research report final(2)

8/7/2019 Research Report Final(2)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Topics Pg #ABSTRACT

REASEARCH PROCESS DIAGRAM...

PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING..

Background Information.

Perceptions, Attitudes and Behaviors.Literature Survey

THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK...

Definition of Variables...

Direction of Variables....

Relation among the Variables....

Variable diagram

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA...

HYPOTHESIS..

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

APENDIX..


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ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

PROBLEM STATEMENT:


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Traffic dilemma, causes and its solution.

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH:

The purpose of research is to study the traffic dilemma in Karachi city and identify thefactors or causes that are involve in affecting the traffic system of Karachi and highlightthe ways through which the traffic system of Karachi can be improved.

OBSERVATION:

Observation helped us to identify various causes of traffic problem in Karachi city.

According to our observation, the main factors that grounds to traffic problem in Karachi

city are road constructions, car leasing, lack of traffic education, violation of traffic rules, poor drainage system, less co-operation between various govt. departments, VVIP

movements, irregular movement of heavy transport and no parking zones.

PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING:

The preliminary data was gathered through different incoming primary and secondarysources which includes unstructured interviews, newspaper, magazines, articles and

through different search engines of internet which provided and guided us to the real path

of the research.

THEORY FORMULATION:

This part of Research consists of a dependant variable, 2 independent variables, amoderating and an intervening variable. The direction and relation between variables is

defined theoretically as well as through proper charts and graphs.

RESEARCH DESIGN:

The primary data required for the research was obtained through Questionnaires. A

sample of 120 people was selected. To make the sample truly representative of the population, we selected people from all socio-economic backgrounds and different

geographical locations of Karachi to enhance the scope of the research and hence validate

the findings.

ANALYSIS OF DATA:

This section displays all the data that was collected in the conclusive research is presented

in the form of tables, histograms and pie charts to simplify interpretation. We have used

Microsoft excel for the calculations.


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HYPOTHESIS TESTING:

This section consists of 2 hypothesis statements. Both the statements are tested usingCHI-SQUARE test.

RESEARCH RESULTS:

This section draws results based on analysis and hypothesis testing. This includes basic

research findings, conclusions and recommendation according to the data collected andanalyzed.

APPENDIX:

In the last section of the report, we have attached the articles searched relevant to report

and filled questionnaires.


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STEP # 01

OBSERVATION

OBSERVATION

Traveling is an important part of daily life of any person living in a metropolitan city like

Karachi. Unfortunately, traffic problems have made it miserable for Karachiites to travel.


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In past few years, many factors have aroused that have added more problems to the trafficsystem. According to our observation, following are the main factors that cause problems

in smooth flow of traffic in Karachi city.

VIOLATION OF RULES:

Although most of the citizens of Karachi city are literate but there is little awarenessregarding traffic rules. Most of the drivers are not aware of the rules mentioned on

various sign boards. Moreover, proper sign boards are not placed in areas where they are

needed. People consider it okay to break rules on and off and the authorities dont takeserious notice on this issue

This is the major problem causing traffic jam as people keep violating rules, drivers are

not even aware of the driving rules. Even the citizens who are literate enough, do not gotake proper education regarding the rules, they take license by source, thus violating rules

and creating a chaos.

CAR LEASING:

Car leasing has made traveling easy for people as people who dont have budget to buycar through full payments, can now get car through lease payments. But, this has

increased the number of vehicles in multiples which is again a cause of traffic problems.

The traffic load is increased a lot and roads which were already in poor condition are

unable to bear this load.

PARKING ISSUE:

Sufficient parking areas are not provided at most of the public places. Increased number

of cars needs increased parking spaces which are not provided. People keep on roaming

from place to place to find parking and it increases the traffic load and sometimes causetraffic jams. Millennium Mall, Tariq road, Zainab market, Sadar Electronic market are

some of the places where this problem occurs most.

