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Resettlement and rehabitation

The project will cover only existing tanks and therefore new landacquisition and physical displacement are expected to be minimal.However, the main issue is encroachment in the tank system particularly

in tank bed areas and therefore, due to project interventions, there arelikely to be some adverse effects or impacts on families and people in theform of losing the encroached land in the tank area and their livelihoodsource. To minimize the adverse effects, there is a need to prepare aResettlement Action Plan (RAP) and incorporated into tank level ITDPs.The RAPs shall address socio-economic issues associated withdisplacement of families and also devise strategies and actions tominimize adverse effects on people and their livelihoods. The state R & RUnit is responsible for implementation of RAP in the project districts,which includes providing support, guidance, and all required assistance toDPUs apart from regular monitoring of the entire process.

ObjectiveThe objective of this policy is to avoid or minimize the possibilit ies ofadverse effect resulting in displacement (physical or economic or both) ofpeople in the project area. Where displacement is inevitable due totechnical reasons of the project design, the objective is to minimize thehardship to the affected families, enhance, or at least restore theirlivelihood opportunities.

Assistance for Economic Rehabilita tion

Skill training for income generating activity Seed capital will be given per family Support from district industries centre Institutional credit for crop production and allied activities Arranging additional PDS for the BPL families for the initial three

years All the affected families in the project area will be given preference

to carryout the works related wage employment during the processof tank rehabilitation.

In the absence of any traditional fishing community in the project

area, fishing rights will be given on priority basis to the projectaffected families.

Priority will be given to the project affected families to take out thesilt for their own use.

Resettlement and RehabilitationKarnataka Community Based Tank Project Introduced Resettlement &


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Rehabilitation policy in tank level to avoid the possibilit ies of adverseaffect resulting in displacement of people in the project area.

The following Report consists of 1734 Tanks in 9 Districts covering 34Talukas which are under implementation and post implementation.

Resettlement Action Plan: The project has a well defined Resettlement and Rehabilitation policyand Resettlement Action Plan forms an integral part of the IntegratedTank Development Plans (ITDPs) prepared for integrated tanks.Resettlement issues have been mainstreamed and institutionalized, bywhich adequate mechanisms have been put in place for survey ofencroachments, identification of lands required for project interventions,identification of project affected families and persons, third party reviewof RAPs, grievances redressal etc.

From the 1,734 ITDPs appraised til l November 2007, the information from1,734 tanks has been analyzed. Totally 964 tanks had encroachments, asestablished by TMI level consultations and revenue surveys. In thesetanks 4,648 persons have encroached 1394.39 ha., of the land, out ofwhich 1325.79 was estimated to be required for project interventions. Asper the consultation process of the project 4587 encroachers havevoluntarily surrendered the required l ands (1325.79 ha.) and in Two casesin Haveri and Bidar district the issue was resolved in the court of Law. Asper the project R&R, policy 465 families were found to be project affect edand 276 RAPs have been supported by the project with an allocation of

Rs. 1.15 Crores.

Click - -> Status of Resettlement & Rehabilitation As on31.12.2007

Tribal Development Action PlanThe main objective of the tribal action plan to provide and ensured that

the benefits of the project are accessible to the SC/STs and OthersVulnerable Communities at par with the rest of the community and at thesame time ensured this groups get preference over others on certainbenefits under the projects. The Project insists that from each householda Male and Female should become member in the tank managementinstitution by paying the membership fees. The following tables are givesthe details of representation of various categories of community in the


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Tank Management Institution, Tank Users Community and Office Bearersof the Tank Management Institution.

Representation of Various categories of the communities inTUG in 1405 TMIs

Sl.No

.Category

Population No.

Male No.s Female No.s Total

1 SC 213377 39803(7,76) 37565(7.32) 77368(15.07)

2 ST 176788 21241(4.14) 23173(4.52) 44414(8.65)

3Landles

s

SC

ST

Others

126994 5092(0.99) 5068(0.99) 10160(1.98)

95243 3566(0.69) 3534(0.69) 7100(1.38)

312513 14513(2.83) 14449(2.82) 28962(5.64)

4 Others 905225 185260(36.10)159965(31.17) 345225(67.27)

5 Total 1830140269475(52.5

1)243754(47.4

9)513229(100.0

0)

*Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage

The Total Members of Tank Users G roups 5,13,229 out of which 15.07 areSCs, 8.65 are STs, Landless SCs are 1.98, Landless STs 1.38 and Other

Vulnerable Landless are 5.64, and others are 67.27 respectively in TankUsers Groups of 1405 TMIs

Representation of Various categories of the communities in TUC in1405 TMIs

Sl.No.

