel t.nl www.ide.tudel t.nl2628 CE Del t The Netherlands

info t on on s ch T +31 15 278 86 40 E research-io@tudel t.nl www.ide.tudel t.nl/research

This lea et is part o the Research Port olio IDE/TUD 2008-2012 ‘ ow ds sust n bl w ll-b ng’

Candi, M. & Saemundsson, R. (2007).The Relationship between industrial designas an element o innovation and competitiveadvantage, act or ad? Proceedings o theProduct Development and Management

Association International ConferenceResearch Forum , Orlando, Florida.

Daalhuizen, J., Badke-Schaub, P., & Fokker, J.(2008). Community Based Design Suppor t.In I. Horváth and Z. Rusak, Proceedings o TMCE 2008 conference , Izmir, Turkey.

Gemser, G. & Leender s, M.A.A.M. (2001).How integrating design in the productdevelopment process impacts on companyper ormance, The Journal of Product

Innovation Management , 18(1), 28-38.

Van den Hende, E. A., Sc hoormans, J. P. L.,& Snelders, D. (September, 2008). The storyis as good as the real thing: Predic ting earlyconsumer reactions towards applications o radically new technologies. Presented at the32nd PDMA conference , Orlando, Florida.

Hoe er, S. (2003). Measuring Pre erences orReally New Products. Journal of MarketingResearch , 40(4), 406-420.

Hultink, E.J., Gri fn, A., Hart, S., & Robben,H.S.J. (1997). Industrial new produc tlaunch strategies and product developmentper ormance. Journal of Product InnovationManagement , 14, 243-257.

Hultink, E.J. & Atuahene-Gima, K. (2000).The e ect o sales orce adoption on newproduct selling per ormance. Journal of Product Innovation Management , 17,435-450.

Kester, L., Hultink, E.J., & Lauche, K. (2008). An exploratory study o the practices andchallenges o port olio decision makinggenres. Working paper, Del t University o Technology.

Langerak, F., Hultink, E.J., & Gri fn, A.(2008). Exploring mediating and moderatingin uences on the links among cycle time,profciency in entre timing and new productproftability. Journal of Product InnovationManagement , 25 (4), 370-385.

Langerak, F., Hultink, E.J., & Robben, H.S.J.(2004). The impact o market orie ntation,product advantage, and launch profciency onnew product per ormance and organizationalper ormance. Journal of Product InnovationManagement , 21, 79-94.

Lauche, K. (2007). Empirical Research onIn ormation and Knowledge Management inDesigning: where are we and where do wego rom here? Journal of Design Research ,6(3), 295-310.

Mugge, R., Schoormans, J. P.L. & Schi erstein, H.N.J. (2005). Designstrategies to postpone consumers’ productreplacement: The value o a strong person-product relationship. The Design Journal ,8(2), 38-48.

Mugge, R., Sc hoormans, J.P.L., & Schi erstein, H.N.J. Emotional bondingwith personalized products. Accepted orpublication in Journal of EngineeringDesign .

Person, O., Snelders, D., Karjalainen, T.& Schoormans, J. (2007). Complementingintuition: Insights on styling as a strategictool. Journal of Marketing Management ,23(9-10), 901-916.

Ravasi, D. & Lojacono, G. (2005). Managingdesign and designers or strategic renewal.Long Range Planning , 38(1), 51-77.

Secomandi, F., Snelders, D., Hultink, E.J.,& Badke-Schaub, P. (2008, September).Towards a model o goods and services.Paper presented at the 18th RESERconference . Stuttgart, G ermany.

Talke, K. & Hultink, E.J. Managing di usionbarriers when launching new products.

Accepted or publication in Journal of Product Innovation Management .

References of the Strategic Design Programme



Dr. Joris VergeestEngineering design is the process of synthesisinga product or system, where both fundamental andengineering sciences are applied. It is the task of the design engineer to manage the decisionmaking processes successfully, while accountingfor requirements and limitations presentedby customers, users, production and materialresources, legislation, etc. The actual technicalfunctioning of the design is the design engineer’sresponsibility as well.In the curriculum of the faculty of IDE, the roleof engineering design has been further expandedby deeply integrating the technological featuresof products with human aspects, marketing,management and culture.The linkage between technology, user andbusiness is nowadays a major scienti c focusand regarded as a key factor in attaining globalsustainable well-being (Kandachar, 2008;STOA, 2006). The Technology Transformation

programme is directed to this eld of research.

In recent years, the interaction between emergingtechnologies on the one hand and end-user andmarkets on the other hand has been researchedand developed successfully at IDE due to itsunique scienti c scope, position and resources.For example, a multidisciplinary method hasbeen developed to predict customer acceptanceof alternative energy forms and new materials infuture products. More generally, the adaptationand application of new engineering solutionsin design concepts, and the possible in uenceof these implementations on man and societyremains one of the major themes of research of the faculty. The Technology Transfer programmeaims at extending the scope of product designinto the domain of emerging technologies. Newopportunities will be gained when engineeringdesign is linked with technological research inICT, materials, bio- and nanostructures, energyforms, and optics to name some. To advancethe engineering design process, improvedtools are needed to anticipate and to simulate

the relationships between technology, productconcepts, product usage, market acceptationand sustainability. Each of these relationshipsdemands its speci c forecasting technique orprototyping method. To handle the increasingcomplexity of products, a systems designapproach should be developed to support theengineering design process. The methodology willencompass the factors of society, culture, user,product attributes, resources and technologies.

Technology transformation can occur at differentlevels:

1 on the most common level this means the importand implementation of engineering solutions fromindustrial R&D in actual (product) designs;

2 through understanding recent and emergingtechnologies to invent, investigate and createpotential applications to design;

3 through co-researching and co-engineering withpartners from technological disciplines to establisha communication channel between engineeringdesign and technology development;

4 by considering didactically, how to incorporatetechnology transfer ef ciently into designprocesses.

The research programme comprises threethemes:Design for Sustainability interprets theneeds and trends of national and global society

concerning sustainable well-being and developsnew methods to translate policies and legislationinto industrial life cycle requirements for newconcepts of products and product-servicesystems.

The Engineering for Design themeinvestigates two interrelated topics, a) theincorporation of emerging technologies intoproduct engineering and b) how to increasethe ef ciency of the process of complex systemengineering itself. The research is strongly geared

Research Programme

Technology

Transformation

I n d u s

t r i a l D e s

i g n

E n g

i n e e r i n g

Dr. Joris Vergeest




towards product design and aims tosupport innovation processes dealtwith by Design for Sustainability.

Design Support focuses on thedevelopment of improved methodsand ef cient implementation of advanced tools. New methods and

technologies, including ubiquitouscomputing, rapid manufacturingand augmented prototyping aredeveloped, adapted, evaluated andimplemented in engineering designprocesses.

The integral approach that theTechnology Transformationprogramme takes towards thedevelopment of engineeringdesign is, rst of all, re ected

by the multitude of disciplinesinvolved in the research, includingbasic engineering, materials,manufacturing, environment, andcomputer science. Additionally,the types of research conducteddiffer over projects and vary fromtheoretical to empirical; models aretested through qualitative methods,by numerical simulation and/or byphysical experiments. In general,any method or theory is (in part)evaluated through actual designsand prototypes.

With respect to acquisition, the 3TUCartesius Institute’s programmewill play a vital role in the comingyears. In addition, UNIDO, EU andother international programmesare becoming more and moreinterested in becoming researchpartners. Scienti c networks willbe extended to BoP (Base of thePyramid) interested companies,BoP venture funds, hospitals, andmedical faculties, on top of theexisting network. Furthermore,cooperation with a number

Structure of the Technology

Transformation programme

TEchnology TransFormaTIon

Emerging

Technologies

Engineering

for Design Sustainable

Well-being

Design Support

Design for

Sustainability

Theme 1

Design for Sustainability

The mission of this theme is inspired by the globallyaccepted need for sustainable development, whichimplies that mass consumption goods and theirfunctional contexts should be characterised bycontinuously improving environmental, economicand socio-cultural values. Therefore, the exploration,description, understanding and prediction of problemsand opportunities for innovating products andproduct systems with superior quality with respect tosustainability values are central to the theme (Diehl& Brezet, 2004). The research activities comprise thesystematic development, testing and internationaldevelopment of methods and tools for the designof artefacts with superior life cycle ef ciency andeffectiveness. Since sustainability is of increasingconcern in all of the three applied programmes , theDesign for Sustainability theme is strongly integratedwith those programmes.

of other Delft faculties will becontinued and strengthened (EWI),guaranteeing necessary input fromboth adjacent design disciplinesand novel technologies relevantfor future products’ superiorfunctionalities. Within TU Delftthere is an opportunity to cooperatewith the Section of Wireless andMobile Communications at EWI. Asinternational cooperation partners,we are considering: BerkeleyInstitute of Design, University of Berkeley, The Wearable ComputingLab at ETH Zürich and the PervasiveInteraction Technology Lab at theUniversity of Copenhagen. Strategicindustrial collaboration partnerscan be Nokia Research Center, Intelresearch, Microsoft Research and

TNO Connectivity/Information andCommunication Technology. NWO,STW and IOP continue to be asource of research funding.

Some relevant journals forpublication from the programmeinclude Journal of EngineeringDesign, Computer-Aided Design, Journal of DesignResearch, Design Studies,Pattern Recognition, The Visual Computer, Journal of Personal Ubiquitous Computing, Journal of Cleaner Production, Researchin Engineering Design, Journal of Power Sources, Journal of Materials Science, BusinessStrategy and the Environment,Science Technology .



Building on the outcomes of earlier phases, research isalso undertaken on the effective diffusion of knowledgein developing countries. The design of products andservices tting the BoP approach for emerging marketsin India, China, Africa and South America has beenadopted as a new focus in the programme. The businessnetwork involved includes Shell and Unilever as potentialnew partners, as well as SMEs and new studentventures. Another part of the research focus conductedin collaboration with the Design Support theme, is onmodelling and on actual application in pilot projectswithin the context of new product-service systems whichare attractive to society (consumers, producers andother stakeholders). Soft mobility, smart energy andsustainable living, including “smart healthcare” are the

elds of application here.

