RRJoDST

Dairy Science & Technology

ISSN 2349-3704

Research & Reviews Journal of

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May-August 2014

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Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology

Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology

(ISSN: 2349-3704)

?Dairy Science and Technology

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?Biochemistry of milk

?Transformation procedures and nutritional qualities of milk and dairy products

?Milk from Bovine or Non-Bovine species and human milk

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Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

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STM Journal (s) Advisory Board & Editorial Board

Dr. S. K. SoodSenior Research Scientist

Animal Biochemistry DivisionNational Dairy Research Institute

Haryana India.

Dr. Chander DattSenior Scientist, Dairy Cattle Nutrition

Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana

India.

Dr. R Senthil KumarDivision of Dairy Extension,

National Dairy Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

Haryana, India.

Editorial Board

Dr. Narender Raju Panjagari Scientist Dairy Technology Division

National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India.

Dr. Rameshwar Singh Head National Dairy Research Institute,

Karnal, India.

Dr. Anupam Chatterjee Senior Scientist Eastern Regional Station

National Dairy Research Institute Nadia India.

Dr. Kaushik Khamrui National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,

India.

Dr. Ajoy Mandal Senior Scientist Eastern Regional Station

National Dairy Research Institute, Nadia India.

Dr. Bimlesh Mann Principal Scientist, Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research

Institute, Karnal, India.

Dr. Subrata Kumar Das Senior Scientist (Animal Biotechnology) Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy

Research Institute Nadia India.

Dr. Vivek Sharma Senior Scientist Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal,

India.

Dr. Subrota hatiAssistant Professor

Department of Dairy MicrobiologyAnand Agricultural University

Gujarat India.

Dr. Suneeta PintoAssociate Professor

Dairy Technology DepartmentAnand Agricultural University

Gujarat India.

Dr. Surajit MandalScientist

Dairy Microbiology DivisionNational Dairy Research Institute,

Haryana India.

Dr. Rekha Chawla Assistant Professor

Dairy Technology/Food TechnologyGADVASU, Ludhiana

India.

Dr. Ramachandra RaoProfessor and Head

Dairy Technology dept.Dairy Science College, Bangalore.

Dr. Anil Kumar PuniyaPS & Nodal Officer

National Dairy Research InstituteHaryana

India.

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the Volume 3 Issue (2) of Research &

Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology (RRJoDST). The intension of RRJoDST is to

create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Dairy Science

& Technology

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoDST provides an outlet for Research findings

and reviews in areas of Dairy Science & Technology found to be relevant for National and

International recent developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

research in the domain of Dairy Science & Technology.

Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for

their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write-

ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With

regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality

Research/Reviesw findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Probiotics (Functional Bio-Ingredient in Food): Novel Applications to Human Health Subrota Hati, Surajit Mandal, J. B. Prajapati 1

2. Effect of Addition of Low and High Molecular Weight Water Soluble Chitosan on Whole Milk Powder Oxidation Wesam Al-Jeddawi, Paul Dawson, Inyee Han 9

3. Effect of Prepartum Body Condition Score on Dairy Cattle PerformanceDawod A., Helal M.A., Mahboub H.D. 22

4. Remodeling of High Yielding Dairy Holsteins Culling Strategies upon Their Prefresh Body Condition Score and Parity NumberDawod A 30

5. Risk Factors Associated with Galactophagia and Its Impacts on Some Productive and Reproductive Traits in Dairy Cows and BuffaloesAhmed . A., Helal M. A., Ramadan S. G., Mahboub H.D., Byomi A.M., Reddy P.G. 43

ContentsResearch & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology

RRJoDST (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)

Volume 3, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Probiotics (Functional Bio-Ingredient in Food): Novel

Applications to Human Health

Subrota Hati1*, Surajit Mandal

2, J. B. Prajapati

1

1Dairy Microbiology Department, S.M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University,

Gujarat, India 2Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

Abstract Bacteria have a bad reputation for causing disease and food poisoning and food

intoxication. However, Scientists working in this field suggests that probiotics can prevent

and even treat some illnesses along with foods or as supplements. Probiotic microbes are considered safe and most of them are normal habitants of digestive system. Since the mid-

1990s, clinical studies have established that probiotic therapy can help treat several gastrointestinal ills, delay the development of allergies in children, and treat and prevent

vaginal and urinary infections in women and stimulating immunomodulatory cells.