CategoryPopulatio

n No.Male No.s

FemaleNo.s

Total

1 SC 213377 2435(10.83) 2233(9.93) 4668(20.77)

2 ST 176788 1968(7.55) 1119(4.98) 3087(13.74)

3Landles

s

SC

ST

Others

126994 214(0.95) 117(0.52) 331(1.47)

95243 128(0.56) 83(0.36) 211(0.93)

312513 452(2.01) 332(1.47) 784(3.48)

4 Others 905225 9698(43.16) 3686(16.40) 13384(59.57)

5 Total 183014014895(66.30

)7570(33.69

)22465(100.00

)


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*.Figures in parenthesis indicate percentageThe representation Tank Users Committee is over all is 22465 membersout of which SC represents 20.77, ST represents 13.74, Landless SCrepresents 1.47, Landless ST represents 0.93, and other Landlessrepresents 3.48, and other General categories represents 59.57 which has

got fare representation of all categories.

Representation of Various categories of the communities in OfficeBearers in 1405 TMIs

Sl.No.

CategoryPopulation

No.Male No.s Female No.s Total No.s

1 SC 213377 451(10.00) 413(9.03) 870(19.04)

2 ST 176788 380(8.31) 288(6.30) 668(14.62)

3 Landless

S

CST

Others

126994 17(0.37) 4(0.08) 21(0.45)

95243 6(0.13) 9(0.19) 15(0.32)

312513 2(0.04) 25(0.54) 27(0.59)

4 Others 905225 2213(48.43) 755(16.52) 2968(64.95)

5 Total 1830140 3075(67.30) 1494(32.69) 4569(100.00)

* Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage

The office bearers in the Tank Management Institution represented is4569, out of which 19.04 are SCs, 14.62 are STs, 0.45 are Landless SCs

0.32 are Landless STs 0.59 are others Landless and the general cat egoryis 64.95. The pre condition of the guidelines are properly adhered in theprocess.


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Natural resource

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Primary resource" redirects here. For original sources used in research, see Primary

source.

Rainforest on Fatu-Hiva, Marquesas Islands is an example of an undisturbed natural

resource.


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The Upsala Glacierin the Santa Cruz Province ofArgentina is an example of a natural

resource.

The ocean is an example of a natural resource.

Natural resources (economically referred to as land orraw materials) occur naturally

withinenvironments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A

natural resource is often characterized by amounts ofbiodiversity existent invarious ecosystems. Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them

are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Natural

resources may be further classified in different ways.

[edit]Classification

On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into:

Biotic- Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere, such as forests and their

products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine

organisms. Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this

category because they formed from decayed organic matter.

Abiotic- Abiotic resources include non-living things. Examples include land,

water, airand oressuch as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.


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Considering their stage of development, natural resources may be referred to in the

following ways:

Potential Resources - Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may

be used in the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many parts of India,having sedimentary rocks but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it

remains a potential resource.

Actual Resources are those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality

determined and are being used in present times. The development of an actual

resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the

cost involved. That part of the actual resource that can be developed profitably with

available technology is called a reserve.

On the basis of status of development, they can be classified into potentialresources,developed resources,stock and reserves.

With respect to renewability, natural resources can be categorized as follows:

Renewable resources are ones that can be replenished or reproduced easily. Some

of them, like sunlight, air, wind, etc., are continuously available and their quantity is

not affected by human consumption. Many renewable resources can be depleted by

human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these,

like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal; others, like water, take a

comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer.

Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals

and fossil fuels are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is

extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Of these, the

metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them.[1] But coal and petroleum cannot

be recycled.[2]

[edit]Examples


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The natural resource of wind powers these 5MW wind turbines on this wind farm 28 km

off the coast ofBelgium.

Some examples of natural resources include the following:

Agricultureagronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food, fuel,

feed, and fiber.