Electronic and automotive products and their respectiveindustrial chains are an important object of study. Thispart of the research will be conducted in collaborationwith the Personal Mobility programme, with extraattention paid to product-related energy problems.Furthermore, to take into account the functional aspect

of products in their future user and systems context, theresearch deals with developing methodologies to designnew, radical, sustainable product systems and industrialprocesses with superior environmental life cycleperformance, and the study of technology collaborativeagreements and their potential for sustainable productconceptualisation, product development, engineering andmass production (Brezet et al., 2002). Consequently, dueto its radical nature, research and design cooperationis not only developed with large existing companies butwith advanced SMEs and new ventures as well.The research is especially important for theentrepreneurial/service context and regional creativityfor the eventual success of sustainable productinnovations. In addition, future scenarios are developedand potential technology collaborative agreements andentrepreneurship is stimulated for sustainable productbusiness development.

The theme presents the challenge of knowledgegeneration that can support the innovation and designengineering of complex products and product service-systems with superior sustainability characteristics, in

Research in the Engineering forDesign theme aims at identifyingpossibilities for non-conventionalenergy sources, generatingknowledge on the transformation of emerging technologies into productsas well as increasing the ef ciencyof this process. Both environmentalawareness and increased mobileuse of products can be seen asdriving forces in this development.

In many areas, large innovativesteps (i.e. the higher steps on theBSC-ladder) can only be achievedby combining new technologiesand new product concepts (Jansen& Stevels, 2006). Examples canbe seen in the development fromCRT to LCD and from light bulb to

Theme 2

Engineering for Design Proposed product structure of an MP3 player

powered by a direct methanol fuel cell



Concept of a fuel cell people mover (Graduation project, Hanna Hellman)

close connection with the dynamics of systems of living,travelling, working and optimisation of networking andentrepreneurship as success factors for implementation.The proposed design solutions should be globallysigni cant i.e. t the ‘bottom-of-the-pyramid’ challenge asmuch as possible.

An example project focuses on fuel cell technology asan upcoming clean energy replacement for batteries andcombustion engines in several applications. This projectdemonstrates how an Industrial Design Engineer canwork in collaboration with a Research and Developmentinstitute (Energy research Centre the Netherlands) and anelectric vehicle engineering company ( Spijkstaal ) in thedevelopment of a niche market application for the currentpre-commercialisation phase of the technology. The powertrain, the fuel cell system and the module have beendesigned in this project. The project demonstrates that

a fuel cell system can enable the broad implementationof clean public transport. Additionally it can be expectedthat Industrial Design Engineers will play a role in theintegration of fuel cell systems into products.

LED. Recent developments alsodemonstrate the need to moveaway from single source energysystems and into the direction of hybrid energy systems, even forsmaller consumer products (Flipsen,2005).

Whenever emerging energytechnologies present themselves,it is always a question of howthey can be integrated into energysystems at a product level, and howthey can be integrated with existingenergy systems into combinedor hybrid systems. The scienti cchallenges and main researchquestions therefore are:

• How will the use of non-conventional energy systems

in uence the future of productdesign and the design process?Where can the main applicationareas be found?

• How can the implementation of new technologies into consumerproducts be sped up?

• How can we identify the rightpush-pull mechanism in thetransformation of new technologyinto the product creation process?

These questions can be addressedthrough a wide range of theoretical,empirical and experimentalresearch. Cooperation exists bothinternally within the TU Delft andwith external parties. Graduatestudents are strongly encouraged to

get involved both in internal as wellas company based research efforts.

An example project aims at ndingguidelines for the design of impact-resistant products. Althoughsophisticated tools to simulatemechanical behaviour of productsexist, they are typically of little usein the concept phase of design,where the physical impact of theproduct, as well as the behaviour of the user (or abuser) of the productare of concern. The researchmethodology here is to approachthe problem from two angles, viathe product attributes and via theuser; for each angle, models arebuilt on which experiments can beconducted.



Information and computer technology support has played an important role

in the success of product development processes in the last decades. Asthese technologies evolve, new opportunities emerge for supporting conceptgeneration, product and process modelling, virtual behavioural simulation,communication and collaboration, and data and document management inproduct design processes. As a trend, early analogue and digital technologiesare gradually evolving into web-hosted, mobile and ubiquitous technologies.

This theme aims at the exploration, adaption and application of existing andemerging ICT to support design processes of products and product-servicesystems. The research is motivated by the emergence of a wide spectrum of devices and products based on ubiquitous ICT (wireless, mobile) technologiesand the expectation that they posses a large potential to open up newdimensions of design support, which can then be extended from beingavailable exclusively at the desktop to include access from other locations.These locations can be for example, where stakeholders meet or whereprototypes are evaluated. Issues regarding effective prototyping (Verlinden & Horváth, 2008) and intelligent shape processing (Song et al., 2008) remainessential. The research connects to the theme of Engineering for Design,where personalised energy supply for (mobile) products is one of the researchissues. There will be collaboration with the Design for Sustainability themeto conceptualise, prototype and put into industrial application novel tools(systems), which support the search for design solutions to complex socialsustainability problems. Of special interest here is also design education toprovide knowledge for students about the available technologies and theirpotential application to consumer products, and to develop a prototype of ubiquitous design learning environment which offers students exibility,personalisation and contextualisation.

Ubiquitous technologies will play a signi cant role in achieving the objectivesof sustainable well-being and the research theme will provide a subset of means and solutions needed to realise consumer products and services inecologically and socially responsible ways. The relevance of this researchinitiative from the perspective of the Faculty’s Research Portfolio is obvious.This research initiative features multidisciplinary approaches, extends toeducation and valorisation, and can pave the way to external grants; itsimportance can not be underlined enough.

As an example, one project focuses on the development of a syntheticenvironment for multi-stakeholder product review and cooperation. It is anIOP-funded Ph.D. project in collaboration with the University of Twente.The research deals with the decision and negotiation processes in earlyphases of the design of a product or system. In such phases, communicationis traditionally based on the meetings of expert teams and stakeholderrepresentatives (such as end-user, manufacturer, maintenance, or designer).By offering a model, or synthetic environment, having the right manifestation(i.e. physical, virtual, or drawing), communication can be made more ef cientat a relatively low cost. Together with industrial partners, a balance betweencost and bene t for communication is investigated.

Other running and planned projects include research into European Automotive Digital Innovation Studio (EADIS – currently the EU Leonardoproject), and conceptualisation of a car driver assistance system based onrisk assessment which includes active warning and instantaneous vehicleintervention (running Ph.D. project).

Theme 3

Design Support

Experimental setup to combine volumetric display

and physical interaction.



Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering Landbergstraat 15 T +31 15 2789111 E [email protected] www.ide.tudelft.nl2628 CE Delft The Netherlands

Information on research T +31 15 278 86 40 E [email protected] www.ide.tudelft.nl/research

This lea et is part of the Research Portfolio IDE/TUD 2008-2012 ‘Towards sustainable well-being’

References of the Technology

Transformation Programme

Diehl, J.C. & Brezet, J.C. (2004). Design for

sustainability: an approach for internationaldevelopment, transfer and local implementation.

EMSU 2004: proceedings of environmental

management for sustainable universities

(pp. 1-10).

Brezet, J.C., Silvester, S., & Diehl, J.C. (2002).

An evaluation of the sustainability impact of

10 years of design for sustainability MSc

projects. In conference engineering education

in sustainable development (pp. 89-95).

Flipsen, S.F.J. (2005). Power sources compared:

the ultimate truth? In R. Stevens and M. Pe rrin

(Eds.), Proceedings of the 24th International

Power Sources Symposium. Power Sources,

24 (pp. 1-12). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Jansen, A.J., & Stevels, A.L.N. (2006). Combining

eco-design and user bene ts from human-

powered energy systems, a win–win situation.

Journal of cleaner production , 14(15-16),

1299-1306.

Kandachar, P.V. (2008). Deltaplan Techniek

– Strategy for the research, educ ation and

management of the Design Engineering

department. Internal Report, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of

Technology.

Song, Y., Vergeest, J.S.M., & Wiegers, T. (2008).

Identifying feature handles of freeform shapes.Proceedings of the ASME 2008 International

Design Engineering Technical Conferences &

Computers and Information in Engineering

Conference IDEC/CIE 2008, DECT2008

(pp. 1-9). S.l.: ASME.

STOA (2006), Technology As sessment on

Converging Technologies, Report no. IP/A/STOA/

ST/2006-6, European Technology Assessment

Group, Report commissioned by European

Commission, October 2006.

Verlinden, J.C. & Horváth, I. (2008). Enabling

interactive augmented prototyping by a plugin-

based software architecture. I. Horvath &

Z. Rusak (Eds.). Proceedings of the Seventh

International Symposium on Tools and

Methods of Competitive Engineering -TMCE

2008 (pp. 245-256). Delft: Delft University of

Technology.



Products are designed to contribute to our well-being: to make us happy, feel connected orsafe, to enable us to belong, to preserve ourhealth, to challenge us, to develop ourselves, orin general, to reach or maintain a high qualityof living. Research has shown that the effect of our everyday emotional experiences, many of them involving products, outweighs the effects of seemingly important factors like age, education,beauty, health and material wealth in determiningour well-being (Diener et al., 1999). We thereforeneed to understand how desired experientialstates, such as involvement, security, healthor happiness, result from our interactions withproducts, be they physical, immaterial or virtual.To pose the question in design terms: how canwe design the user or product experience in sucha way that people will ourish through a senseof being rather than purely having (Ehrenfeld,2008)?

