research study about livelihood programs
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introdu t!on
A livelihood is a means of making a living. It encompasses peoples
capabilities, assets, income and activities required to secure the necessities
of life. A livelihood is sustainable when it enables people to cope with and
recover from shocks and stresses (such as natural disasters and economic or
social upheavals) and enhance their well-being and that of future generations
without undermining the natural environment or resource base.
ell being is best conceptuali!ed within a livelihoods framework. A
livelihood is defined as "the activities, the assets and the access that #ointl$
determine the living gained b$ an individual or household (%llis, &'' ).
undamental to the livelihood approach is the asset or resource status of
living individuals and household. Assets provide capabilities for achieving
satisfactor$ levels of living. *$picall$ this means that the household is the
unit of anal$sis, whereb$ the household and its corresponding resource
profile is located within the conte+t of the wider "vulnerabilit$ environment
(e+ternal influences such as ha!ards and shocks will cause livelihood to be
compromised and lead to adaptation strategies), the conte+t of social
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vulnerabilities (such as age, ethnic, status, gender that casuall$ impact how
livelihood are constructed and adopted) and within their polic$ and
institutional conte+t. ural livelihood diversification is defined as the
process b$ which household construct an increasingl$ diverse portfolio of
activities and assets in order to service and improves their standard of living
or well-being.
uch of the current focus on livelihood pro#ects is due to the
emergence of concepts such as social vulnerabilit$ and resilience, and to
increasing awareness of these concepts within conservation organi!ations.
ivelihood pro#ects are suggested to have the potential to reduce
vulnerabilit$ and increase the social resilienc$ of communities (/eel$,
&''0).
*he 1it$ of 1alamba is a first class urbani!ed cit$ of aguna. It is
one of the fastest-growing cities in the province, as evidenced with the large
populace of migrants working in the cit$s industrial estates.
2owever, emplo$ment in these industries has increased in the last
three $ears, and most of the workers are non-residents of the cit$. *his is
mainl$ due to the lack of manpower possessing skills required b$ the
industries located in the town. *here is a need therefore, for the programs
to upgrade3 enhance the capabilities and skills of residents in the 1it$ of
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1alamba focusing on the requirements to the industries. *he potential for
economic growth and povert$ reduction is promoting opportunit$ to the poor
people to create and compensate their potentials in their field of interest,
facilitating empowerment and implementation that are responsive to that
needs of the people, removing barriers that result from distinction of social
status. *his involves enhancing securit$ and encouraging investment in
human capital, diversit$ household activities such as implementing
livelihood programs.
*he effect of the worldwide recession is felt over in the 1it$ of
1alamba. ultinational companies venturing in semiconductor
manufacturing and electronics industries, most of them situated in the
1armelra$ Industrial 4art (1I45) in 1anlubang, ight Industr$ 6cience 4ark
& ( I64&) and 1armelra$ Industrial 4ark & (1I4&) in eal and aguna
4remier Industrial 4ark ( 4I4) in 7atino, laid-off thousands of emplo$ees in
order to survive the recession.
1urrentl$, the cit$s livelihood programs are meat processing, fish
processing, fruit and vegetables processing, perfume making, lotion making,
essential oil making, candle making, silk screen making, soap making,
fashion accessories making, fresh flower arrangements, handicrafts making,
health and wellness products making. *he$ also conduct livelihood training
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such as tailoring and dressmaking, brown paper making and charcoal
briquetting.
In order to avail of the cit$s ivelihood oan 4rogram, the beneficiar$
is required to submit the filled up application form, most recent picture,
postal or voters I8, business proposal or income statement, baranga$
clearance, residence certificate of emplo$ment, photocop$ of latest pa$ slip
and compan$ I8 of two co-makers and house sketch. inal approval
depends on the result of the credit and background investigation conducted
b$ the officer of the 1it$ 1ooperative ivelihood 8evelopment 9ffice on the
beneficiaries. *he amount of loan is based on the t$pe of livelihood
program for the business approval and the income of the co-makers
presented b$ the beneficiar$.
*he researchers need to know the perception of beneficiaries in
terms of support of the trainers, implementors, and cit$ government.
*hrough this stud$, the three proponents could reflect on the results that
the$ need to improve on and master, and enhance their strengths on it.
*hese have perked up their interest: hence the$ want to further investigate
the matter.