Air, wind and atmosphere

Plants

Animals

Coal, fossil fuels, rock and mineral resources

Forestry

Range and pasture

Soils

Water, oceans, lakes, groundwaterand rivers[3]

[edit]Management

Main article: Natural resource management

Natural resource management is a discipline in the management ofnatural

resources such as land, water,soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how

management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations. Natural


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resource management is interrelated with the concept ofsustainable development, a

principle that forms a basis for land management and environmental governance

throughout the world.

In contrast to the policy emphases ofurban planning and the broader concept

ofenvironmental management, Natural resource management specifically focuses on a

scientific and technical understanding of resources and ecology and the life-supporting

capacity of those resources.

[edit]Depletion

In recent years, the depletion of natural resources and attempts to move to sustainable

development have been a major focus ofdevelopment agencies. This is a particular

concern in rainforest regions, which hold most of the Earth's natural biodiversity -

irreplaceable genetic natural capital. Conservation of natural resources is the majorfocus ofnatural capitalism, environmentalism, the ecology movement, and green

politics. Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in

developing nations.

Mining, petroleumextraction, fishing, hunting, and forestry are generally considered

natural-resource industries.Agriculture is considered a man-made resource. Theodore

Roosevelt, a well-known conservationist and former United States president, was

opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction. The term is defined by the United

States Geological Survey as "The Nation's natural resources include its minerals,energy, land, water, and biota."[4]

[edit]Protection

See also: Environmental protection

The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we

solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others.

Theodore Roosevelt[5]

Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's

biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, theirhabitats, and ecosystems from

excessive rates ofextinction.[6][7] It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on sciences,

economics, and the practice ofnatural resource management.[8][9][10][11]The

term conservation biologywas introduced as the title of a conference heldUniversity of


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California at San Diego in La Jolla, California in 1978 organized by biologists Bruce

Wilcox and Michael Soul.

Habitat conservation is a land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and

restore, habitat areas for wild plants and animals, especially conservation reliant

species, and prevent theirextinction, fragmentationor reductionin range.

[12]


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Energy crisis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about energy crises in general. For other uses, see Oil crisis.

See also: Energy and society

An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply

ofenergy resources to an economy. In popular literature though, it often refers to one of

the energy sources used at a certain time and place. Energy runs machinery in

factories, lights our cities and powers our vehicles. There has been an enormous

increase in the demand for energy as a rsult of industrial development and population

growth. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand.

[edit]Causes

Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can

develop due to industrial actions like union organizedstrikes and government

embargoes. The cause may be over-consumption, aging infrastructure, choke

point disruption or bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply.

An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters due to increased

consumption of energy.

Pipeline failures and other accidents may cause minor interruptions to energy supplies.

A crisis could possibly emerge after infrastructure damage from severe weather. Attacks

by terrorists ormilitia on important infrastructure are a possible problem for energy

consumers, with a successful strike on a Middle East facility potentially causing global

shortages. Political events, for example, when governments change due to regime

change, monarchy collapse, military occupation, and coup may disrupt oil and gas

production and create shortages.

[edit]Historical crises


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1970s Energy Crisis - Cause: peaking of oil production in major industrial nations

(Germany, U.S., Canada, etc.) and embargoes from other producers

1973 oil crisis - Cause: an OPEC oil export embargo by many of the

majorArab oil-producing states, in response to western support

ofIsrael during the Yom Kippur War

1979 oil crisis - Cause: the Iranian revolution

1990 spike in the price of oil - Cause: the Gulf War

The 20002001 California electricity crisis - Cause: failed deregulation,

and business corruption.

The UK fuel protest of 2000 - Cause: Raise in the price of crude oil combined

with already relatively high taxation on road fuel in the UK.

North American natural gas crisis

Argentine energy crisis of 2004 North Korea has had energy shortages for many years.

Zimbabwe has experienced a shortage of energy supplies for many years due to

financial mismanagement.

Political riots occurring during the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were

sparked by rising energy prices.


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[edit]Emerging shortages

Kuwait'sAl Burqan Oil Field, the world's second largestoil field, will be depleted

within 40 years.[1]

Crises that exist as of 2008 include:

Oil price increases since 2003 - Caused by continued global increases in

petroleum demand coupled with production stagnation, the falling value of the

U.S. dollar, and a myriad of other secondary causes.