In order for products to have such powerful

effects, we must interact with them, physicallyor mentally, in a goal-directed or casual manner(Desmet & Hekkert, 2007). Human-productinteractions are shaped by the human (user,consumer), with varied senses, capacities,personality characteristics, and concerns, andalso by properties of the product, embodyingmaterial properties, formal properties, andtechnology, as well as immaterial propertiessuch as, functionality (see Model). Throughinteraction, we give value and meaning to the

product, render it usable, and experience anaesthetic or emotional experience. Furthermore,these aspects of human-product interactionare continuously shaped and altered by thephysical, social and cultural situation in which theinteraction takes place. Finally, new technologies(i.e. new materials, connectivity, digitalisation,sensors and intelligent context modelling)demand and facilitate new modes of interaction,shifting the boundaries of what products are(physical/virtual), what they offer (functionality)and how they do it (usability/experience).

Programme aimThe overall and long-term aim of this researchprogramme is to understand how peopleexperience products (i.e. systems, services,etc.), to be able to measure such experiences,and to support designers in designing or them.Understanding and designing for the dynamicsof this complex system of personal, product and

context characteristics underlying our ultimatewell-being requires a multidisciplinary approach inwhich social scientists, human factors specialistsand designers work closely together.

In order to meet the overall aim, the researchprogramme runs four major themes that areclosely connected, each approaching the maintheme of user experience from a different angle.The rst theme, sensory & cognitive fuency ,takes its starting point in the human sensory

Research Programme

User Experience

I n d u s

t r i a l D e s

i g n

E n g

i n e e r i n g

Prof.dr. Huib de Ridder


Model of

human-product

interaction

(adapted from

Hekkert &

Schifferstein,

2008).

TExT

Motor SystemSensory Systems

Cognitive SystemsInstincts

HUMA

StructuralPropertiesMaterials

CompositionTechnology

Labels

Sensory PropertiesPossibilities for

BehaviourFunctionality

Motor SkillsSensitivity

Cognitive SkillsConcerns

PR DU T

I TERA TI



systems and cognitive make-up. It aims to investigatehow these systems work (together) in human-productinteraction and how these system’s capabilities andlimitations can be expanded or overcome in the des ignof new technological systems. In the second theme,we unravel experience into its main components,

aesthetics, meaning & emotion , study each inisolation and examine how these components integratedynamically. The third theme, culture, situation, &sociability , looks at the context of human-productinteraction, how people in their everyday social andcultural settings experience products, and how wecan begin to recognise changes and adapt to theuser context of interaction from individual and socialperspectives. Finally, the fourth theme, usage, comfort & safety , approaches UX from an embodied,usability point of view and closely examines variouskey experiences forming a gratifying human-productinteraction, such as safety, comfort and love to use.While following different trajectories and (possibly)implementing different scienti c paradigms, each themeis essentially directed towards understanding, measuringand designing for user experience.

The UX programme is strongly linked to the Masterof Design for Interaction. Students from this MasterProgramme will be heavily involved in this researchprogramme and its results will be disseminated throughthe educational programme.

The research in this theme is (will be) partly nancedby Ministry of Economic Affairs, NWO and STW, theEuropean Union, and NSF.Furthermore, proposals for funding have been or will besubmitted to NWO (e.g. VENI, open call), the EuropeanResearch Council, FP7 (e.g. FET-OPEN), and IOP/IPCR.

Publications under this programme have been published/will typically appear in design journals, such as

International Journal of Design, The Design Journal,Design Studies, CoDesign, and Design Issues , aswell as in more applied journals in psychology andcomputer science, such as Acta Psychologica, Applied Ergonomics, Applied Optics, Cognition and Emotion,Computational Vision and Image Unders tanding,Creativity and Cognition, Empirical Studies of the

Arts, Ergonomics, Gesture, J. of Experimental Psychology: Applied, J. of the Optical Society of

America, J. of Vision, Perception, Perception &Psychophysics, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,The International Journal of Computer Vision, and Human Computer Interaction .

Publications are also aimed at practicing academicdesigners, especially in user-centred and computer-human interaction areas ( CHI, D&E, DPPI , and relatedconferences).

A growing variety of consumerand professional products arebeing equipped with mechatronics,sensors, actuators, data storagecapacity, information processingtechnology, communicationtechnology and informationrendering technology. Advancesin network and wirelesscommunication technology willallow us to connect such productsto create smart (real and virtual)environments that can senseand interpret user behaviour, i.e.intentions and/or emotions, ina natural setting and react andanticipate accordingly (de Ridder,2008). This upcoming technologyyields a unique opportunity toenhance human capabilities bycreating smart products andenvironments based on thoroughinsights into human-informationinteraction in natural settings.In this context, it is importantto realise that the experience of products and services is perceivedthrough the senses and interpreted

by our cognitive system and that itbecomes essential to understandhow these senses and cognitivesystems operate if one wantsto simplify or enhance our dailyhuman-product interaction.

The research within the themeSensory & Cognitive Fluency aims to contribute to the above-mentioned trend by investigatinghow the sensory and cognitivesystems work (together) in human-product interaction and how theircapabilities and limitations canbe expanded or overcome in thedesign of new technologicalsystems. The research concernstopics like natural perception ,multisensory integration, sensory dominance and multimodal interaction. For example, aproject on natural perception hasinvestigated how context (i.e.illumination) in uences the visualappearance of objects (Pont & te Pas, 2006). Another projectconcerns the identi cation of speci c categories of product

Theme 1

Sensory & cognitive uency

For the research in this theme we

collaborate with the New Delft Experience

Lab at faculty of EEMCS (Delft University

of Technology), faculty of Architecture

(Delft University of technology), Radboud

University Nijmegen, Utrecht University,

Heriot-Watt University (UK), Plymouth

University (UK), Max Planck Institute

Tuebingen, New York University (USA),

Johns Hopkins University (USA), MIT(USA), Northwestern University (USA),

Philips (Lighting, Research, Design),

European Space Agency, Procter & Gamble,

Rijkswaterstaat, Unilever.



sounds (Ozcan & Van Egmond,2007). Of course, products areperceived through all the senses,raising questions about the way thesenses work together, i.e. hapticsand vision. It is thereforeinteresting to note that, in ourinteraction with a product, somesenses are more dominant thanothers; however, the kind of dominance experienced dependson the product itself as well as

on how long the product is in ourpossession (Schifferstein, 2006).

Although much is known abouthow our sensory and cognitivesystems work, there are s till manychallenges in understanding howthese systems work in our dailyinteraction with products andenvironments. In future research,we will increase our knowledge onperception and the natural world

(visual, audition, touch), how thesituatedness of a product affectsperceptual dominance, how similarparameters in different perceptualmodalities (i.e. roughness andsharpness in vision and audition)

can be used to enhance eachother in multimodal interactiveenvironments, and how productsand humans can communicatein smart environments moreeffectively. This knowledge willbe transferred to the designcommunity via new methods andtools. For example, the project

‘new media tools to support des ignconceptualisation’ explores thepossibility of highly interactiveand sensory rich qualities of newmedia in supporting designers inthe early phases of design. Oneexample, is Skin (Saakes, 2009)where the visual surface qualities of a 3D model can be evaluated andrapidly modi ed as surface texturepatterns are projected upon aphysical model.

An example of an illumination-material ambiguity: the bear at the left looks

like it is made of a more shiny material than the bear at the right, which has

a more dull appearance. A change in illumination causes this effect.

Theme 2

Faces of user experience: Aesthetics, meaning & emotion

Recently, user or product experience has been de ned as “the awareness of the psychological effects elicited by the interaction with a product, includingthe degree to which all our senses are stimulated, the meanings and valueswe attach to the product, and the feelings and emotions that are elicited” (Hekkert & Schifferstein, 2008). Characteristic of this de nition is that itdivides an experience into its three main components, i.e. the aesthetic experience we obtain from sensory grati cation (or displeasure), theexperience of meaning that results from attributing values and meaningto the surrounding world, and the emotional experience , resulting from anevaluation of the personal signi cance of the product. Over the past years,we have extensively studied each of these components in isolation and in therecent volume by Schifferstein and Hekkert (2008) much of this research islaid down. Moreover, the knowledge acquired thus far has been very helpfulin supporting designers to make the transition from a desired interaction/experience to products exhibiting these desired characteristics and features.However, in this transition, we also encountered the limitation of this work.

Firstly, in real des ign, as well as in our daily experience, the threecomponents are dif cult to separate. How these components affect eachother is still largely unknown. Current and future studies will thereforelook into the ways these three components work together to jointly shape

For the research in this theme we

cooperate with Erasmus University and

Vrije Universiteit (Netherlands), University

of Vienna (Austria), University of Toronto

(Canada), and the Centre for Affective

Sciences of the University of Geneva

(Switserland), as well as with a number of

industrial partners, such as KLM, Chanel,

Renault, and Microsoft.



Example of systematic stimulus construction froma study by Ludden et al. (2009).

our user experience and how this experience canbe de ned and measured as a whole. This need forintegration is not restricted to the experience itself; atthe human and product level, an integrative approachencompassing the various properties involved is requiredto understand people’s experiences. In a recent project,

we studied how various product characteristics, suchas materials, shape and function and various individualcharacteristics, like expertise and cultural background,

jointly affect the meaning people attribute to productmaterials (Karana et al., 2009). Secondly, in most studieswe looked at people’s experiences at a single momentin time. Most interactions with products dynamicallychange and develop over time. In more and moreprojects we take this dynamics of the experience intoaccount by, for example, developing an instrument tomeasure changes in people’s emotional responses whileinteracting with a product (Laurans et al., 2009).

Despite this shift in attention to integration anddynamics, it still remains necessary to study theseseparate experiences in isolation, to understand theirunderlying structure and processes, and to see whatrole the various senses, our cognitive system, andour body play in this. For this, systematic variation of real products on relevant stimulus dimensions is andwill remain a key research method. The most realisticintegration and a full sense of dynamics can, however,only be obtained when we ‘prototype experiences’, for

example in research on interactive user experiences andaffective tangible interaction. A successful executionof this programme will support our students and theindustry at large to design authentic experiencescontributing to sustainable well-being.

