residualhum_terman

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Proceedings o f t h e Institute of Radio Engineers Volume 2 2 , Number 8 August, 1934 NOTE O N A CAUSE OF RESIDUAL HUM I N RECTIFIER-FILTER SYSTEMS* B Y FREDERICK EMMONS TERMAN A ND SIDNEY B . PICKLES (Stanford University, California) Summary T h e capacitance o f t h e power transformer secondary t o ground i s shown t o by-pass th e filter system when t he filter chokes a r e i n t he negative lead a n d t h e negative output i s grounded. This results i n a residual ripple voltage across t h e output that may b e greater than t h e ripple voltage passed b y a very good filter. T h e remedy i s either t o place t h e filter inductance in t h e positive lead o r to ground t h e positive output terminal. \ 5 7 HILE making measurements o n a rectifier-filter system a r - ranged as shown i n Fig. 1 with constants such a s to produce excellent filtering, i t w a s found that t h e hu m voltage developed across t h e output w as times that which calculations would lead one t o expect, an d increasing t h e amount o f filtering h a d no appreciable H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L Fig. 1 effect upon this hum. In endeavoring to locate t h e cause o f this b e - havior i t w a s found that either grounding t h e positive lead, o r placing t h e filter inductances i n t h e positive line a s shown i n Fig. 2, brought t h e h um down t o th e predicted value. Consideration of these factors lead t o the conclusion that t h e residual h um must b e the result o f t h e capacitance between t h e secondary winding a n d ground. This capacitance obviously by-passes t h entire filter system of Fig. 1 a n d causes a small ripple current t o flow a s shown b y t h e dotted lines in Fig. 1 . This produces a voltage across t h e load * Decimal classification: R386. Original manuscript received b y the I n - stitute, February 1 4 , 1934. 1040

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Page 1: ResidualHum_Terman

8/3/2019 ResidualHum_Terman

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P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f R a d i o E n g i n e e r sV o l u m e 2 2 , N u m b e r 8 A u g u s t , 1 9 3 4

NOTE O N A C A U S E OF R E S I D U A L HUM I NRECTIFIER-FILTER SYSTEMS*

B Y

F R E D E R I C K EMMONS TERMAN AND S I D N E Y B . P I C K L E S( S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , C a l i f o r n i a )

S u m m a r y T h e c a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e p o w e r t r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y t o g r o u n d i ss h o w n t o b y - p a s s t h e f i l t e r s y s t e m w h e n t h e f i l t e r c h o k e s a r e i n t h e n e g a t i v e l e a d a n dt h e n e g a t i v e o u t p u t i s g r o u n d e d . T h i s r e s u l t s i n a r e s i d u a l r i p p l e v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h eo u t p u t t h a t may b e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e r i p p l e v o l t a g e p a s s e d b y a v e r y g o o d f i l t e r . T h e

r e m e d y i s e i t h e r t o p l a c e t h ef i l t e r i n d u c t a n c e i n

t h e p o s i t i v e l e a d o r t o g r o u n d t h ep o s i t i v e o u t p u t t e r m i n a l .

\ 5 7H I L E m a k i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s o n a r e c t i f i e r - f i l t e r s y s t e m a r -r a n g e d a s s h o w n i n F i g . 1 w i t h c o n s t a n t s s u c h a s t o p r o d u c e

e x c e l l e n t f i l t e r i n g , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e h um v o l t a g e d e v e l o p e d

a c r o s s t h e o u t p u t w a s s e v e r a l t i m e s t h a t w h i c h c a l c u l a t i o n s w o u l d l e a do n e t o e x p e c t , a n d i n c r e a s i n g t h e amount o f f i l t e r i n g h a d n o a p p r e c i a b l e

H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~L

F i g . 1

e f f e c t u p o n t h i s h u m . I n e n d e a v o r i n g t o l o c a t e t h e c a u s e o f t h i s b e -h a v i o r i t w a s f o u n d t h a t e i t h e r g r o u n d i n g t h e p o s i t i v e l e a d , o r p l a c i n gt h e f i l t e r i n d u c t a n c e s i n t h e p o s i t i v e l i n e a s s h o w n i n F i g . 2 , b r o u g h tt h e h um d o w n t o t h e p r e d i c t e d v a l u e .