Taking probiotics regularly with foods can boost the immune system in a specific way which helps the body against different diseases such as influenza A, cancers, HIV,

obesity.

Keywords: Probiotics, human, health, obesity, immune, HIV

RRJoDST (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)

Volume 3, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Effect of Addition of Low and High Molecular Weight

Water Soluble Chitosan on Whole Milk Powder Oxidation

Wesam Al-Jeddawi1*, Paul Dawson

2, Inyee Han

2

1University of Baghdad, College of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and

Biotechnology, Baghdad, Iraq 2Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University,

Clemson, SC 29634, USA

Abstract Autoxidation significantly decreases the shelf life of whole milk powder (WMP) due to

primary and secondary oxidation products such as hydroperoxides, aldehydes, ketones,

alcohols and hydrocarbons. Water soluble chitosan has been shown to reduce oxidation

by chelating metals or combining with lipids resulting in a significant antioxidative effect. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidative effects of different

concentrations of low (L) and high (H) molecular weight water soluble chitosan (9 and 90 kDa, respectively) on WMP. Commercially dried WMP was obtained and rehydrated

50% (wt/wt) with various aqueous chitosan solutions (2%L2, 4%L4, 2%H2, 4%H4) (L2 =

Freeze-dried WMP with 2% low molecular weight chitosan added; L4 = Freeze-dried WMP with 4% low molecular weight chitosan added; H2 = Freeze-dried WMP with 2%

high molecular weight chitosan added; H4 = Freeze-dried WMP with 4% high molecular weight chitosan added) yielding approximately 50% solids concentration. A control was

prepared with no addition of chitosan. Rehydrated WMP was freeze-dried and then all

samples were stored at 45 °C for 48 days. Samples were evaluated for moisture content, water activity, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value

(PV) after an interval of every 8 day up to 48 days. Moisture and water activity was not

affected by storage or by the addition of chitosan while chitosan did affect the lightness and color attributes of the WMP. All treatments of chitosan exhibited a significant

increase in TBARS and PV during storage. However, 4% of the low molecular weight chitosan inhibited oxidation as measured by TBARS and PV when compared to all other

treatments and the control.

Keywords: Autoxidation, shelf life, whole milk powder, TBARS, chitosan

RRJoDST (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)

Volume 3, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Effect of Prepartum Body Condition Score on Dairy

Cattle Performance

Dawod A.*, Helal M.A., Mahboub H.D.

Department of Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Sadat City University, Egypt

Abstract The present study was conducted to detect the effect of prepartum body condition score (BCS) on dairy cattle performance. Throughout the study, a total of 7956 dairy records

were collected from six Holstein Friesian farms. According to the prepartum BCS, dairy

cows were grouped into three main categories— low, medium, and over condition score cows for BCS values of 2–3, 3–4 and 4–5, respectively. Dairy cattles with BCS values

under the level of 2 were culled as a part of culling policy in these farms. Productive

parameters of milk yield (daily yield, 305-day yield and total yield), milk curve (days to peak, initial milk yield, peak milk yield and lactation persistency [LP]), milk somatic cell

count (SCC) and somatic cell score (SCS), as well as some reproductive parameters (days to first estrus and days open) were determined to indicate the best dairy cattle prepartum

BCS sustained high dairy performance. Prevalence of lameness and metabolic diseases

(milk fever, abomasum displacement [DA] and ketosis) were also investigated in dairy cattle among different prepartum BCS. The best prepartum BCS was elucidated to reduce

the prevalence of such diseases. Results of the present study revealed that the medium

condition score cows produce more milk as compared to the over condition score cows. Medium condition score cows showed improved udder health and reproductive

parameters. On the other hand, they showed decreased prevalence of lameness, milk

fever, DA and ketosis. In contrast, it was obvious that over condition score cows suffered

more from these metabolic disorders than low and medium BCS cows. The prevalence of

lameness was more evident in low than in medium and over condition score cows.