VVIP MOVEMENTS:

VVIP movement is one of the major factor which contributes to the traffic problem in

Karachi. The roads get blocked an hour before the movement and after the movement thepeople are so tempered that the hustle and bustle they create is un-ignorable due to the

fact that every one is busy in their life that an hour of blockage cuts an hour from their

daily work life and that aggression is shon in the form of short cuts which results in trafficjam.

CONSTRUCTION WORK:

We have been observing for the past 3-5 years that enormous construction work has been

carried out which has reduced traffic problems of Karachi to a great extent but yet it cant

be denied that during the construction people have to face a lot of problems. While the


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construction is carried out authorities involved never bother to place sign boards toindicate the construction work and give the alternative route to avoid the traffic from

choking.

Moreover, the equipments used for construction are often scattered on the roads whichimpede the traffic from moving smoothly.

IRREGULAR MOVEMENTS OF HEAVY TRANSPORT:

Another major reason for the increase in traffic in karachi is due to the irregular

movements of heavy transport by busses, trucks, suzukis, school vans which should haveseparate routes in order to minimize traffic. These cause hindrance in the movement of

normal cars.


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STEP # 02

PRELIMINARY

DATA

GATHERING

PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERINGBACKGROUND INFORMATION:

The city is confronted with yet another serious problem after the separation of Pakistanand Bangladesh in 1971 related with the existing intra-city transportation system, which

is under heavy strain. These people also use city's already overburdened transport. The


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problem has been aggravated due to apathy of the local/provincial administration andtheir refusal to deal with the problem in a big way. The reason given is the non-

availability of funds. As a consequence, a city like Karachi with its seven million

population is probably the only city in the world, which has no flyovers, no mass-transitsystem, and the like. The city is faced with time-barred system 1971: East Pakistan was

separated as Bangladesh as an outcome of a war between India and Pakistan. Karachiexperienced another majorof traffic regulation and most hackneyed and uncomfortablemode of public transport viz., buses, mini-buses, pick-ups and motor rickshaws. These

people also use city's already overburdened transport. The problem has been aggravated

due to apathy of the local/provincial administration and their refusal to deal with the problem in a big way. The reason given is the non-availability of funds. As a

consequence, a city like Karachi with its seven million population is probably the only

city in the world, which has no fly over, no mass-transit system, and the like. The city is

faced with time-barred system of traffic regulation

PERCEPTIONS, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORAL

RESPONSES:

Through informal interviews we found that people think the traffic system of Karachi is

really bad i.e. they face a lot of problems which are due to excessive car leasing, bad road

conditions, violation of rules and poor drainage system. According to most of the peoplethey have never been to driving schools, which is the main cause of unawareness of

traffic rules. People are frustrated due to the construction work going on all over Karachi

these days (signal free traffic ways, under passes, over heads). Although they think it is along-term benefit, but it is unplanned and not well coordinated. This frustration is also

becoming a major cause of violation.

Thus the behavior of people towards the traffic system of Karachi is very

frustrated. Most of the people think that now, nothing can be done to

improve the traffic conditions

STEP # 03


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PROBLEM

DEFINITION

PROBLEM DEFINITION

To find out the causes & solutions of traffic problem in Karachi city

The problem is basically about the horrible and uncontrolled situation of traffic in

Karachi city. The main purpose of this research is to figure out the factors, which result inincreasing, the traffic problem faced by the citizens of Karachi and also suggesting someof the ways that may help to eliminate this problem.

FURTHER EXPLANATION OF PROBLEM:


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During the last few years the traffic hazard in Karachi has imposed a very seriousproblem and alarming situation for the city dwellers, making them pressurized almost

daily for the way they wait by sitting in their cars for hours and hours on busy roads of

Karachi, and also for reaching to their destiny late. The increased traffic problem hascaused the irreparable loss of human live bringing bereavement to the families of the

victims. The conditions were never so bad but during last years, many new factors havearisen that have increased traffic problems but still the problem is not still resolved andnobody is actually able to find out the actual causes behind this huge problem.