Theme 3

Contexts around us(e): Culture,situation, & sociability

The design of a product, and

of a user-product interaction,depends on many factors that lieexternal from the product anduser themselves and comprisethe context of product use.Designers need to understandthese contexts, especially whendesigning products to t lives of people different from themselves.Besides situational and locationaldifferences, social dimensionscan be extremely important. Such

contexts can be discerned onsmall or large scales, from speci ctarget groups (i.e. autistic children)to cultural historical factors, and(international) cultural differences.Moreover, as products become

equipped with sensors, actuators,connectivity, and intelligence,the products themselves may bemade to exhibit sensitivity to thesecontexts, social and otherwise.

Again, designers are in need of understanding how to design forthese interactions between product,user, and context (Stappers, 2005).In designing for speci c contexts,

designers will often work withdomain experts, including bothdisciplinary experts (i.e. culturalspecialists) and users (i.e. end-userparticipatory design), to explorewhat they seek to understandabout the context.

The aim of this theme is tounderstand which contextualfactors, models, methods, andtechniques from relevant disciplines

(i.e. sociology, ethnography) can beintegrated or adapted for design.Because we expect a large varietyof factors, the aim is not at rst tobuild a single overarching theory,but rather to develop methods,

apply these in case studies, andattempt to generalise insights fromthese. The emphasis on methodsand cases in this theme is in linewith a strong connection to actualdesign projects in both educationand industrial practice.

In the past ve years, aconnection has been made inthe area of contextmapping, i.e.,

techniques for learning about partsof users’ lives by involving themas experts of their experience(Sleeswijk Visser et al., 2005;Sanders & Stappers, 2008). Incollaboration with, i.e., Liz Sandersof MakeTools Inc., generativetechniques for user involvementhave been developed, formalised,and applied in a series of larger andsmaller industrial case studies, rstin establishing the techniques and

communicating the results, thenin focusing on social interactionswithin dif cult-to-reach targetgroups and scaling the methods tomake them affordable for Small andMedium Enterprises.



An important element in the themeis to develop techniques to supportthe relation between user anddesigner, i.e. through participativedesign games (de Jong & DeBruijne, 2008) and experiential

prototyping techniques (Boess,2008). Another project that has recently

started is ‘implicative design’. Inthis project, a methodology isdeveloped that allows designers tointentionally incorporate the impliciteffects products have on people’ssocial behaviour in the designprocess.

Cultural differences are seenas important factors to considerin designing for far cultures, suchas Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP)projects. Many BOP projects showthat designers have problemsin dealing with interculturaldifferences, and need guidancein accounting for these. Suchcultural aspects of interface

design encompass, i.e., how tocommunicate health information ina persuasive manner to illiterate,rural villagers.

Carolien Postma analysing data from a contextmapping eld study on people’s social interactions.

For the research in this theme wecollaborate with Philips Research, SaraLee, Vodafone, Achmea Insurance, theNetherlands Police, Ohio State University(USA), and NTUST Taipei (Taiwan).

Theme 4

Usage, Comfort and safety Usage, comfort and safety are becoming unique sellingpoints for today’s products. They can help createpositive user experiences and prevent damage to thehuman body. Yet much is still unknown about how tooptimise these aspects in products. Moreover, productusers are often unaware of how their interaction withproducts contributes to their user experiences. Theresearch in this theme therefore observes and modelsactual user activities, physical and other conditions thatin uence comfort, and the risks involved in product

use. Methodologies and recommendations for designare developed on the basis of the research. Researchstrategies are qualitative, quantitative, and/or prototype-based. Usage, comfort and safety in uence each otherand are therefore considered in relation to each other.Designers are often surprised when their newly designedproducts are used differently than expected. We developtools and insights to address this situatedness of product usage and to provide inspiration in designing;some examples of these are observational methods forspecialists and/or designers to study people’s activitiesand product usage, or concepts to anticipate on

functional meanings that users will attribute to productcharacteristics (De Jong et al., 2007; Boess & Kanis,2007). We also investigate how the usage of productsin uences speci c user experiences, such as, love forproducts, in order to provide design recommendations.

The users’ experience of com ort depends on the rstvisual impression, the experienced and actual bodily t,and the dynamics of use and posture (Vink, 2005).

A model of the comfort experience is proposed forsystematic research and for communication into designprocesses. Designers can pro t from knowing whenpeople experience something as more comfortable thanthey expected (Kuijt-Evers et al., 2007), or from knowinghow physical discomfort can lead to back and neck pain.Research into comfort acknowledges that humans moveand use products within spaces such as rooms or cars.

Western societies are increasingly concerned with

sa ety at the macro- and micro-level, including productsafety. However, no product can be 100% safe. Ourresearch into product safety assesses people’s usagesituation and behaviour. It also assesses and modelsthe necessary trade-offs to be made between risk prevention and risk perception. For example, a helmetincreases safety, but also introduces hazards when itrestricts the wearer’s view. Additionally, with better bodyprotection, snowboarders take more risks. The researchchallenges related to safety will be mapped out andmain questions will be identi ed.Research in this theme investigates the aspects of

usage, safety and comfort through various research foci.Research with an Inclusive Design focus seeks to reducethe risk of falls and increase comfort (Buzink et al.,2006), for example in public amenities such as toilets.Dynamic Anthropometry focuses on establishing comfort



Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering Landbergstraat 15 T +31 15 2789111 E [email protected] www.ide.tudelft.nl2628 CE Delft The Netherlands



References of the User Experience Programme

From actual product usage to modelling and back: an iterative process of observing and testing the

usage of products in context, capturing human dimensions and establishing guidelines for i.e. goggle

design. Adapted from the research by Roger Ball.

ERvI M DE I

DEvE PI METH D A D RE MME DATI

T ARD U A E, MF RTA E A D AFE PR DU T

For the research in this theme wecooperate with Twente University,University of Technology Eindhoven,University of Munich (Germany), and HongKong Polytechnic University (China), andcommercial partners such as Philips, Océ,Thales, Indes, Dutch Rail, BMW and TNO.

and safety guidelines for productsthrough advanced 2D and 3Dmeasuring and modelling of humandimensions around the globe.Design for Usability focuses on thetransfer of knowledge on usage,

safety and comfort into the designof electronic consumer products.

Boess, S.U. (2008). First Steps in Role Playing.In M. Czerwinski, M. A. Lund, & D. Tan (Eds.),Proceedings of CHI, ACM , (pp . 2017-2024).

Boess, S.U. & Kanis, H. (2007). Meaning inProduct Use – A Design Perspec tive. In H.N.J.Schifferstein and P. Hekkert (Eds.). Product Experience , (pp. 305-332). San Diego: Elsevier.

Buzink, SN., Molenbroek, J.F.M., Bruin, R. de,Haagsman, E.M., & G roothuizen, T.H.J.J. (2006).Prevention of falls in the toilet environment.In R.N. Pikaar, E.A.P. Koningsveld, and P.J.M.Settels (Eds.), Proceedings of IAE 2006Congress (pp. 1-6). Oxford: Elsevier.

Desmet, P.M.A. & Hekker t, P. (2007). Framework of product experience. International Journal o Design , 1, 57-66.

Diener, E., Eunkook, M.S., Lucas, R .E., & Smith,H.L. (1999). Subjective well-being: three decadesof progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.

Ehrenfeld, J.R. (2008). Sustainability by design .New Haven: Yale University Press.

Hekkert, P. & Schiffers tein, H.N.J. (2008).Introducing product experience. In H.N.J.Schifferstein and P. Hekkert (Eds.) Product experience . Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Jong, A.M., de, Boess, S.U., & Rooden, M.J.(2007). Bringing product use into designing:designer perspec tives. In J. Myerson, C. Bilsland,and J.A. Bic hard (Eds.), Include ConferenceProceedings (pp. 1-6). Royal College of Art.

Jong, A.M. de & E. de Bruyne (July, 2008).Participatory design in of ce work? Presented atthe Int. Con . Applied Ergonomics and HumanFactors (AEHFI), Las Vegas.

Karana, E., Kandachar, P., & Hekkert, P. (2009).Meanings of Materials through SensorialProperties and Manufacturing Processes.Materials & Design , in press.

Kuijt-Evers, L.F.M., Bosch, T., Huysmans, M.A .,Looze, M.P. de & Vink, P. (2007). Associationbetween objective and subjective measurementsof comfort and discomfort in hand tools. Applied ergonomics , 38, 643-654.

Laurans, Desmet, & Hekkert (April, 2009). Theemotion slider: a self-report device for thecontinuous measurement of emotion. CHI con erence, Boston, MA.

Ludden, G. D. S., Kudrowitz, B. M., Schifferstein,H. N. J. & He kkert, P. (2009) Surprise & humor inproduct design. Designing sensory metaphors inmultiple modalities. Submitted for publication.

Ozcan, E. & van Egmond, R. (2007). Memory forproduct sounds: The effect of sound and labeltype. Acta Psychologica, 126 (3), 196-215.

Pont, S.C. & te Pas, S.F. (2006). Material-illumination ambiguities and the perception of solid objects. Perception , 35 , 1331-1350.

Ridder, H. de (2008). Trends in man-machineinteraction, technology and user perspective.In I. van Keulen (Ed.). Brain Visions: how thebrain sciences could change the way we eat,communicate, learn and judge, STT 73, 193-198. The Hague, The Netherlands.

Saakes, D. (2009). Shape does matter.PhD Thesis, Delft Universit y of Technology.

Sanders, E.B.-N., Stapper s, P.J. (2008)Co-creation and the new landscapes of design .CoDesign , 4(1), 5-18.

Schifferstein, H. N. J. (2006). The relativeimportance of sensory modalities inproduct usage: a study of self-reports. ActaPsychologica, 121, 41-64.

Schifferstein, H.N.J. & Hekker t, P. (Eds.). (2008).Product experience . Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Sleeswijk Visser, F., Stappers, P.J., van der L ugt,R., & Sanders, E.B.N. (2005) Contextmapping:Experiences from practice. CoDesign , 1(2),119-149.

Stappers, P. J. (2005). Creative connections:User, designer, context, and tools. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 10, 95-100 .

Vink, P. (2005). Com ort and design: principlesand good practice . Boca Raton: CRC Press.



