research uoh.docx

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Q1. COMPARISON OF QUALITATIVE-QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

A:

CHARACTERISTICS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

Research Objectives Discovery of new ideas,insights and feelings Validation of facts,estimates andrelationships

Type of research Usually exploratory Descriptive and casual

Type of question Open-ended, semi-structured, unstructured,probing

Mostly structured

Research Skills Sociology, psychology Statistics

Sampling technique Non-probabilitysampling: purposive,convenient, snow poll

and quota sampling

Probability sampling:simple random sample,systematics sampling,

cluster sampling, andstratified sampling

Sample size Small Large

Data collection tool FDG, KII,II, case studiesetc.

Qnaires, checklist,counting process,observational casecontrol etc.

Type of Analysis Subjective, interpretive Statistical: descriptiveand inferential

Representativeness Limited Good

Q2: Qualitative Research Design

Introduction

Qualitative research is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data and observes what

do people say and way. Qualitative research refers to the meaning, concepts,

definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and description of things.

Target Population

Population from which we are sampling, in this case the population that we will go

to survey and collect data on them are women of reproductive age.

Data Collection Methods (Tools)

Qualitative research is subjective and uses very different methods for collection

information, including


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Focus Group Discussion (FDG)

A loosely structured interview conducted by a trained moderator among small group of

informants simultaneously.

Goal: to learn and understand what people do say and why?

Key Informants Interviews (KII)

A conversation about a given topic between the respondents and an interviewer

Goal: to collect information as much as memory, attitudinal and behavioural data from

the subject.

Projective techniques

These are unstructured prompts or stimulus that encourages the respondents to projecttheir underlying motivations, beliefs, attitudes and feelings onto an ambiguous

situation. Projective techniques including

Sentences completion

Respondents are required to complete a sentences or story in their own words. e.g. I

drink Coca-Cola usually when......

Picture interpretation

A technique whereby respondents are shown on a picture and are asked to tell storydescribing it

Word association

Role playing

Third person

Cartoons

Sampling Techniques

The appropriate sampling method for this case is non-probability sampling methods (is

often used for collecting qualitative information), which will can be

Purposive Sampling: relies upon belief that participants fit characteristics

e.g. Women in reproductive age, Traditional Birth Attendants and FGM

administrators.

Note: in this case we use purposive sampling because we focused on

Women in reproductive age.


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Snow Poll Sampling: relies upon respondent referrals of others with like

characteristics. e.g. People Living with HIV

Convenient Sampling: relies upon convenience and access. e.g.

collecting the information as intentionally people you may know already.

Quota Sampling: emphasize representation of specific characteristics.

Sample Size Determination

The determination of the sample size depends on the sampling design and the indicator

to be measured. Therefore in this case our sampling technique is non-probability

sampling design so that the sample size for this qualitative research will be between 18-

50 respondents.

1. Conducting FGD Study

Characteristics

6-12 people with each group

Lead by a trained moderator

In-depth discussion on 1 particular concept or topic

1-3 hour duration

Analysing and Reporting the Results

Combining the responses and writing-up of results, highlighting the areas where and

why the responses are concentrated or by using Atlas Software and then finally

reporting to the audience

2. Key Informants Interviews

Characteristics

Well trained interviewer + interviewee

Usually face to face

Interviewee is exposed to set a probing questions

Interviewer encourages the interviewee to talk more

Analysing and Reporting the Results

Combining the responses and writing-up of results, highlighting the areas where and

why the responses are concentrated or by using Atlas Software and then finally

reporting to the audience


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Q3: Quantitative Research Design

Introduction

Quantitative research is interested in using formalized, standardized structured

questions whereby responses are already pre-determined. Deals with numbers and datacan be measured.

Target Population

The population from which we are sampling, in this case the population that we will go

to survey and collect data on them is the who use the media.

Data Collection Methods (Tools)

Questionnaires: when need a quickly and/or easily to get a lot of information

from a people in a non-threatening way. Checklists

Sampling Techniques

The appropriate sampling method for this study is a probability sampling (is often used

for collecting quantitative information) which will can be

Simple Random Sampling

SRS can be used for small population that contains more than 1000 Basic Sampling Unit

(BSU) or HHs. This method requires a complete and updated list of BSU, which may be

difficult to obtain in emergency situation. Since in most contexts the BSU is large, the

SRS procedure can be conducted by numbering each BSU and then choosing the

number of units from the random number table.