This problem definitely requires immediate solution. In order to find solution to this

problem, some of the measure queries should be answered:

Can problem of traffic completely be eliminated? To what extent people follow rules and

if they started doing so then how much it can contribute to reduce the heavy traffic jam ?The construction of work like making of smooth roads, bridges, flyovers etc is effective

or not? Is leasing responsible for excessive number of vehicles? If the parking lots are

made for shopping centers, for offices, banks will it play a role in reducing the traffic

congestion? Is the management of traffic police performing their job efficiently? Shouldgovernment make the traffic laws stricter? Is Traffic often chaotic during school hours,

exposing the traffic polices inefficiency?

Answers to these questions will help us to solve the problem stated in our problem

statement and we shall be able to identify the causes and solutions of traffic system in

Karachi city.

STEP # 04


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THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORK

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

VARIABLES

1) Dependent variable- Traffic dilemma


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2) Independent variable- Road Construction

3) Moderating variableTraffic awareness

4) Intervening variable- Car Leasing

DEFINITION OF VARIABLES

DEPENDANT VARIABLE

TRAFFIC DILEMMA

The dependent variable of the study is traffic dilemma.

The inhabitants of Karachi have to deal with traffic jams, poor roads; poor drainage

system and traffic overload everyday. It has given birth to frustrated drivers, who violate

rules. As a result, we witness increased number of accidents.These factors have drawn the attention to conduct research, to evaluate and eliminate the

causes of bad traffic conditions in Karachi.


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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

The dependent variable of the study seems to be influenced by multiple factors which arethe independent variables of our research which are described as under:

CONSTRUCTION WORK:

We have been observing for the past 3-5 years that enormous construction work has been

carried out which has reduced traffic problems of Karachi to a great extent but yet it cant

be denied that during the construction people have to face a lot of problems. While theconstruction is carried out authorities involved never bother to place sign boards to

indicate the construction work and give the alternative route to avoid the traffic from

choking.Moreover, the equipments used for construction are often scattered on the roads which

impede the traffic from moving smoothly.

MODERATING VARIABLE

TRAFFIC RULES AWARENESS:

Traffic education and awareness of traffic rules and regulations have a strong contingent

affect on the bad traffic conditions. Majority of people in our city are unaware of the

traffic regulations and responsibilities. This is mainly because the drivers get their drivinglicenses through illegal means without actually qualifying the driving test or meeting the

driving criterion. Allotment of the driving license is the first and most important step in

judging people's driving skills and making them aware of the important rules but this isconsidered just a formality. This has given birth to illiterate and reckless drivers. These

people have developed a frequent habit of violating traffic rules.

The drivers dont usually follow the sign boards of NO PARKING, SPEED LIMITS,

e.t.c. In Karachi, buss drivers feel free to stop any where even on the fast track. The

pedestrians feel free to cross from any where except zebra crossing because drivers never

leave zebra crossing free for the purpose it is actually made for. People dont follow asingle lane and drive recklessly switching from one lane to other frequently.

INTERVENING VARIABLE

LEASING OF VEHICLES:

Leasing of vehicles from the past 3-4 years has increased the number of vehicles and

indirectly has increased traffic problems.

Due to easy terms and conditions of leasing, people are now able to owe more then one

vehicles. Because of this leasing opportunity, even a person with lower income level can


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afford a vehicle. This also contributes to the parking problem, so its a challenge toaccommodate these cars both in transit and even stationary at the parking.

People, due to fewer parking spaces, park their vehicles on streets or roads, which again

results in traffic jams.

We have observed a rapid increase in number of cars in last 3-4 years due to leasing.This has resulted in traffic overload. Narrow roads of the city are insufficient toaccommodate these cars which choke the already congested roads especially in the

commercial and busy areas of Karachi like Saddar, I.I.Chundrigar road, Shahrah-e-Faisal,

Rashid Minhas road and the like.In these areas the traffic is often mismanaged because the cars exceed the capacity of the

roads.