Healthcare is one o the most dynamic and rapidlyexpanding areas in both western society anddeveloping countries. As a result o increasingdemand or technological innovations, thedemand or highly skilled engineers in this feldwill rise in the near uture. For Industrial DesignEngineering (IDE) this means that engineerscapable o translating the practical needs o thehealthcare sector into products specially designed

or medical applications in low-tech, as well ashigh-tech applications will have to be trained. Inthis way, they can contribute to the diagnosis,treatment, and prevention o diseases anddisorders.

The aim o the Healthcare programme is togenerate design requirements and methods

or the design o products that ocus on themedical pro essional, the medical environmentand the patient. The ocus is on human-productinteraction during product use.

The research has 3 themes, namely:

1 The Specialist, where the ocus is on error- reetask ulflment in complex multi-user situations.

2 The Environment, where the emphasis is onin uencing the external actors o the interaction.

3 The Patient, where the emphasis is on patientmusculoskeletal complaints and treatment.

Furthermore, the Healthcare research programmetrains dedicated and skilled engineers whomare capable o marrying the skills o design andhealthcare in order to design products which meetthe needs o specialists, physicians and therapistsin all disciplines as well as patients and their

amilies. These engineers will provide productsand services or the uture on behal o themedical feld, on the basis o research regardingthe interaction between humans, products andtheir environment.

The Healthcare programme translatesknowledge and skills into design guidelines ormedical product concepts in medical systems.

The aim is to improve the e ectiveness,usability, sa ety and economical easibility o products and systems. The expertise in researchand development is built on the integratedapproach o Industrial Design Engineering.This approach ocuses on the ollowing jointaspects simultaneously: engineering, usabilityand inter ace design, aesthetics, marketing andmanagement. ‘Research through design’ will bethe leading research method.

With the amount o current expertise, it ispossible to conduct all research projects withinthe Healthcare programme together with other

aculties at Del t University within the Del t HealthInitiative and Medical Delta and with externalmedical partners rom (academic) hospitals andthe medical industry.

Scientifc relevanceFor the feld o human-product interaction it

means a scientifc breakthrough i proceduralsa ety will be integrated in new technology(e-sa ety) and devices. The theoretical

oundations or human-product interaction arephysical and in ormational ergonomics, modalitytheory, activity theory, perception theory, andcognitive science. The research group consistso design engineers, mechanical engineers,electrical engineers and computer scientists thatwork closely together with surgeons. Theories

rom these research felds are ound mainly incooperation with the oundational programmesUser Experiences and Technology Trans ormation.Knowledge generated in these programmes areimplemented in demonstrators that show theresult o interaction between users, digital devicesand interactive products, and they lay a humanbehavioural oundation or how these devicesand products should be designed to allow peopleto interact naturally, collaborate with each other,work in an unbroken activity ow, and to besatisfed as users.

Research Programme

Healthcare

I n d u s

t r i a l D e s

i g n

E n g

i n e e r i n g

Prof.dr.ir. Richard Goossens




Intelligence in medical technology - Reducing chances of medicalfailureOperation and intensive care environments are already becoming more andmore technology driven. As a result, interaction with medical equipment hasto become more transparent. Above all, di erent medical equipment haveto be designed with the unctionality and eedback systems o other medical

systems in mind, thus reducing chances on medical ailure. The exchange o in ormation between di erent devices and people to improve sa ety can onlybe established by introducing new design methods.

Funding or this programme will be provided through KP7 Health, STW, andNWO. Local unds such as, the Scientifc unding Catharina Hospital, theEuropean Association o Endoscopic Surgery and various companies will alsobe approached.Research results are already published in peer reviewed journals withergonomic and medical ocus. Journals in which results are regularlypublished are: Ergonomics , Applied Ergonomics, Journal of Biomechanics,

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Physiological Measurement, World Journal of Surgery, Surgical Endoscopy, Clinical Physiology, Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques,Minimally Invasive Therapy and Allied Technologies . We will continue topublish in these journals.

The research in this theme isocused on human-product

interaction, where the patient istreated by a pro essional healthcareworker in the operation room or inintensive care.

The operation room is very wellsuited or product research sinceit contains both high tech and lowtech products that are used inan well defned environment (theoperation room), in a well defnedway (the operation protocol), by ateam o pro essionals (the surgicalteam) with various responsibilities.

The intensive care unit alsoo ers a good plat orm or productinter ace evaluation and newconcept testing, with its widevariety o patient health statusmonitoring devices.

Reducing chances on medicalfailure

Operation and intensive careenvironments are already becomingmore and more technology driven.

As a result, interaction with medicalequipment has to become moretransparent. Above all, di erentmedical equipment have to bedesigned with the unctionality and

eedback systems o other medicalsystems in mind, thus reducingchances on medical ailure. Theexchange o in ormation betweendi erent devices and peopleto improve sa ety can only beestablished by introducing newdesign methods.

Surgeon’s CockpitIt is estimated that in Dutchhospitals between 1.500 to 6.000

Theme 1

The Specialist



people die each year because o incidents (medical errors) that couldhave been prevented. The goal is toreduce this number by 75% within

a period o 15 years, and will save € 1-3 billion in expenses.Currently, the skills o surgeons

are still evaluated in simulationtests (Buzink et al., 2008). Inorder to establish sa e operationenvironment and patient handling, aplat orm is needed in which tests o new technologies can be per ormedwith controlled environmentalvariables. This means that asimulated operation room isneeded that can be supplied withspecially designed equipment,surgical robots, product inter acesand evaluation so tware. This testplat orm is realised in the Surgeon’sCockpit, a dedicated inter ace orthis purpose.

The Surgeon’s Cockpit will o era completely new inter ace orsurgeon and surgical team thatsurpasses current, commerciallyavailable innovations developed by

single companies. Current protocolsare not always ollowed (Waubenet al., 2008), but the Surgeon’sCockpit establishes the integrationo procedural-technical and processin ormation, in which productsbecome an ‘active’ partner in adialogue with the user, bringingin ar more perspective in thedevelopment o intelligent tools.This research project, in whichseveral PhD projects are defned,will develop insight into human-product interaction, haptic

eedback (Westebring et al.,2008), intelligent inter aces,profciencies, manipulation o so ttissue, integration o in ormation inproducts and team behaviour.

The Surgeon’s Cockpit isestablished in close cooperationwith medical pro essionals and it

acilitates checklist based surgeryso that surgical equipment hasinter aces that are combinedwith multi-sensor systems;these systems have integratedintelligence, so that instrumentsare able to learn and adapt to

di erent users o the surgicalteam. All system and patientdata is integrated and stored inan intelligent database, which is

consulted by both team membersand instruments during surgery.

The Intensive Care UnitThe presence o digital technologiesin medical practice providesan overwhelming amount o in ormation. Deciding whichin ormation to present and what

unctions to o er is a majorchallenge aced by productdevelopers today.

Medical practitioners can play animportant role in this phase o thedesign process by providing insightsinto their actual working methodsand the in ormation they use. Thisresearch, based within the contexto intensive care nursing, aims todefne design directions and product

unctions or nursing in ormaticsapplications in close collaborationwith the nursing sta . A generaldesign approach is developed whichstructures as well as generates

knowledge or next generationintensive care systems.

The essence o the design approachis a model o the nursing processthat starts rom the idea that anurse ulfls three di erent roles.

A distinction is made between thenurse’s role o practitioner (usingin ormation immediately to baseactions upon) and the nurse’srole o scholar (using in ormationlater on to learn rom). The thirdrole is defned as the human role;coping with stress and dealingwith emotions, using in ormationlater on or re ection. The modelis used to structure interviewsbetween product developers andintensive care nurses in whichnurses are asked to recount animposing event they experienced.Some o the resulting design ideasare implemented in experientialprototypes. Examples includeembedded help in an in usionpump, a so tware module to logthe nurse’s intuitive assessmento a patient, and a graphic

representation o the nurse’sworking environment. The designapproach is now part o theteaching programme o the IDE

Medisign master.

Design goal A main design goal or both projectsis to develop intuitive, robust andinexpensive devices or end-users.The development o in rastructureand user inter aces will becoordinated with the developmento sensors that deliver statusin ormation about medical devices.Testing and evaluation will beper ormed in real clinical settings,thereby o ering system evaluationand analysis o impact based onuse.

For this theme it is necessary to cooperate

in teams with specialists rom (academic)

hospitals and companies. These hospitals

are located in close vicinity to Del t as

well as throughout Europe. The hospitals

that share a long lasting cooperation with

the programme at the TU Del t are the

Erasmus Medical Center and the Catharina

Hospital. Additional, cooperations exist with

the University o Groningen, the University

o Dundee, Philips Medical Systems and

Karl Storz GmbH.

In the European project, ARISER,

cooperation is established with the Graz

University o Technology, University o

Leuven, Ljubljana Medical Center, Siemens

Molecular Imaging, Systems in Motion,and IFC-CNR. A ollow up project with the

involvement o a some o these partners is

in preparation.



This theme ocuses on how to in uence the patient’s well-being throughexternal actors in the environment, and not through explicit medicaltreatment. Current projects are concerned with improving the currenthospital environment, namely the waiting room. Another project studies thenew environment created by telemedicine, when healthcare is provided at adistance. Yet another topic concerns the case where healthcare is provided ina di erent cultural setting, namely rural areas in China; this theme is studiedin cooperation with BOP Health.

The goal o these research programmes is to provide designers with toolsto study and in uence the user’s state o mind (or mood, stress and com ort)in di erent situations.

TelemedicineTelemedicine is an example ICT application in healthcare, and re ers tothe use o medical in ormation exchanged rom one site to another, viaelectronic communication to improve patients’ health status. The di usion o telemedicine into current healthcare delivery remains low despite expectationso a positive impact on the accessibility, quality, and costs o care.

Telemedicine has the potential to o er a solution to challenges acinghealthcare services worldwide, such as rising costs due to a rapidly growingdemand or care and increasing demands rom patients concerning the qualityo care. Acceptance by medical pro essionals is vital to the implementationo new technologies in the medical practice and o telemedicine in particular.Even with more avourable boundary conditions that in uence useracceptance, such as higher technological standards and reimbursementagreements, these are actors that cannot be directly in uenced by anindustrial design engineer (Esser & Goossens, 2009). There ore, the problemdefnition is operationalised as the manner in which a design can maximisethe acceptance o telemedicine services.