Two Scenarios are possible

List of target population is available: if there is an updated list of target

population, the needed number of the target population can be drawn randomly

from this list.

List of HHs is available: if there is only list of HHs is available, the desired

number of HHs can be drawn randomly from this list.

Systematics Random Sampling

SRS is based on selection of units at a certain predetermined interval called sampling

interval. It is applicable for small scale surveys (approximately 1000 to 5000 BSU) and


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of its main advantage is using without having a list, where dwelling are well organized

in rows, blocks, main road or river.

Three Scenarios are Possible

List of target population is available: sample of individuals can be drawnrandomly from this list.

List of HHs is available: sample of HHs can be drawn randomly from this list.

No list is available but HHs are arranged in an easy and geometric pattern: you

need to know the boundaries of your survey areas and to determine what could

be your it start point and end point and which direction you will be following

when walking or arriving through the area.

Cluster Sampling:

In case where your survey area is too large (country, provenance, district for example)

and/or geographically dispersed, cluster sampling can be used. This method is most

frequently used in field. Th BSU is selected within groups named clusters (villages,

administrative areas, and camps). The objective of this method is to choose a limited

number of smaller geographical areas in which simple or systematic can be conducted.

It completes two stages

Random selection of clusters

Random selection of HHs

Stratified Sampling

Method of dividing population into homogeneous subgroups then selected random

samples from each stratum then combinesamples from each stratum into a single

sample.

Sample Size Determination

The determination of the sample size depends on the sampling design and the

indicator to be measured. In this case, the sampling technique is probability

sampling design therefore the sample size of this quantitative research can be large

and not limited.

Executing the Data Collection Methodology

The data should be collected from the survey areas with filling a limited number of

questionnaires in each day by conducting and checking at end of each enumerators and

supervisors, respectively.


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Data Set (Design)

Design the questionnaire into the computer using SPSS, Lime-Survey, and Excel, etc.

Data Entry

Entering the data into the computer by using the intended file

Data Filtering and Cleaning

Verifying, correcting or combining data from several sources

Data Analysis, Interpretation and Report writing

Prepare statistical charts and tables and interpreting what the mean and reports as

required.

Q4:

INDICATORS Ever

used

BS

N=640

45.1%

Never

used

BS

N=779

54.9%

OR Sig.

ABILITY% %

Social Support

Has discussed birth spacing with husband

Has discussed birth spacing with family members

43.9

36.2

28.1

26.0

3.06

2.14

***

***

MOTIVATION% %

Belief

Advantage of many children: improves family economy

(R)

Advantage of many children: clan acceptance (R)

46.2 55.1 .65 **


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Advantage of many children: religious reasons (R)

Disadvantage of many children: tiredness

Disadvantage of many children: stress

Disadvantage of many children: health problems

Disadvantage of many children: financial problems

Disadvantage of many children: family conflict

Disadvantage of many children: busy

Traditional methods of birth spacing are effective (R)

43.5

40.8

57.4

50.1

44.9

36.4

25.2

54.3

27.8

37.3

47.1

39.1

36.3

37.4

30.2

18.9

46.1

20.5

1.34

.73

2.25

1.82

1.42

1.34

1.50

1.44

1.48

*

*

***

***

**

*

**

**

**

POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS% %

Education (has attended school) 40.2 27.2 1.85 ***

OR Interpretation

The respondent who have discussed birth spacing with their husbands were 3.06

times more likely to have ever used birth spacing than those who have not

discussed with their husbands.

The respondents who believed many children can improve family economy were

0.65 times less likely to have ever used birth spacing than those who do not

believe many children.

The respondents who believe many children can lead tiredness were 2.25 times

more likely to have ever used birth spacing than those who do not believe many

children can lead tiredness.

The respondents who attended school were 1.85 times more likely to have ever

used BS than those who do not attended to school.

Sign Interpretation

These stars show how significant the association is: the more stars you have, the more

Significant it is.


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