DIRECTION OF VARIABLES:

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE

1) The direction of bad road conditions and

constructions work is negative.

S.# Description DirectionType of

variablesInfluencing variables Dependent variable

1.

2

Independent Construction work Traffic dilemma Negative

2.

3

Moderating Traffic rule awareness Traffic dilemma Negative

3

.

4

Intervening Car leasing Traffic dilemma Positive


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Construction

Work

Traffic dilemma

Dependent and moderating variable

2) The direction of bad traffic conditions and traffic education & awareness of trafficrules is negative.

Traffic Education &Awareness

Traffic dilemma

Dependent and intervening variable

3) The direction of bad road conditions and carleasing is positive.

Car leasing


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Traffic dilemma

RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE VARIABLES

Independent variables:

The relation between the construction work and the traffic dilemma is inverse i.e. the

more is the construction work is carried out the less is the bad traffic condition.

Moderating variable:

The relation between the moderating variable and the dependent variable is inverse i.e.

the traffic education and awareness and the traffic dilemma. The more the people of

Karachi are conscious of traffic rules the less the traffic dilemma arise.

Independent

Variable

Construction work

Dependent Variable

Traffic Dilemma

Independent

Variable.

Construction work

Dependent Variable:

Traffic Dilemma


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Independent

Variable

Construction work

Intervening

variable

Car leasing

Dependent Variable

Traffic Dilemma

Traffic

Dilemma

Intervening variable:

Car leasing has served as an intervening variable which affects the traffic dilemma with

the passage of time hence the relation between the two variables is direct.

T1 T2 T3

VARIABLE DIAGRAM

Moderating

Variables:

Traffic rulesawareness

PROPERTRAFFIC

RULES

AWARENES

S


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CAR

LEASING

STEP # 05

CONSTRUCTION

WORK.


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GENERATION OF

HYPOTHESES

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

NULL HYPOTHESIS

Construction work is the Major reason for the trafficdilemma in Karachi


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ALTERNATIVE STATEMENT:

Construction work is not the Major reason for the traffic dilemma in Karachi

STEP # 06


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SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCH

DESIGN

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DESIGN

The elements of scientific research design are as follows

Purpose of the study

Types of investigation

Extent of researcher interference

Study Setting

Units of Analysis

Time horizon

PURPOSE OF STUDY:

The purpose of our research done on traffic problems lies under descriptive study as we

have described the characteristics of the variables of interest in the situation. And


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hypothesis testing. The hypothesis was tested after gathering data from primary andsecondary sources in order to test our hypothesis to study the relationship that exists

between the variable in this situation.

The research done by us falls under the category of Hypotheses Testing. We have

gathered primary and secondary data, generated hypotheses and have tested thehypotheses in order to study the relationship between variables.

TYPES OF INVESTIGATION

For this research we have undertaken CAUSAL STUDY where our purpose was to

decide what are the factors that increaseed traffic in our country.

This investigation is causal where we are interested in knowing if certain factors are the

main cause of traffic problems or not

EXTENT OF RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE:

The extent of researcher interference was minimal due to the fact that as data wascollected through questionnaires that were filled by our respondents in normal settings

whose results we analyzed in the next stage.

The extent to which our group (researchers) interfered is minimal. Respondents were

given the questionnaires and they were asked to fill them in normal settings. The results

were later analyzed thus interference was minimal.

STUDY SETTING:

The study was conducted in a non-contrived (natural environment) where work was

proceeded normally, thus not being able to control the variables.

The study was conducted in a no contrived environment. None of the variables was

controlled.

UNITS OF ANALYSIS

The unit of analysis was the individual dryad which means each individual was treated

as an individual and not as a group, organization or machines dryads.

We selected individuals to be our unit if analysis. Questionnaires were distributed and

data was collected from individuals of different age groups and professions. Later, the

data provided by individuals was analyzed.


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TIME HORIZON

We have collected the data only once from our respondents over a period of a few days in

order to answer our research question so its a one-shot or cross-sectional study.