The overall goal o the research project is thus, the development o a manualor designers o telemedicine services. This goal will be met, and the research

questions will be answered by ollowing a participative, research-through-design approach.

Theme 2

The Environment

The partner or the telemedicine research

is the Cartesius Institute (a 3TU initiative).

For the BoP related research it is the

University o China.

Information on patients’ physical and psychological state

Information on diagnosis and treatment options

Telemedicine changes the way healthcare

delivery takes place in a undamental way



This theme aims to optimise pro essionalproducts and product usage by reducingstrain on the human body. The emphasis ison patient musculoskeletal complaints andtreatment (i.e. RSI). Dedicated mathematicalmodelling o the human biomechanicalsystem, combined with experimentalverifcation based on data rom varioususer groups and varying working conditionscomprise the methodology developed andapplied in this research. Once scientifcallyvalidated, the acquired knowledgecan be trans ormed into engineeringrecommendations, which themselves can beevaluated as well.

The research questions o this theme include:• How to develop an applicable dynamic

biomechanical model (i.e. o the abdomen orthe study o incisional hernia)?

• How to apply the results o biomechanicalmodelling in design processes?

The main outcome is concerned with theimplementation o human biomechanicalmodels to gain insight in the musculoskeletalsystem (i.e. Pel et al., 2008). This insightwill provide tools that can be used in thedesign process (i.e. or special body supports,

Goossens, 2007) in order to be part o anErgonomics In ormation System.

Example project: AbdomenTogether with the REPAIR -group (RotterdamErasmus Project on Abdominal Innovative surgicalResearch), a model was made o the abdomenand the linea alba tissue (van Ramshorst et al.,2008). The research o the REPAIR group ranges

rom basic material science to clinical trials

on nerves to identi y aspects o inguinal herniarepair.

Theme 3

The Patient

The main partner or this theme is ErasmusUniversity o Rotterdam, by means o

a previous pro essorship o pro . Chris

Snijders in Medical Technology, and a new

pro essorship, Physical Ergonomics, thatstudies the feld o physical ergonomicsin the context o medical design at both

universities (Del t and Rotterdam) has

started in 2009.

Model o a human abdomen

on which sutures can be

tested.



Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering

Landbergstraat 15 T +31 15 2789111 E io@tudel t.nl www.ide.tudel t.nl

2628 CE Del t

The Netherlands

Information on research T +31 15 278 86 40 E research-io@tudel t.nl www.ide.tudel t.nl/research

This lea et is part o the Research Port olio IDE/TUD 2008-2012 ‘Towards sustainable well-being’

Some References of the Healthcare Programme

Wauben L.S.G.L., Goossens R.H.M., Lange J.F.(2010) Evaluation o operative notes c oncerninglaparoscopic cholecystectomy: are standardsbeing met? World Journal of Surgery , 34(5),

903-909.

Vonck D., Goossens R.H.M., van Eijk D.J., deHingh I.H., Jakimowicz J.J. (2010) Vacuumgrasping as a manipulation technique orminimally invasive surgery. Surgical Endoscopy .

Knops S.P., van Riel M.P., Goossens R.H.M., vanLieshout E.M., Patka P., Schipper I.B. (2010)Measurements o the exerted pressure by pelviccircum erential compression devices. OpenOrthopaedics Journal, 4, 101-106.

Buzink S.N., Goossens R.H., Schoon E.J., deRidder H., Jakimowic z J.J. (2010) Do basicpsychomotor skills trans er between di erentimage-based procedures? World Journal of Surgery, 34(5), 933-940.

Buzink S.N., Goossens R.H.M., De RidderH., Jakimowicz J.J. (2010) Training o b asiclaparoscopy skills on SimSurger y SEP. Minimally invasive therapy & allied technologies, 19(1),35-41.

Westebring-van der Put ten E.P., van denDobbelsteen J.J., Goossens R.H.M., JakimowiczJ.J., Dankelman J. (2009) E ect o laparoscopicgrasper orce transmission ratio on grasp c ontrol.Surgical Endoscopy , 23(4), 818-824.

Westebring-van der Put ten E.P., van denDobbelsteen J.J., Goossens R.H.M., JakimowiczJ.J., Dankelman J. (2009) Force eedback requirements or e fcient laparoscopic grasp

control. Ergonomics , 52(9), 1055-1066.Westebring-van der Putten E.P., Lysen W.W.,Henssen V.D., Koopmans N., Goossens R .H.M.,van den Dobb elsteen J.J., et al. (2009) Tactile

eedback exceeds visual eedback to displaytissue slippage in a laparoscopic grasper.Studies in health technology and informatics, 142, 420-425.

Esser P.E., Goossens R.H.M. (2009) A ramework or the design o user-centred teleconsulting

systems. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare,15(1), 32-39.

Buzink S.N., Botden S.M., Heemskerk J.,Goossens R.H.M., de Ridder H., JakimowiczJ.J. (2009) Camera navigation and tissuemanipulation; are these laparoscopic skills

related? Surgical Endoscopy, 23(4), 750-757.

Westebring-van der Putten, E.P., Goossens,R.H.M., Jakimowicz, J.J., & Dankelman, J. (2008),Haptics in minimally invasive surgery - a review.Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies , 17(1), 3-16.

Wauben, L.S.G.L., Goossens, R.H.M., vanEijk, D.J., & L ange, J.F. (2008) Evaluation o protocol uni ormity concerning laparoscopiccholecystectomy in the Netherlands. World

Journal of Surgery , 32(4), 613-620.

van Ramshorst, G.H., Lange, J.F., Goossens,R.H.M., Agudelo, N.L., Kleinrensink, G.J.,

Verwaal, M., et al. (2008). Non-invasivemeasurement Intra-abdominal Pressure: aPreliminary Study. Physiological Measurement ,29(8), N41-N47.

Pel, J.J.M., Spoor C .W., Goossens, R.H.M., & Pool-Goudzwaard, A.L. (2008). Biomechanicalmodel study o pelvic belt in uence on muscleand ligament. Journal of Biomechanics , 41(9),1878-1884.

Goossens R.H.M., Rithalia S.V. (2008)Physiological response o the heel tissue onpressure relie between three alternatingpressure air mattresses. Journal of TissueViability, 17(1). 10-14.

Buzink, S.N., Botden, S.M.B.I., Heemskerk, J.,Goossens, R.H.M., de Ridder, H., & Jakimowic z,

J.J. (2008). Camera navigation and tissuemanipulation; are these laparoscopic skillsrelated? Surgical Endoscopy . Advance onlinepublication. Retrieved July 15, 2008.

Goossens, R.H.M. (2007). A short historyo progression o research into seating andpostural support. Disability and Rehabilitation:

Assistive Technology , 2(4), 249-254.

Esser, P.E. & Goossens, R.H.M. (2009). A ramework or the design o user-centeredteleconsultation systems. Accepted orpublication in Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare .



People desire mobility, for its own sake – just thepleasure of moving - and because it enables themto overcome the distance that separates theirhomes from the places where they work, shop,seek medical attention, spend their holidays,go to school, do business, or visit friends andrelatives. Businesses also require mobilitybecause it helps them overcome distances – thedistances that separate them from their sourcesof raw materials, from their markets, and fromtheir employees. However, mobility is the causeof a variety of negative impacts – congestion,pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, disruptionof neighbourhoods, noise and accidents, to namea few. Another concern is that the world’s currentmobility systems rely almost exclusively on asingle limited source of non-renewable energy –petroleum.

The recent crisis in the worldwide automotiveindustry illustrates the necessity to adjust ourstance towards mobility. Mobility needs to become

more ef cient, more equitable and less disruptive – both socially and environmentally. How can wedesign our mobility systems in such a way that itcontributes to our sustainable well-being?

Mobility in these terms can be de ned(WBCSD, 2001) as “the ability to meet theneeds of society to move freely, gain access,communicate, trade, and establish relationshipswithout sacri cing other essential human orecological values today or in the future.”

The challenges we are confronted with,in the area of personal mobility, require amultidisciplinary approach to realise radicalinnovations. Knowledge from the foundational

programmes of the IDE research portfolio – userexperience, strategic design and technologytransformation – can have an importantcontribution, when ne tuned, integrated andvalidated, to these needed radical innovations.The aim of this research programme is tocontribute to the knowledge development of radical innovations or transitions 1 in the eldof mobility. This multidisciplinary approach,combining user, business, organisational andtechnological knowledge, is a crucial differencethat distinguishes our mobility programme fromother research programmes.

In parallel with the other application areas,another aim of this programme to demonstrateand increase the added value of design withina scienti c context. This can be accomplishedthrough demonstrating breakthrough artefactsand artefact/service systems, and by establishingdesigns that will function as platforms forintegrating and validating existing knowledge and

generating new knowledge. The epistemologicalaim of this programme is to contribute tothe development of the scienti c knowledgethrough ‘design inclusive research’. Besides thecontribution of knowledge towards alleviatingthe huge challenges society face, the research inthe mobility domain is also intended to serve asa means to generate new foundational, scienti cknowledge.

The research results will be integratedin the educational curriculum of the MasterSpecialisation, Automotive Design.

The transition from petroleum, diesel and LPG – as the most important energy carriers of ourpresent road transport – towards a completelyelectric powered eet is one of the mostpromising options for a sustainable mobilitysystem. A large-scale introduction of electricpowered vehicles can result in a ‘Well-to-Wheel’-ef ciency improvement of 50%, when comparedto present-day practices (Van Mierlo et al.,2004). A second advantage of this transition isthe avoidance of local emissions namely, CO2,NOx, ne dust and noise. Thirdly, the batteries

Research Programme

Personal Mobility

I n d u s

t r i a l D e s

i g n

E n g

i n e e r i n g

Dr.ir. Sacha Silvester


1 Transitions are major; long-term (50 years or more) processes of

change in for example energy supply, communication, and mobility.