2008 Central Asia energy crisis, caused by abnormally cold temperatures and

low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power. At the same time

the South African President was appeasing fears of a prolonged electricity crisis

in South Africa.[2]

In February 2008 the President ofPakistan announced plans to tackle energyshortages that were reaching crisis stage, despite having significant

hydrocarbon reserves,.[3] In April 2010 Pakistan government

announced Pakistan national energy policy which extended the official weekend

and banned neon lights in response to a growing electricity shortage.[4]


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South African electrical crisis. The South African crisis, which may last to 2012,

led to large price rises for platinum in February 2008[5] and reduced gold

production.

China experienced severe energy shortages towards the end of 2005 and again

in early 2008. During the latter crisis they suffered severe damage to power

networks along with diesel and coal shortages.[6] Supplies of electricity

inGuangdong province, the manufacturing hub of China, are predicted to fall

short by an estimated 10 GW.[7]

It has been predicted that in the coming years after 2009 that the United

Kingdom will suffer an energy crisis due to its commitments to reduce coal fired

power stations, its politician's unwillingness to set up new nuclear power

stations to replaces those that will be de-commissioned in a few years (even

though they will not be running in time to stop a full blown crisis) and unreliablesources and sources that are running out of oil and gas. It is therefore predicted

that the UK may have regular blackouts like South Africa.[8]

[edit]Social and economic effects

Main article: Energy economics

The macroeconomic implications of a supply shock-induced energy crisis are large,

because energy is the resource used to exploit all other resources. When energy

markets fail, an energy shortage develops. Electricity consumers may experience

intentionally engineered rolling blackouts which are released during periods of

insufficient supply or unexpected power outages, regardless of the cause.

Industrialized nations are dependent on oil, and efforts to restrict the supply of oil

would have an adverse effect on the economies of oil producers. For the consumer,

the price ofnatural gas, gasoline (petrol) and diesel for cars and other vehicles

rises. An early response from stakeholders is the call for reports, investigations and

commissions into the price of fuels. There are also movements towards the

development of more sustainable urban infrastructure.


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In 2006, US survey respondents were willing to pay more for a plug-in hybrid car

In the market, new technology and energy efficiency measures become desirable

for consumers seeking to decrease transport costs.[9] Examples include:

In 1980 Briggs & Stratton developed the first gasoline hybrid electric automobile;

also are appearing plug-in hybrids.

the growth ofadvanced biofuels.

innovations like the Dahon, a folding bicycle

modernized and electrifying passenger transport

Railway electrification systems and new engines such as the Ganz-

Mavag locomotive

variable compression ratio for vehicles

Other responses include the development ofunconventional oil sources suchas synthetic fuelfrom places like theAthabasca Oil Sands, more renewable energy

commercialization and use ofalternative propulsion. There may be

a Relocation trend towards local foods and possiblymicrogeneration, solar thermal

collectors and othergreen energy sources.


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Tourism trends change and ownership ofgas-guzzlers vary, both because of

increases to fuel costs which are passed on to customers. Items which were not so

popular gain favour, such as nuclear power plants and the blanket sleeper, a

garment to keep children warm. Building construction techniques change to reduce

heating costs, potentially through increased insulation.

See also: Green buildingandZero-energybuilding

[edit]Crisis management

An electricity shortage is felt most by those who depend on electricity for their

heating, cooking and water supply. In these circumstances a sustained energy

crisis may become a humanitarian crisis.

If an energy shortage is prolonged a crisis management phase is enforced by

authorities. Energy audits may be conducted to monitor usage. Various curfewswith the intention of increasing energy conservation may be initiated to reduce

consumption. To conserve power during the Central Asia energy crisis, authorities

in Tajikistan ordered bars and cafes to operate by candlelight.[10] Warnings issued

that peak demand power supply might not be sustained.

In the worst kind of energy crisis energy rationing and fuel rationing may be

incurred. Panic buying may beset outlets as awareness of shortages spread.

Facilities close down to save on heating oil; and factories cut production and lay off

workers. The risk ofstagflationincreases.

[edit]Mitigation of an energy crisis


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Nuclear power in Germany

Main article: Mitigation of peak oil

The Hirsch report made clear that an energy crisis is best averted by preparation.