Data for this research was gathered in one shot. This characteristic makes this studycross-sectional in nature.

STEP # 07


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DATA

COLLECTION,

ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

DATA COLLECTION

In order to answer our research question, we have gathered data from both the sources,

i.e., primary and secondary sources.

PRIMARY DATA

The primary or the first hand data collected by us was through the questionnaires that

were filled by our target sample and by conducting structured and unstructured interviewsboth in order to find out the main reasons for the increase in traffic jam in the Karachi

city.


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SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data for the research is mentioned in step-2 i.e. Preliminary Data Gathering

and Appendix. This data includes articles that are obtained from newspapers, Internetresources and magazines.

ANALYSIS

Q 01# Do you think traffic is a day to day increasing problem?

Yes

No

Do you think traffic is a day to day increasing problem?

Frequency Percentage

Yes 110 91.67%

No 10 8.33%

Total 120 100%


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INTERPRETATION:

From the analysis we came to know that the majority of the people of Karachi i.e.91.67%

think that traffic is a day to day increasing problem while only 8.33% thinks that it is not.

Q # 02: In what income group your family fall?

Below 15000

16000-20000

21000-25000

26000-30000

31000-more

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00

%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

yes

no

Series1

In what income group your family fall?

Frequency Percentages

Below 15000 10 8.33%

16000-20000 11 9.16%

21000-25000 7 5.83%

26000-30000 21 17.5%

31000-more 71 59.16%

Total120 100%


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INTERPETATION:

From the survey we found that , 59.16% of the respondents fall in 31000-more income

group, while other falls respectively 5.83% (21000-25000), 8.33% (below 15000), 9.16%(16000-20000) and 17.5% (26000-30000).

Q # 03: How many car/s do you have? Nil

1

2

3

More

59%

18%

6%

9%8%

below 15000

16-20000

21-25000

26-30000

31000-more


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Frequency

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Nil 1 2 3 4

Frequency

How many car/s do you have?


Nil 17 14.16%

1 42 35%

2 37 30.8%

3 18 15%

4 06 5%

Total120

100%


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INTERPRETATION:

According to our analysis in Karachi maximum number of people i.e. 35% have 1 car. .

Q # 04: Are your car/s leased?

Yes

No

Are your car/s leased?


Yes 67 55.8%

No 53 44.16%

Total 120 100%

Frequency

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Yes No

Frequency


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INTERPRETATION:

From the analysis we came to know that the majority of the people of Karachi i.e.55.8%

have leased cars. 44.16% of the people obtain cars through full payment

Q #05: Has it happened that you have arrived late to a certain place due to traffic

congestion?

Often

Seldom

Occasionally

Always

Never

Has it happened that you have arrived late to a certain place due to traffic

congestion?


Often 37 30.83%

Seldom 11 9.17%

Occasionally 41 34.16%

Always 26 21.66%

Never 5 4.16%

Total 120 100%


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0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

ofte

n

seld

om

ocaa

sion

ally

alway

zne

ver

Series1

INTERPRETATION:

From the sample we came to know that 34.16% of the respondents claim that they arrivelate due to traffic occassionally, while 30.83% think that they often get late, 21.66% of

the respondents always get late, 9.17% seldom and 4% claims tthat they never get late

due to traffic.

Q # 06: What are the factors that ground to traffic dilemma?

Leased cars

Road construction

Violation of traffic rules

VIP movements

Irregular movement of heavy transport No parking zone

More

What are the factors that ground to traffic dilemma?


Leased cars 23 19.10%

Road construction 27 22.40%

Violation of trafficrules

29 23.87%

VIP movements 8 6.50%

Irregular movement ofheavy traffic

14 12.12%

No parking zone 8 6.84%

More 11 9.72%

Total 120 100%


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7%

12%

6%

24%

22%

19%10%

Leased cars

Roadconstruction

Violation oftraffic rules

VIP move ments

Irregularmovement ofheavy trafficNo parking zone

INTERPETATION:

From the survey, 23.87% of the respondents think that rules violation causes traffic dilemma.