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Theoret! a" Fra#e$or%
*his stud$ is anchored on the stud$ of aslow;s 2ierarch$ of /eeds
b$ Abraham aslow. 2e believed people move through stages of five needs
that motivate behavior. 2e called these needs ph$siological, safet$, love
and belongingness, esteem and self-actuali!ation. aslow believed each
stage of need had to be met before progression to the ne+t stage of need
could occur. or e+ample, before health and financial securit$ becomes a
priorit$, ph$siological needs for food and water must be met first. At the
second stage of aslow;s hierarch$ of needs is the need for safet$ and
securit$. 6afet$ needs in aslow;s hierarch$ of needs refer to the need for
securit$ and protection. hen we have our ph$siological needs for food and
water met, our safet$ needs dominate our behavior. *hese needs have to
do with our natural desire for a predictable, orderl$ world that is somehow
within our control.
7ased on the above cited theoretical framework, the researchers
have conceptuali!ed their research as shown in the figure given belowovernment %A/ I/*% 4 %*A*I9/
5. .5 %nsures that each baranga$ has afunctional livelihood program.
.5& anifested
5. .& 6upports an organi!ed pool of consultantand e+pertise with various speciali!edlivelihood programs skills.
&.J' anifested
5. . aintains training centers with completetraining facilities.
&.J anifested
5. .C 4rovides transportation services for thelivelihood program staff in order for themto monitor programs progress especiall$on upland baranga$ of the municipalit$.
.'& anifested
5. . otivates the beneficiaries throughrecognition and incentives.
.5J anifested
1omposite ean .' anifested
egend< .& H C.'' 2ighl$ anifested (2 ) &. ' H .&C anifested ( ) 5.0 H &.CJ oderatel$ anifested ( 8 5.'' H 5.0C /ot anifested (/ )
As shown in *able 5. , implementor indicator numbers 5. .5,
D%nsures that each baranga$ has a functional livelihood programE, 5. .&,
D1onsider 6upports an organi!ed pool of consultant and e+pertise with
various speciali!ed livelihood programs skills, 5. . D aintains training
centers with complete training facilitiesE, 5. .C, D4rovides transportation
services for the livelihood program staff in order for them to monitor
programs progress especiall$ on upland baranga$ of the municipalit$E, and
5. . , D otivates the beneficiaries through recognition and incentivesE, have
means of .5&, &.J', &.J , .'& and .5J respectivel$ which mean that the$
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are manifested b$ the beneficiaries. *he assessment of e+isting livelihood
program in terms of trainers has an overall mean of .' which means it is
manifested b$ the beneficiaries.
*he above-mentioned findings of the stud$ impl$ that the
manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of cit$ government is
assessed as perceived b$ the beneficiaries. *he cit$ government supports
well the livelihood programs implemented b$ the government. *he$ have an
overall mean of .' in their support to the livelihood beneficiaries.
*his was supported b$ @arl (&''&) in his stud$ which showed that the
polic$ and local governance needs a more active involvement of the rural
poor in polic$ making, either directl$ or through communit$-based and civil
societ$ organi!ations, would enhance their access to assets and services
and benefits their livelihood and food securit$ goals.
-+ The re"at!on*h!p )et$een the *upport o' tra!ner*0 !#p"e#entor*0!t( &o,ern#ent and the ha""en&e* en ountered )( the
)ene'! !ar!e* o' e7!*t!n& "!,e"!hood pro&ra#+
*he second ob#ective of the stud$ is to determine the relationship of the
beneficiaries in terms of the support of trainers, implementors, cit$
government and the challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries. esults of
anal$ses done are presented below.
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Ta)"e -
The Re"at!on*h!p )et$een the Per e!,e d Manifestation of ExistingLivelihood Program in Terms of the Support of Tra!ner*0I#p"e#entor*0 C!t( Go,ern#ent and the Cha""en&e*
En ountered )( the Bene'! !ar!e*
4aired Qariables r-value 1omputedt Qalue1riticalvalue Interpretation
the 4erceive anifestation of%+isting ivelihood 4rogramin *erms of the 6upport of
*rainers, Implementors, 1it$>overnment and the
challenges encountered b$the beneficiaries
'.5J'5F 5.&& 5 &.'&5 /ot significant
Legend: Level of significance 0.05 (two tailed test)
As shown in *able &, the anal$sis generated a computed r value of
'.5J'5F which is interpreted as Dver$ small positiveE correlation between the
perceived manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of support
and the challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries. urthermore, the said
anal$sis generated a computed t value of 5.&& 5which is less than its
critical value of &.'&5 in this case, the decision to accept the null h$pothesis.