C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e s e f a c t o r s l e a d t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e r e s i d u a lh um m u s t b e t h e r e s u l t o f t h e c a p a c i t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e c o n d a r y

w i n d i n g a n d g r o u n d . T h i s c a p a c i t a n c e o b v i o u s l y b y - p a s s e s t h e e n t i r ef i l t e r s y s t e m o f F i g . 1 a n d c a u s e s a s m a l l r i p p l e c u r r e n t t o f l o w a s s h o w nb y t h e d o t t e d l i n e s i n F i g . 1 . T h i s p r o d u c e s a v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l o a d

* D e c i m a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n : R 3 8 6 . O r i g i n a l m a n u s c r i p t r e c e i v e d b y t h e I n -s t i t u t e , F e b r u a r y 1 4 , 1 9 3 4 .

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T e r m a n a n d P i c k l e s : R e s i d u a l H u m

i m p e d a n c e , a n d a l s o a v o l t a g e b e t w e e n t h e n e g a t i v e l i n e a n d g r o u n di f t h e n e g a t i v e l i n e i s g r o u n d e d t h r o u g h a n i m p e d a n c e .

I f e i s t h e r i p p l e v o l t a g e d e l i v e r e d b y t h e r e c t i f i e r o u t p u t t h e n t h er e s i d u a l h um c u r r e n t f l o w i n g a l o n g t h e d o t t e d p a t h i n F i g ; 1 i s v e r yn e a r l y

h u m c u r r e n t =j 1 e . ( 1 )

T h i s i s b e c a u s e C , o f f e r s n e a r l y a l l o f t h e i m p e d a n c e p r e s e n t i n t h ed o t t e d p a t h . S i n c e t h e f i n a l f i l t e r c o n d e n s e r C a l w a y s h a s a l o w r e -

F i g . 2

a c t a n c e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e l o a d , t h e h um v o l t a g e d e v e l o p e d a c r o s s t h el o a d i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y

C ,um v o l t a g e a c r o s s l o a d = e - ( 2 )

I n t h e c a s e o b s e r v e d t h e c a p a c i t a n c e C 1 a s m e a s u r e d w a s 6 0 0 m i c r o -

m i c r o f a r a d s . T h e 1 2 0 - c y c l e c o m p o n e n t o f t h e r i p p l e d e l i v e r e d b y t h e

r e c t i f i e r w a s 2 4 0 v o l t s . S u b s t i t u t i o n o f ( 1 ) s h o w s t h a t t h e e x p e c t e dr e s i d u a l 1 2 0 - c y c l e r i p p l e c u r r e n t w o u l d b e 1 0 8 m i c r o a m p e r e s , w h i c h i st o b e c o m p a r e d w i t h a n a c t u a l l y m e a s u r e d v a l u e o f 1 1 3 m i c r o a m p e r e s .W i t h a n 8 - m i c r o f a r a d o u t p u t c o n d e n s e r t h i s c u r r e n t d e v e l o p s a p p r o x i -m a t e l y 0 . 0 1 8 v o l t hum a c r o s s t h e l o a d , w h i c h i s e n o u g h t o c a u s e

t r o u b l e i n many c i r c u m s t a n c e s .T h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s m a k e i t a p p a r e n t t h a t f o r l o w h um t h e f i l t e r

r e a c t o r s s h o u l d b e i n t h e p o s i t i v e l e a d . I n t h e c a s e t h a t o t h e r c o n s i d e r a -t i o n s m a k e i t n e c e s s a r y t o p l a c e s o m e c h o k e s i n t h e n e g a t i v e l e a d , t h e n

t h e l a s t s e c t i o n o f f i l t e r i n g m u s t h a v e i t s i m p e d a n c e i n t h e p o s i t i v e l i n e .

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