In 2008, solutions such as the Pickens Plan and the satirical in origin Paris Hilton

energy plan suggest the growing public consciousness of the importance of

mitigation.

Energy policy may be reformed leading to greaterenergy intensity, for example

in Iran with the2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran, Canada and the National Energy

Program and in the USA with the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.

In Europe the oil phase-out in Sweden is an initiative a government has taken to

provide energy security. Another mitigation measure is the setup of

a cache ofsecure fuel reserves like the United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve,

in case ofnational emergency. Chinese energy policy includes specific targets

within their 5 year plans.


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World energy usage

Andrew McKillop has been a proponent of a contract and converge model or

capping scheme, to mitigate both emissions ofgreenhouse gases and a peak oil

crisis. The imposition of a carbon taxwould have mitigating effects on an oil

crisis.[citation needed] The Oil Depletion Protocol has been developed by Richard

Heinberg to implement a powerdown during a peak oil crisis. While

manysustainable development and energy policy organisations have advocated

reforms to energy development from the 1970s, some cater to a specific crisis in

energy supply including Energy-Questand the International Association for Energy

Economics. The Oil Depletion Analysis Centreand theAssociation for the Study of

Peak Oil and Gas examine the timing and likely effects of peak oil.

Ecologist William Rees believes that

To avoid a serious energy crisis in coming decades, citizens in theindustrial countries should actually be urging their governments tocome to international agreement on a persistent, orderly, predictable,and steepening series of oil and natural gas price hikes over the next

two decades.

Due to a lack of political viability on the issue, government mandated fuel prices

hikes are unlikely and the unresolved dilemma of fossil fuel dependence is

becoming a wicked problem. A global soft energy path seems improbable, due to

the rebound effect. Conclusions that the world is heading towards an


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unprecedented large and potentially devastating global energy crisis due to a

decline in the availability of cheap oil lead to calls for a decreasing dependency

on fossil fuel.

Other ideas have been proposed which concentrate on improved, energy-efficient

design and development of urban infrastructure in developing

nations.[11] Government funding for alternative energy is more likely to increase

during an energy crisis, so too are incentives foroil exploration. For example

funding for research into inertial confinement fusion technology increased during

1970's.

Energy economists theorize that declining energy availability will result in a higher

price for energy and that this will attract investment to procure new sources of

energy that may be substituted. However as Michael Lardelli and others have

pointed out, this hypothesis does not include the concept ofEnergy Returned on

Energy Invested, which is important for example, when considering biofuels as an

alternative to conventional energy supplies. The theory also assumes that capital

investment in the substitution sector will be available even if a financial downturn

caused by higher energy prices happens.[12] Nor does the theory account for the

fact that the most easily obtainable energy is extracted from reserves first because

it provides the most profit leaving the smaller, harder to reach and more expensive

to produce reserves.[13]

[edit]Future and alternative energy sources

In response to the petroleum crisis, the principles ofgreen energy and sustainable

living movements gain popularity. This has led to increasing interest in alternate

power/fuel research such as fuel cell technology, liquid nitrogen

economy, hydrogen fuel, methanol, biodiesel,Karrick process, solar

energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, wave power, and wind energy, and fusion

power. To date, onlyhydroelectricity and nuclear powerhave been significant

alternatives to fossil fuel.

Hydrogen gas is currently produced at a net energy loss from natural gas, which is

also experiencing declining production in North America and elsewhere. When not

produced from natural gas, hydrogen still needs another source of energy to create

it, also at a loss during the process. This has led to hydrogen being regarded as a

'carrier' of energy, like electricity, rather than a 'source'. The


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unproven dehydrogenatingprocess has also been suggested for the use water as

an energy source.

Efficiency mechanisms such as Negawatt powercan encourage significantly more

effective use of current generating capacity. It is a term used to describe the trading

of increased efficiency, using consumption efficiency to increase available market

supply rather than by increasing plant generation capacity. As such, it is a demand-

side as opposed to a supply-side measure.

See also: Strategic uranium reserves andNuclear energy policy

[edit]Predictions

Although technology has made oil extraction more efficient, the world is having to

struggle to provide oil by using increasingly costly and less productive methods

such as deep sea drilling, and developing environmentally sensitive areas such astheArctic National Wildlife Refuge.