Transitions imply more than just technological change, but also

change in (consumer) habits, knowledge, institutional organisation,

policies, cultural aspects, law and other aspects of society. Thus,

transitions are labeled as the co-evolution of technology and society.

(ECN, http://www.ecn.nl/en/ps/research-programme/transition-

management/)



of the electric vehicles can serve as extra storagecapacity in the electric grid (Tomic & Kempton,2007). This expansion in storage capacity willincrease the contribution of renewable energysources, such as wind and sun, towards ourelectricity supply.

Several failed attempts have been made in the

past to introduce electric mobility to the generalpopulace. These cases have taught us that radicalinnovation processes are at stake, which are verydif cult to manage. To be successful, synergeticresearch and innovation processes have to takeplace; these will form the backbone of this

programme. The following themes are de ned:

In our daily life we are acquainted with well-functioning electric vehicleslike trains and subway cars. In the near future, the concept of the presentscooter, motorcycle, car and van will drastically change. The substitution of the internal combustion engine by electric motors and batteries or fuel cellsis a rst step. Additionally, different requirements must be adopted for futuremobility concepts due to the changing interaction between user and vehicleas well as between vehicle and infrastructure. Some questions our researchaddresses are:

• How will the design of future vehicles and associated services change due tothe transition towards electricity?

• What will be the in uence of speci c socio-cultural contexts on designsolutions?

• Will these transition processes stimulate multimodal travelling?• Will these new mobility constructs be accepted by users?

Recent developments in the automotive industry not only show thatexisting concepts of vehicles are no longer suitable anymore, but also thatresearch and innovation networks are changing. Old players are having ahard time surviving as new players entering the mobility arena. New formsof cooperation are evolving. Interesting new methods of knowledge andinnovation development, like ‘open innovation’ and ‘open source,’ are beingintroduced in this domain.

An example of research within this theme is the research on acceptanceof new mobility concepts which includes studies on the way sustainabilityis perceived, and its social impact, formulated in the c’mm’n researchprogramme (Egmond et al., 2009).

One of the important foundations for the c’mm’n platform is open sourceconcept development. Though this concept should increase the involvementof actual users, trust becomes a major issue. The issue of how people cantrust one another and types of trusted information becomes an issue in anopen source network. There has been some investigation into how userswill deal with sharing, in relation to software development or digital content.

Hardware was not investigated in this study.Because future innovations are often hard toinvestigate, some research into understandingacceptance of future mobility concepts will beinvestigated in a simulated environment. Oneof the most important success and acceptancefactors for new cars is the appearance factor.New technologies need to be developed (newtypes of drive trains, etc.) in order to transitiontowards new forms of energy; this will have adirect impact on the car’s technological layout(package), and its derived form (exterior andinterior). Furthermore, the car should also ‘look’ sustainable. In addition to the appearance of thecar, the interaction with the car as a sustainableenvironment is of importance. This can beaccomplished through sensory information otherthan sight (e.g. hearing) This brings up questionson how a car can sense the needs of the driver

Theme 1

Vehicle product & service design

c’mm’n an open source future

electric mobility vision



and its environment, which information should becommunicated (through which sense) and how

travel behaviour (driving) can be manipulatedin order to become more sustainable.

All these aforementioned aspects raiseethical issues concerning the societal

impact contributed by these new waysof enhancing sustainable behaviour.In conclusion, this sub-programmeaims to deal with aspects of humanbehaviour that require change oradaptation, because new formsof mobility and upcoming new

technology will require this.

This sub-programme involves cooperation with

IDE Strategic Design, IDE User Experience, IDE

Technology Transformation, Faculty of Policy, Management

& Technology, and Cartesius Institute.Link, personalmobility solution and its services

Cooperation with IDE Strategic Design,

IDE User Experience, IDE Technology

Transformation, Faculty of Architecture,

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Cartesius

Institute.

Theme 2

Electric and ICT-infrastructure

Maximum ef ciency gain of theenergy system will depend on thesemi-permanent linkage of thevehicles to the energy grid. This isalmost a ‘ contradictio in terminis ’.We want to be autonomous asmuch as possible when movingaround, but the linkage of vehiclesto the grid when not in-use wouldbe preferable. Considering this,design of these linkages will haveto be developed for the differentsituations which occur in everydaylife (e.g. for at home, at work,during shopping, during holidays).

Additionally, the question of whether fast or slow chargingfacilities are preferable will have tobe decided.

The present energy infrastructureis not yet suited to host hugeamounts of electrical vehicles. Thereis a shortage of existing connectionpoints, as well as additional capacityshortage in local grids, due touncoordinated charging strategies inthe case of large scale introductionof electrical vehicles.

At the same time, an ICT-infrastructure that is closely linkedto the electricity grid is needed, forexample, to guide drivers to theclosest fast-charging facilities andto take care of payments.In addition, an ICT-infrastructure iscrucial in facilitating the delivery of electricity back into the grid.Finally, user acceptance of thisfuture infrastructure is essential.

An example of research within thistheme is the DIEMIGO-project,funded by the BSIK-programme,TRANSUMO, in which the impactof transition towards electricmobility on the built environment isinvestigated. For concrete contextsin the Netherlands, research willbe conducted into the differentoptions for integrating an electricinfrastructure. This will result in thedesign of an urban plan in whichthe IDE-research will focus on theinterfaces between vehicles, powergrid, and the built environment.

Vehicle Battery

C ha rg er 2 30 V A C

Vehicle Battery

Charger

230 V AC

Onboard Charging

Offboard Charging

1st Vehicle Battery

2nd Vehicle Battery

Ch ar ge r 230 V A C

Vehicle Battery

FastCharger

380 V AC

Battery Swapping

Fast Charging

V2G

Vehicle Battery SG

Vehicle Battery

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G)

Smart Charging Protocols (Smart Grid, SG)



The results of the aforementioned

parts of this project must form acoherent system. Together withthe various stakeholders,

visions will be developedabout electric mobility in

relation to sustainableurban infrastructure.

Different researchmethods will be used, like

‘backcasting’, ‘visioning’ and ‘(design-oriented) scenarios’. The

system vision will be developed,alongside the exploration of processes

towards realising possible futures.

One ongoing project within this theme is nancedby the BSIK-programme, Next GenerationInfrastructures. The formation of a researchand innovation network is simultaneously beingdeveloped and studied. The role IDE can playas a system integrator within this researchand innovation network will be researched. Tofoster this programme, an innovation network is being established in 2008 called D-INCERT(Dutch Innovation Centre for Electri cation of

Road Transportation). Dutch INCERT provides an

open network for established and new (Dutch)initiatives supporting the introduction of electricroad transport, and will serve as an informationexchange point for policy makers, entrepreneurs,scientists and a broader public. In consultationwith experts from various organisations,

initiatives will be taken to stimulate research anddevelopment addressing critical issues and toprevent effort scattering. The centre will provideindependent expert support to local and nationalelectric transport initiatives (www.d-incert.nl)

The programme will be funded primarily fromexternal sources. Running projects are nancedfor example by the BSIK-programmes , theNext Generation Infrastructures and Transumo.

Additional (matching) funding is provided byother public and private organisations.

Other potential nancial partners forthis programme are the Dutch Ministry of Transportation, the Dutch Ministry of Economic

Affairs, local governments (Rotterdam ClimateInitiative, Friesland/Leeuwarden), NWO, STW, andEuropean Community FP7.

The programme is embedded within DelftEnergy Initiative and Delft Infrastructure Initiativeof the new research portfolio of the TU Delft.

Research output is planned to be publishedin International Journal of Design, DesignStudies, Journal of Design Research, Design

Issues and the domain speci c journals like

Transportation Research.


Landbergstraat 15 T +31 15 2789111 E [email protected] www.ide.tudelft.nl

2628 CE Delft

The Netherlands



Theme 3

System integration

This sub-

theme involves

cooperation with

IDE Strategic

Design, Faculty

of Policy,

Management

& Technology

and the Faculty

of Electrical

Engineering.

chargingsolution-system

integration

energyprovider

infra-structure

builtenviron-

ment

softwareprovider

energygrid

batteries

customerinterface

electricvehicles

Beella, S.K., Brezet, J.C. & Silvester, S.(2007). Design for sustainable mobility incities. Proceedings of 2 nd European El-DriveTransportation Conference (pp. 1-8).

Beella, S.K. , Silvester, S. & Brezet, J.C. (2009).Electric vehicles are here to stay! In A Remmen& H Riisgaard (Eds.), Joint actions on climatechange. (pp. 1-8). Aalborg: University Aalborg.(TUD).

Brezet, J.C. & Beella, S.K. (2007). Soft mobilityproducts: The experiences of the Delft DesignInstitute. In M. Eekhout, R. Visser, and T. Tomiyama (Eds.), Proceedings of Delft Science in Design- A Congress on Interdisciplinary Design (pp.139-150). Delft: Platform Design. (TUD).

Egmond, R. van (Ed.). C,MM,N Research, HumanCentered Sustainable Mobility. Research proposal3TU. 2009

Tomic, J., & Kempton, W. (2007). Using eets o f electric-drive vehicles for grid support. Journal of Power Sources, 168(2), 459-468.

Silvester, S., Beella, S.K. & Quist, J. (2009). Adventof electric vehicles: a research agenda. In A Rem-men & H Riisgaard (Eds.), Joint actions on climatechange (pp. 1-8). Aalborg: University Aalborg. (TUD)

Van Mierlo, J., Van den Bossche P., & Maggetto G.(2004). Models of energy sources for EV and HEV:fuel cells, batteries, ultracapacitors, ywheels andengine-generators. Journal of Power Sources, 128(1), 76-89.

Van Timmeren, A., Bauer P., Silvester S., BeellaS.K., Quist J., van Dijk, S.J. (2010). Use of designoriented scenarios and related tools in researchby design. Proceedings of Design Research inthe Netherlands 2010 . Eindhoven.

