Research Potential in Data from Instrumented Training

CPT John J. HortonDISE Operations Officer

7th Army Expeditionary Training Center (7ETC)US Army Europe

Purpose

• Provide an overview of Instrumentation Systems (IS)

• Explore potential analytical applications of the data generated by IS with respect to casualties

Agenda

• Instrumentation Systems

• Data Collection

• Research Potential of IS Data

• Limitations of IS Data

• Two Sample Applications

• Recommendations

Essential Components of an IS

Instrumentation-GPS-Radio transmitter-Recording device-AAR/Playback

Instrumentation System (IS)+ =

Tactical EngagementSimulationSystem

Field Instrumentation: an internal or external recording, monitoring and relaying device employed by live instrumented entities. These devices provide an independent source of data to assess the performance of operational systems involved in the exercise – Defense Modeling and Simulation Office Glossary

e.g MILES

Instrumentation Systems

• Most are vehicle-based (i.e. MILES II / SAWE)

• All the CTCs have some form of instrumentation

• Soldier-worn instrumentation appeared late ’90s (still not widespread)

• Many systems now under development

Instrumentation at the 7th ETC

• CMTC (Hohenfels)– Vehicle-based and tied to permanent antennas– Developing a dismounted & expeditionary capability

• Directorate of Training (Grafenwoehr)– Deployable Instrumentation Systems Europe (DISE)– Bought OTS in 2002 from Saab Training Systems– Approx. 800 personnel / 200 vehicles– Intended for home-station and deployed locations

• Both systems can link to constructive and virtual domains using DIS / HLA / DBST wrap-around

Instrumented PlayersDismounted Soldiers Armored Vehicles

Targets Wheeled Vehicles

IED’s

Laser detectors

GPS Antenna

Battery PackComputer

FM Antenna

Key Components: Personal Detection Device (PDD)

Key Components:Small Arms Transmitter (SAT)

Unique SATs for:-M16/M4-M249-M240/M60-M2-AK-47 / 74

SAT Laser- Range and “effects” similar to associated weapon

Small-ArmsAlignment Device (SAAD)-Aligns SAT to Soldier’s real zero

CCC

Global Positioning Satellite

Antenna

How it works

Computer ControlConsole (CCC)

Time & Position SignalOnly

PDD Sends:- Location- Status- Weapon events

PDD Receives:- Area Weapons (AW) effects data- Other Instructions from CCC

CCC:-Records data-Displays players-Sends AW data-Controls targetry

Instrumented Player(can also be a vehicle)

DISE System Capabilities

~8 KM Range

8 KM Coverage Range can be extended with additional towers

One antenna & CCCcan handle 300+ Players,Including dismounted infantrytanks, IFVs, HMMWVs etc.

9M & 21M Mast AntennasHMMWV-basedCan be erected < 1 hr

Representation of an Engagement

Data Collection

• DISE collects: – Locations ~ 1 meter resolution – Weapons-events – Player-to-player weapons pairing– Player health

• 5 second “heartbeat”• Data recorded in XML• XML file is input for AAR play- back

program

Casualties in DISE

• Players are wounded or killed by: – Direct & Indirect fire – NBC effects– Minefields / IEDs

• Wound type / severity probabilistically determined (i.e. P(k) set my manufacturer)

• Speaker in PDD alerts Soldier to status• All data (positions, time, weapons etc.)

stored in XML-AAR file

• Live training is the closest approximation to actual combat

• Quantitative data never-before available is now routinely collected

• Instrumented training will become the de-facto standard for all Force-on-Force training

• Data being generated by this training could be used by the Analytic community

The Point

Research Domains & Data

Initial InjuryFirst Treatment

CASEVACLevel II / III

Quantitative Data-Direction of attack-Engagement dist.-Weapon type-Orientation of wound on bodyCategorical Data -Casualty MOS-Rank-Duty Position

Quantitative Data-CLS locations-Medics locations-Elapsed TimeCategorical Data -First responder (i.e. buddy, CLS, medic, PA)

Quantitative Data-CCP location-Ambulance loc.-CASEVAC timeCategorical Data -Type of CASEVAC used

Quantitative Data-Distributions-Utilization of assetsCategorical Data - Aggregate data on casualties

General Qualitative – Tactical scenario, Force Compositions & Terrain

Potential Research Questions

Initial Injury• Where should BA be

thickest?• Should there be

MOS-specific BA?• Are there statistically

significant survivability factors (age, duty position, physical fitness etc.)?

First Treatment• How many

medics/CLS ?• Where should they

be?• Do leaders lose SA of

casualties?• Would an individual

tracking system help?

Potential Research Questions

CASEVAC• Optimal location of

CASEVAC assets?• What are trade-offs of

standard vs. non-standard CASEVAC?

• How effective is our CASEVAC training (MOP)?

Level II / III Care• How much capacity is

needed?• What battlefield

geometry of assets is optimal?

• At what echelons of care should scarce resources be stocked?

Casualty Data for Analysis

RealPro:• Medical data• From a real war• Categorical data Con:• Tactical quantitative• Small, fixed sample

size

InstrumentedPro:• Tactical quantitative • Hypothesis testingCon:• Not from a real war• Limited “medical” data• Live domain is

problematic

Analytic Data Issues and Limitations

• Initial Injury– Wounds stochastically determined– Inherent limitations of a TESS

• First Treatment– Treatment requires OC assistance (control gun)

• CASEVAC– Loss of GPS coverage inside vehicles / buildings

• Level II/III– Not often part of training exercise

• General– Units respond to casualties differently in “real life”

TechnologicalCultural / Training PrioritiesBoth

Sample Application:Direction of Attack and Distance

• Engagement distance and orientation can be calculated directly

• Assuming Soldier is oriented in his or her direction of travel, orientation of wound on the body can be calculated

Sample Application: Fitting Casualty Data to a Distribution

• Using data to estimate distribution parameters

• Map scenario space to distribution parameters

• Explore relationships and refine models

Recommendations

• Analytic community explores partnerships with CTCs to gain access (or shape collection of) instrumented casualty data

• Requirements of analytic community expressed in specifications for future Instrumentation Systems

• Modeling and Simulation community look at ways live data can validate and improve current combat casualty models