Q #07: What are the factors, which can contribute to reduce traffic problem?

Construction of alternative routesRules awarenessParking lots

What are the factors, which can contribute to reduce traffic problem?


Construction ofalternative routes

47 39.01%

Rules awareness 50 41.59%

Parking lots 23 19.46%

Total 120 100%


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42%

19%39%

alternative routes

Rules awareness

Parking lots

INTERPETATION:

From the survey, 41.59% of the respondents think that rules awareness can contribute toreduce traffic problems ,39.01% think construction of alternative routes and 19.46% think

that parking lots can contribute to reduce traffic problems.

Q # 08: Do you think separate routes for heavy transportation like as in Islamabad

should be followed in Karachi?

Yes

No


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13%

87%

YES

NO

INTERPRETATION:

86.66% of the respondents prefer separate routes for heavy transportation like as in

Islamabad while 13.33% dont.

Do you think separate routes for heavy transportation like as in Islamabad should be

followed in Karachi?


Yes 104 86.66%

No 16 13.33%

Total 120 100%


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Q # 09: Which area is densely congested? ( Rate on the scale on 1 to5 in the

ascending order where is heavily jam)

Which area is densely congested?


M.A. Jinnah Road 36 30%

I.I.Chundigar road 28 23.3%

Nipa Chowrangi 25 20.83%

Rashid MinhasRoad

17 14.16%

Shahrah-e-Faisal 14 11.16%

Total120 100%


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23%

21%

14%

11%

31%

M.A. Jinnah

Road

I.I.Chundigar

road

Nipa

Chowrangi

RashidMinhas Road

Shahrah-e-

Faisal

INTERPRETATION:

From the survey we came to know that the most densely congested area is M.A. JinnahRoad.

Q #10: Do you think government should create good public transport system which

can ease the traffic?

1 2 3 4 5

Strongly disagree disagree neutral agree strongly agree


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INTERPRETATION:

Do you think government should create good public transport system which can ease

the traffic?


Strongly disagree 10 8.3%

Disagree 3 2.5%

Neutral 27 22.5%

Agree 34 28.33%

Strongly agree 46 38.33%

Total120 100%

38%

28%

23%

3%8%Strongly

Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly

Agree


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From the survey we came to know that majority of the respondents that is 38.33%

strongly agree for the good public transport system.

Q #11: Do you agree that the functioning of traffic police in the management of

traffic jam is satisfactory?

1 2 3 4 5


Do you agree that the functioning of traffic police in the management of traffic jam is

satisfactory?



Disagree 32 26.66%

Neutral 22 18.33%

Agree 18 15%


Total120 100%


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27%

18%

15%

9%

31% Strongly disagree

DisagreeNeutral

Agree

Strongly agree

INTERPRETATION:

From the survey we came to know that majority of the respondents that is 30.83%strongly disagree with the functioning of the traffic police in the management of traffic

jam.

Q #12: Can zebra crossing reduce traffic?

1 2 3 4 5


Can zebra crossing reduce traffic?



Disagree 18 15%

Neutral 39 32.5%

Agree 26 21.66


Total120 100%


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22%

19%12%

15%

32%

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly agree

INTERPRETATION:

From the survey we came to know that majority of the respondents have neutral views

about that zebra crossing can reduce traffic.

Q #13: In your opinion, what percentage does educational institutes and officetimings play role to increase the traffic?

30-60%

61-80%

81-100%


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43%

24%33%30-60%

61-80%

81-100%

INTERPRETATION:

From the survey 42.5% of the people of our sample believe that educational institutes and

office timings clashes increase traffic on roads.

In your opinion, what percentage does educational institutes and office timings play

role to increase the traffic?


30-60% 29 24.16%

61-80% 51 42.5%

81-100% 40 33.33%

Total 120 100%


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Q #14: Which of these two help to reduce traffic more efficiently?