Keywords Prepartum body condition score, dairy cows, lameness, lactation

persistency, holstein friesian

RRJoDST (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)

Volume 3, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Remodeling of High Yielding Dairy Holsteins Culling

Strategies upon Their Prefresh Body Condition

Score and Parity Number

Dawod A.* Department of Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

Sadat City University, Egypt

Abstract The present study was conducted to detect the relationship between prefresh body

condition score (BCS), lactation parity and their interactions to remodel the culling

strategies and detect the best BCS for each lactation parity number which sustained high performance in high yielding dairy Holstein cows. A total of 1138 dairy records of

private high producing Holstein Friesian farm (8000 kg milk/ season) were collected throughout the study. Dairy cows were grouped into three main categories according to

their prefresh BCS, as low, medium, and over condition score cows for BCS values of 2–

3, 3–4, and 4–5, respectively. Dairy cattle which were under the level of 2 point BCS were culled as a part of culling policy in these farms. Dairy cows were regrouped again

according to their parity number into three groups 1st; 2

nd, and 3

rd for lactation parity of

<3, 4–5, and >5, respectively. Both productive and some reproductive variables were used in this study such as milk yield (daily, 305 day yield, and total yield), milk curve

(days to peak, initial milk yield, peak milk yield, and lactation persistency (LP)), and some reproductive variables (days to first estrus, and days open) were determined to

indicate the best dairy cattle prefresh BCS per each lactation parity number sustained

maximum dairy performance with little reproductive problems. The results of this study revealed that the medium condition score cows produced much milk as the same as over

condition score cows. Moreover, young dairy cows of lactation parity <3 produced more milk than older ones. Old dairy cows with lactation parity >5 had high milk yield which

is comparable with younger ones, if rigid culling programs was followed. Young dairy

cows, which had lactation parity <3 needs no more than medium BCS value of 3–4 point to produce same milk as fatty ones. Old dairy cows need high BCS value of over 4 points

during their prefresh phase to sustain high productive and reproductive performance.

The culling programs in the high yielding Holstein dairy farms must be remodeled and directed to moderate (lactation parity 4–5) and old age (lactation parity >5) dairy cows

which had poor body condition during their prefresh phase. Efficient body conditioning programs were followed, as these cows cannot produce or reproduce well. Old dairy

cows must not be culled on the basis of their age alone, as these cows can produce as

well as younger ones, if a firm culling policy was followed. Old dairy cows must not be

culled from dairy herds if their economic values are still high, as the economic base must

be put in front of all the bases.

Keywords: Prefresh body condition score, dairy cows, lactation parity, lactation

persistency, holstein friesian

RRJoDST (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research and Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print)

Volume 3, Issue 2

www.stmjournals.com

Risk Factors Associated with Galactophagia and Its

Impacts on Some Productive and Reproductive

Traits in Dairy Cows and Buffaloes

Ahmed I. A.1*

, Helal M. A.1, Ramadan S. G.

1, Mahboub H.D.

1, Byomi A.M.

1 , Reddy P.G.

2

1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, USA

Abstract The incidence of galactophagia (self and intersuckling vices in dairy animals) may lead to

great loss in milk production, injuries and shape defect in teats as well as serious mastitis

which reflect on general health condition of animals. Our field survey was carried out to spot the light on the relationship between galactophagia (self or intersucking), breed,

housing system and parity on some productive, reproductive traits and udder health condition in dairy cows and buffaloes. The results revealed that, the average milk losses

due to these vices reached to (33.42±0.51, 36.35±0.60 and 24.70±0.78 % of the total milk

yield) for Holstein-Friesian, Baladi cow and Buffalo, respectively. Not only the amount of milk production decreased, but also the lactation period decreased significantly (P<0.01)

while, days open and calving interval (CI) increased significantly (P<0.01). The

incidence of self and intersucking could be a main cause of mastitis, which occurred more frequently in forequarters than hind quarters in suckled animals. In conclusion, self and

intersucking considered as great economic problems in dairy cattle and buffaloes not only due to milk loss, but also other productive and reproductive traits in the herd and

can cause serious mastitis.

Keywords: Galactophagia, mastitis, productive traits, reproductive traits, cows,

buffalos