WBCSD (2001) The Mobility 2001- World mobility at the end of the twentieth century

and its sustainability . Online at http://wbcsdmobility.org, August 2001.ISBN 2-940240-21-3

References of the Personal Mobility Programme



The growing awareness of the need to createsustainable environments and products whichcan foster improved quality of life re ects aglobal shift from consuming to caring societies.Sustainable living and work focuses onmaintaining and enhancing the quality of livingover time, as related to environmental (planet)variables, socio-economic (pro t) factors, andindividual (people) life styles. By including thelatter two factors under social sustainability,two clusters emerge, namely, social andenvironmental sustainability.

Despite all the talk about sustainability, veryfew examples that actually help reduce energyconsumption can be found in today’s households.Rather, more and more, stand-alone productsare being consumed and plugged in. Manysuch products are not even smart enough toswitch themselves off when not in use or ableto communicate to users their actual energy

consumption. While there is a wealth of sensorand actuator technology, very few examples canbe found of applications to improve the socialquality of living and work. Instead, there aremany examples of care organisations that arestruggling with reduced budgets for monitoringelderly living at home, and of companies that arebeing confronted by the costs of high levels of burnout, relating to environmental stress.

Similar to recent developments in automotivedesign, sustainable product and service designcan offer new commercial opportunities forcompanies struggling to nd the cutting edge inthe market. In the late 1980s, quality was a keyconcept for companies competing with low costimitations, today sustainability offers a similarcost-bene t potential when projected across thephases of product production, use and recycling.Product de nitions need to re-thought as we seek more durable and responsible designs that shiftour values from “having to being” (Ehrenfeld,2008).

Research has begun at IDE on examiningthe differences between incremental versusradical sustainable product development. Manyincremental improvements in products have ledto a rebound effect. For example, people maychoose to leave their lights on all night outsidesince they have energy ef cient light bulbs, or

take longer showers with water saving showerheads. An integral approach to sustainableliving and work research is needed whereby theenvironment, product role and human behaviourare taken into account.

Towards focusing the faculty design research inthe area of social and environmental sustainabilitythree themes have been identi ed, namely:

Research Programme

Living/Work

I n d u s

t r i a l D e s

i g n

E n g

i n e e r i n g

Prof.dr. David Keyson MSc.


Theme 1

Shaping sustainable behaviour

This research theme, focuses on how the user can be in uenced to useproducts or services which provide a ful lling user experience while reducingusage of natural resources and environmental impact. Issues such asproduct usability, physical design of products and interfaces, and social-psychological techniques to change attitudes and behaviours are includedhere. For example, recent work in India focused on developing a public healthinformation booth to bridge the information divide between health workersand rural villagers. Users interacted with the booth using a tangible interfacewhere media was presented across a range of familiar formats such as puppetshows, street theatre, guru talks, and village chief presentations (Parmar etal., 2009).



Sustained Quality of Livingfocuses on the role of productsand environments in structurallymaintaining or improving well being,over an extended period of time, inwork and living environments. Thelife cycle of products and servicescan be extended by recognising andadapting to changing user needs.

Similarly, the user environment canbe adapted to accommodate andsupport users at home and at work.For example, the question of howsocial connectivity can be fosteredamong the elderly living alone isbeing examined in the IOP-MMIresearch project, Independent@Home, as one of several futuresmart home application scenarios(Vastenburg et al., 2009). The EU/Cartesius project, Energy Valley,examines how semi-remoteareas can be socio-economicallyrevitalised and connected via watertourism. Research on restorativeenvironments is currently an area of collaboration between the faculty of

Architecture and Industrial DesignEngineering, which focuses onhospital patient waiting roomsin terms of lighting and physicalartefacts such as seating.

The Aware Thermostat developed at

IDE provides suggestions on energy

savings based on room occupancy

rates and observed time to heat a

space (below).Rural users in India using a

tangible interface to access health

information (right).

Flowie stimulates elderly people to exercise more

by providing immediate feedback on actual activity

levels in respect to preset activity goals. This is

one of the application scenarios for the MMI-IOP

project, Independent@Home.

Theme 2

Sustained Quality of Living



Lifestyle Research is aimed at building our understanding of current livingand work practices in relation to sustainability, via eld or simulated contextstudies. Insight into social and cultural factors and values in relation tosustainable behaviour can guide and inspire design innovation (Weever etal., 2008). Methods and techniques are needed for conducting representativecontextual enquiries in the users living and working setting, without being

obtrusive or leading to biased results. For example, practice based researchmay provide a way to elicit user current and future behaviour and explorenew product ideas that support future behaviour (Kuijer and De Jong, 2009).Similarly, adaptive experience sampling is being studied as a technique tocapture the user experience over time in real-world settings. To furtherfoster user-designer communication, design concepts that can facilitate ashared design space will be developed in collaboration with design tools andtechniques stemming from the User Experience programme. For example,a shared space may include a surface on which digital or physical mediainformation can be displayed. Such a space can also be used to presentinitial concepts, models, prototypes or drawings to users for exchange of information.

Design methodologies will be developed in close collaboration with the UserExperience programme, such as tools to measure the social well-being andconnectedness among elderly living independently at home, and participatorydesign techniques, based on user practice and reporting, to understandcurrent product use. Research explorations relating to the application of new sustainable technologies will be conducted in close collaboration withthe research staff involved in the Technology Transformation Programme.

Additionally, strategic product driven sustainability questions will be examinedin the living and work context in collaboration with the Strategic DesignProgramme. The EU project, EcoMind, is expected to play a role here, as itfocuses on creating new and sustainable product ideas for companies.

Sample ProjectsThe EU projects, LivingLab and LivingGreen, are geared towards thedevelopment and application of novel user centred design and emergingdesign concepts that can foster sustainable living. Close collaboration withacademic partners, industry and end-user organisations are key to bothprojects.

LivingLab is an EU sponsored design study for a research infrastructure whichcan facilitate research on human interaction with, and stimulate the adoptionof, sustainable, smart and healthy innovations around the home whileconsidering cultural-speci c practices. The project began in January 2008 andwill run for two years. It involves a mix of industry and academic partnersin Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands, and will leadto pilot studies demonstrating the LivingLab bene ts and a detailed plan forbuilding the infrastructure. Feasibility design studies include homes acrossEurope where actual users will live and involve, for example, portable suitcaselike test kits for in- eld user participatory studies (Bakker et al., 2008).

LivingGreen is an EU-InterReg sponsored project which recently began inNovember 2008. The project focuses on sustainable technology innovation interms of identifying the gaps between knowledge and practice in the living/regional building renovation and home living context. This will lead to theevaluation of developed products and services to formulate guidelines oneffective methods to promote and implement sustainable renovation practice.Five Sustainability centres are slated to be opened in Ludwigsburg, London,

Antwerp, Lille and Delft (De Witte Roos). Each of these centres will participatein the organisation of research-centred LivingGreen Labs. Research themesare energy, water, materials, climate robustness and architectural value.The faculty of Architecture at TUD is focusing on the latter theme.

Theme 3

Lifestyle Research



K ey sample journals include Design Studies, Personal Ubiquitous Computing, Applied Ergonomics. The International Journal of Environmental, Cultural,Economic and Social Sustainability.

Examples of current partners in research projects include: BASF, P&G, ETH,Wuppertal Institute, Acciona, CeDInt Politecnica, - Le CIR – evaluation,

monitoring, Espace Environnement & Ecoconstruction, TU Twente, RoessinghResearch and Development, Isolectra, & CHETNA. A range of local andinternational companies are also involved in direct contract research projects.

Programme FundingThe matrix below depicts externally funded sources for projects in the Livingand Work Programme. The relation of each project to the three programmethemes (Shaping, Sustaining, and Life Style) and adjacent programmes aremarked by ‘x’. Future projects will build on the existing research portfolio andpartner network, supported mainly by EU and national funding.


Landbergstraat 15 T +31 15 2789111 E [email protected] www.ide.tudelft.nl

2628 CE Delft

The Netherlands



Bakker, C.A., de Jong, A.M., & Scott, K.(November, 2008). Uncovering bathing: apractice oriented design study for the LivingLab project, Presented at the International Conference of Sustainable Innovation , Malmo,Sweden.

Ehrenfeld, J.R. (2008). Sustainability by design .New Haven: Yale University Press.

Kuijer, L. & de Jong, A. (2009). InnovationsEnabling Sustainable Behavior; a Living Lab PilotStudy on Bathing. To appear in 8th InternationalConference of the European Society for Ecological Economics . Retrieved from http://www.esee2009.si/instructions.htm

Parmar, V. Groeneveld, G., Jalote-Parmar, A. & Keyson, D.V. (2009). Tangible user interface forincreasing social interaction among rural women.To appear in third international conference onTangible and Embedded Interaction Feb, 2009,Cambridge, UK.

Vastenburg, M.H., Visser, T., Vermaas, M., & Keyson, D.V. (2008). Designing acceptableassisted living services for elderly users,European Conference on Ambient Intelligence ,Nov. 19-22, Nuremberg, Germany. Springer LNCS5355: 1-12.

Wever, R., van Kuijk, J., & Boks, C. (2008).User-centred design for sustainable behaviour.

International Journal of SustainableEngineering , 1(1), 9-20.

References of the Living/Work Programme

Project/Remarks S p o n s o r

S h a p

i n g

S u s t a

i n e

d

L i f e s t y

l e

S t r a t e

g i c

E x p e r i e n c e

T e c h n

o l o g y

M o

b i l i t y

H e a l t

h

Crade2Crade, sustainable Island living EU/Cartesius x x x x x x

Energy Valley, water tourism EU/Cartesius x x x x

EcoMind, new company product ideas EU x x x x

Independent@Home, elderly well-being IOP-MMI x x x x

Hospital Environments, stress reducing spaces IDE+A, BK x x x

Smart Environments, of ce stress monitoring &

reductionEZ-BSIK x x x

LivingLab, Infrastructure Design Study EU x x

LivingGreen, Technology and concept innovation EU x x x

IOP-IPCR Sustainable well-being IOP x x x x




Landbergstraat 15

2628 CE Delft

The Netherlands

T +31 15 2789111

E [email protected]

www.ide.tudelft.nl

research portfolio 2008-2012

Documents