Flyovers

Underpasses

Which of these two help to reduce traffic more efficiently?


Flyovers 73 60.83%

Underpasses 47 39.16%

Total 120 100%

61%

39%

Flyover

Underpass

INTERPRETATION:

From our survey we came to know that 60.83% of the people in Karachi prefer flyovers

to reduce traffic efficiently while 39.16% prefer underpasses.


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NUMBER OF MALES AND FEMALES WHO FILLED THE QUESTIONNAIRES

How many males and females are participated in research?


Males 63 52.5%

Females 57 47.5%

Total 100 100%

52%48% Males

Females


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STEP #08

DEDUCTION

HYPOTHESIS TESTING


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STATEMENT:

Construction work is the Major reason for the traffic dilemma of

Karachi.

STEP NO1

NULL HYPOTHESIS:

Construction work is the Major reason for the trafficdilemma of Karachi

ALTERNATIVE STATEMENT:

Construction work is not the Major reason for the traffic dilemma of Karachi

STEP NO 2

Level of significance:

=0.05

STEP NO 3

CHI-SQUARE TESTING:

Formula = (Oi-Ei)2 / Ei

STEP NO 4

Critical Region:

Reject Ho If X2 cal> 12..592

STEP NO 5


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Calculation:

Oi Ei (Oi-Ei)2 / Ei

Leased cars 23 17 2.11Road construction 26 17 4.76Violation of traffic

rules28 17 7.11

VIP movements 7 17 5.88Irregular movementof heavy traffic

14 17 0.52

No parking zone 7 17 5.88More 15 17 0.23

TOTAL (Oi-Ei)2/Ei=26.49

STEP NO 6

X2(calculated) = 26.49

X (tabular value) = X2 (, n-1) = X2

(5% , 7-1) = X2

(0.05, 6)

X2(tabular value) = 12.592

CONCLUSION

As our calculated value is outside the critical region so we will accept H0 and reject H1.

This is because according to most of the people construction is the major problem of

traffic system among the other factors which are leased cars Violation of traffic rulesirregular movement of heavy traffic no parking zone

DIAGRAM OF HYPOTHESES


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CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION


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This study on the traffic problems of Karachi enhanced our knowledge to a great extent.The over all process helped us to identify various factors that are responsible for bad

traffic conditions in the city.

By analyzing the questionnaires we came to know that awareness of traffic rules is very

important for smooth traffic system. Unfortunately, in Karachi, least importance is givento this factor.

It has also added to our knowledge that traveling has become a necessity of life for

Karachiites. Most of the people travel three to four times on the roads of Karachi. Due tobad road conditions the people are confronted with serious traffic jams and accidents.

This causes frustration among the drivers. The construction work to modify the traffic

system of Karachi has also enhanced the problem.

The hypothesis developed, when tested concluded that bad road conditions is the main

cause of traffic jams in Karachi city. It also inferred that construction work has become

more a short term problem than a long term benefit for the inhabitants of Karachi due toimproper management and delays.

Hence, we can deduce that it is impossible to control all the factors affecting the trafficsystem. However, the important factors like bad road conditions, violation of rules and

construction, if controlled, can reduce the problems of traffic in Karachi to a great extent.


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RECOMMENDATION

RECOMMENDATIONS:


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a) The authorities should coordinate the activities of different government departments

well to avoid traffic disorder.

b) The government should strictly restrict under 18 citizens to drive.

c) The traffic control department should punish those constables and sergeants who takebriberies and are responsible for not implementing the rules properly.

d) The driving test should be made compulsory for getting a driving license and thelicense should be granted to only those people who pass the driving test and satisfy the

criterion.

e) The traffic control department should also hire literate and trained constables.

f) The constables must be paid enough for their services so that they dont take bribe.

g) The government should allot parking areas specially in public places like shopping

malls, hotels and restaurants, offices, service institutions etc.


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APPENDIX

research report final(2)

Documents