The world's population continues to grow at a quarter of a million people per day,

increasing the consumption of energy. Although far less from people in developing

countries, especially USA, the per capita energy consumption ofChina, India and

otherdeveloping nationscontinues to increase as the people living in these

countries adopt more energy intensive lifestyles. At present a small part of

the world's population consumes a large part of its resources, with the United

States and its population of 300 million people consuming far more oil than Chinawith its population of 1.3 billion people.

William Catton has emphasised the link between population size and energy

supply, concluding that

The faster the present generation draws down the fossil energy legacyupon which persistently exuberant lifestyles now depend, the lessopportunity posterity will have to live in anything like the same way orthe same numbers. Yet most contemporary political proposals forsolving problems of economic stagnation or inequity amount to plansfor speeding up the rate of drawdown ofnon-renewable resources.

David Pimentel professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, has

called for massive reduction in world populations in order to avoid a permanent

global energy crisis. The implication is that cheap oil has created a

human overshoot beyond Earth's carrying capacitywhich inevitably lead to an


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energy crisis. David Price postulates that population growth occurs when a higher

quality form of energy is commercialised.[14]

See also: Energybalance (disambiguation) andTragedy of the Commons

For nearly 60 years the US dependence on imported oil has grown significantly.

Matthew Simmons and Julian Darley amongst others, have examined the economic

effects of an energy crisis. Historian, and sociologist Franz Schurmann links an

energy crisis with a deflating American dollar. He has stated that

If a dollar free-fall should take place, Americans will confront anenergy crisis that will make the October 1973 oil shortage seem a mildnuisance.

According to Christopher Falvin, geopolitical factors has resulted in current energy

system, based on fossil fuels, to be a risk management issue that undermines

global security.[citation needed]Considering the significant source of greenhouse gas

emissions accumulating in the atmosphere, fossil fuel energy is being viewed as

increasingly socially irresponsible. Joseph Tainteris an expert on societal

collapse and energy supply who draws attention to the complexity of modern

society and our ability to problem solve the wider issue ofenvironmental

degradation.[15]


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National population suffering from undernourishment as percentage.

[edit]Agriculture

According to Kenneth S. Deffeyes, agricultural production is heavily dependent

on hydrocarbonsfor energy, in the form of petroleum to power machinery and

transport goods to market. Another important input is fertilizerusage that is highly

dependent on natural gas for its production and sometimes for fueled irrigation.

Between the late 1940s and early 1980s, as the Green Revolutiontransformed

agriculture around the globe, world grain production increased by 250%. The

energy for the Green Revolution was provided almost always by fossil fuels.[citation

needed] The 20th century population explosion is strongly correlated with thediscovery and extraction of hydrocarbons.

The decision to develop a biofuel industry through subsidies and tariffs in the USA

has increased food costs globally. Lester R. Brown states[16] that by converting

grains into fuel for cars

..the world is facing the most severe food price inflation in history asgrain and soyabean prices climb to all-time highs,


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World powerusage, 19652005

See also: Food securityandFood vs fuel

[edit]Catastrophe

Some experts including Howard Odum and David Holmgren have used the

term energy descent to describe a post-peak oil period of transition. Ron Swenson

has described a looming peak oil crisis as a calamity unparalleled in human

history.[citation needed] The peaking of world hydrocarbon production, known as peak

oil may test Malthus critics. Michael C. Ruppert has discussed energy crises in

relation to the petrodollar, oil imperialism and police states.

See also: Oil depletion andDoomer

[edit]Cultural references

Fictional scenarios have been explored in;

Frontlines: Fuel of War, a first-person shooter game that depicts a global energy

crisis in 2024 leading to war between Western Coalition (EU and USA) against

Red Star Alliance (Russia and China) over the last remaining natural resources

Ice, online comic

MadMax, depicts an energy starved post-apocalypse world.

OilStorm, a 2005 television docudrama portraying a future oil-shortage crisis in

the United States

Soylent Green, a film about a dystopian future in which overpopulation leads to

depleted resources


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The Man Who Broke Britain, a BBCdocudrama

The RunningMan, a fictional film depicts the effects of a global economic

collapse

[edit]See also


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]


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resettlement and re habitation. (nikita)

Documents