It can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between the
perceived manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of support
and the challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries
In this case, the decision is to accept the null h$pothesis. It can be
concluded that there is no significant relationship between the perceived
manifestation of e+isting livelihood program in terms of the support of
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indicator 5. , has a mean of . L meaning it is highly manifested b$ the
beneficiaries, while indicators .&, D6ufficient livelihood programs
information driveE, . , D%+act budgetar$ allocation for livelihood programs
activitiesE, .C, DAvailabilit$ of support in marketing the residents 3
participants livelihood programs finished productsE, . D6ufficient logistics
support such transportation services and materials to be needed for the
implementersE, have means of .5&, &.J', .5C, and .' respectivel$ which
mean that the challenges in the implementation of livelihood programs are
manifested b$ the beneficiaries. *he challenges encountered b$ the
beneficiaries in the implementation of the livelihood programs have an
overall mean of .5& which means it is manifested b$ the beneficiaries.
*his was supported b$ 1lear$s stud$ (&'' ) which stated that ever$
livelihood program aims to promote development that is sustainable not #ust
ecologicall$, but also institutionall$, sociall$ and economicall$ and to
produce genuinel$ positive livelihood outcomes.
5+ The re*ear h purport* to re o##end an !#p"e#entat!on o' anenhan e#ent p"an #atr!7 'or the tra!ner*0 !#p"e#entor*0 and !t(&o,ern#ent *upport a#pa!&n to the "!,e"!hood )ene'! !ar!e*+
Genera" O)9e t!,e*
*his %nhancement 4lan is intended for the benefit of the livelihood
beneficiaries implemented in 1alamba 1it$. It is designed b$ the
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researchers in order to maintain highl$ functional and responsive trainers,
implementors, and cit$ government.
Rat!ona"e
*his is based mainl$ on the perceived manifestation of e+isting
livelihood program in terms of the support of trainers, implementors, and cit$
government. *his is to ensure proper guidance for the trainers,
implementors, and cit$ government through a well-planned %nhancement
4lan for the livelihood beneficiaries.
Area o'Con ern Pro)"e# O)9e t!,e Strate&!e*
E7pe tedOutput
*rainers,Implementors,and 1it$>overnment
oral,financial,andlivelihoodconsultant3e+pertsupport
*o strengthenthe capacit$of thecooperativein terms of itsoperation andmanagement
1onduct a1ooperative
anagement*raining
aintainedand improvedtheimplementation of livelihoodprogram thatincreases thebeneficiariesprogram.
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Chapter :
SUMMAR30 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
*his chapter initiall$ discusses the research problem, respondents of
the stud$, and the statistical treatments applied to the data gathered. *hen it
focuses on the summar$ of findings, conclusions and recommendations.
Su##ar( o' F!nd!n&*
*he main ob#ective of the stud$ was to determine the observance
and effectiveness of the e+isting livelihood programs in 1alamba 1it$.
6pecificall$, it sought to determine the perception of the livelihood
beneficiaries in terms of the support of the trainers, implementors, and the
cit$ government. *he stud$ also sought to know to find out if there is a
significant relationship on the perception of beneficiaries on the e+isting
livelihood programs in terms of support of trainers, implementers and the
cit$ government.
*he respondents of the stud$ were the C& beneficiaries from the
different baranga$s in 1alamba namel$< 7anlic, ingga, a$apa, and
6ucol. *he$ answered the set of questionnaires prepared b$ the
researchers with the help of some concerned individuals. *he data were
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statisticall$ treated using the mean and the four-point ikert 6cale. *hese
treatments were used to describe the support of the trainer, implementors,
cit$ government and challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries of the
e+isting livelihood programs. *he 6pearman ank 1orrelation was used to
establish the relationship between the perceived manifestation of e+isting
livelihood program in terms of the support of trainers, implementors, cit$
government and the challenges encountered b$ the beneficiaries.
*he following are the findings of the stud$2 612991abu$ao 1it$, aguna
arch &''C
%lementar$< 7A/ I1 % % %/*A T 612997anlic, 1alamba 1it$, aguna
arch &'''
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CURRICULUM .ITAE
CHRIST3 B+ HOR?UIA
I+ PERSONAL INFORMATION
6chool< A> /A 19 %>% 9 7 6I/%66 A/8 A *67irthda$