resins ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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RESIN CONTAINING RESIN CONTAINING DRUGS DRUGS
S.NIRMALAS.NIRMALA
RESIN CONTAINING RESIN CONTAINING DRUGS DRUGS
S.NIRMALAS.NIRMALA
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SynonymsDevil's dung, stinking gum, asant, food of the gods, giant fennel, hing and ting
Biological source: Ferula foetida
Family umbelliferaceae
Asafoetida
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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): (unranked): Asterids Order: Order: Apiales Family: Family: Apiaceae Genus: Genus: Ferula Species: Species: F. assafoetidaF. assafoetida
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DistributionDistribution
Asafoetida has several varieties Asafoetida has several varieties which are distributed from the which are distributed from the Mediterranean region to Central Asia. Mediterranean region to Central Asia. It is grown in Iran and Afghanistan. It is grown in Iran and Afghanistan. The other species, known botanically The other species, known botanically as Ferula northex, grow abundantly as Ferula northex, grow abundantly in Kashmir, Western Tibet and in Kashmir, Western Tibet and Afghanistan. It forms a good Afghanistan. It forms a good substitute for asafoetida.substitute for asafoetida.
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Macroscopy Macroscopy
AsafoetidaAsafoetida ( (Ferula assafoetidaFerula assafoetida), ), alternative spelling alternative spelling asafetidaasafetida is is the dried the dried latex (gum (gum oleoresin) ) exuded from the living exuded from the living underground underground rhizome or or tap root of several species of of several species of Ferula, , which is a which is a perennial herb (1 to 1.5 (1 to 1.5 m highm high
AsafoetidaAsafoetida ( (Ferula assafoetidaFerula assafoetida), ), alternative spelling alternative spelling asafetidaasafetida is is the dried the dried latex (gum (gum oleoresin) ) exuded from the living exuded from the living underground underground rhizome or or tap root of several species of of several species of Ferula, , which is a which is a perennial herb (1 to 1.5 (1 to 1.5 m highm high
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AsafoetidaAsafoetida
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PLANT MACROSCOPY PLANT MACROSCOPY
Ferula assafoetidaFerula assafoetida is an is an herbaceous, , monoecious, , perennial plant of the family of the family Umbelliferae, also called Umbelliferae, also called Apiaceae. .
It grows to 2 meters high, with a circular It grows to 2 meters high, with a circular mass of 30–40 cm leaves. Stem leaves mass of 30–40 cm leaves. Stem leaves have wide sheathing have wide sheathing petioles. .
Flowering stems are 2.5–3 meters high Flowering stems are 2.5–3 meters high and 10 cm thick and hollow, with a and 10 cm thick and hollow, with a number of number of schizogenous ducts in the in the cortex containing the resinous gum. containing the resinous gum.
Ferula assafoetidaFerula assafoetida is an is an herbaceous, , monoecious, , perennial plant of the family of the family Umbelliferae, also called Umbelliferae, also called Apiaceae. .
It grows to 2 meters high, with a circular It grows to 2 meters high, with a circular mass of 30–40 cm leaves. Stem leaves mass of 30–40 cm leaves. Stem leaves have wide sheathing have wide sheathing petioles. .
Flowering stems are 2.5–3 meters high Flowering stems are 2.5–3 meters high and 10 cm thick and hollow, with a and 10 cm thick and hollow, with a number of number of schizogenous ducts in the in the cortex containing the resinous gum. containing the resinous gum.
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PLANT MACROSCOPY PLANT MACROSCOPY
Flowers are pale greenish yellow Flowers are pale greenish yellow produced in large compound produced in large compound umbels. .
Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish brown and have a milky juice. brown and have a milky juice.
Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. They yield a resin similar to that of They yield a resin similar to that of the stems. All parts of the plant the stems. All parts of the plant have the distinctive fetid smellhave the distinctive fetid smell
Flowers are pale greenish yellow Flowers are pale greenish yellow produced in large compound produced in large compound umbels. .
Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish Fruits are oval, flat, thin, reddish brown and have a milky juice. brown and have a milky juice.
Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. Roots are thick, massive, and pulpy. They yield a resin similar to that of They yield a resin similar to that of the stems. All parts of the plant the stems. All parts of the plant have the distinctive fetid smellhave the distinctive fetid smell
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Commercial asafoetida Commercial asafoetida
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CompositionComposition
Typical asafoetida contains about Typical asafoetida contains about 40-64% 40-64% resin, 25% , 25% endogeneous gum, 10-17% volatile oil, and 1.5-, 10-17% volatile oil, and 1.5-10% 10% ash..
The resin portion is known to The resin portion is known to contain contain asaresinotannols 'A' and 'B', 'A' and 'B', ferulic acid, , umbelliferone and four and four unidentified compounds.unidentified compounds.
Typical asafoetida contains about Typical asafoetida contains about 40-64% 40-64% resin, 25% , 25% endogeneous gum, 10-17% volatile oil, and 1.5-, 10-17% volatile oil, and 1.5-10% 10% ash..
The resin portion is known to The resin portion is known to contain contain asaresinotannols 'A' and 'B', 'A' and 'B', ferulic acid, , umbelliferone and four and four unidentified compounds.unidentified compounds.
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UsesUses
CookingCooking This spice is used as a digestive aid, in This spice is used as a digestive aid, in
food as a condiment and in pickles. food as a condiment and in pickles. When uncooked its odour is so strong When uncooked its odour is so strong the aroma will contaminate other spices the aroma will contaminate other spices stored nearby if it is not stored in an stored nearby if it is not stored in an airtight container.airtight container.
However, its odour and flavor become However, its odour and flavor become much milder and more pleasant upon much milder and more pleasant upon heating in oil or heating in oil or ghee, acquiring a taste , acquiring a taste and aroma reminiscent of and aroma reminiscent of sautéed onion and and garlic
CookingCooking This spice is used as a digestive aid, in This spice is used as a digestive aid, in
food as a condiment and in pickles. food as a condiment and in pickles. When uncooked its odour is so strong When uncooked its odour is so strong the aroma will contaminate other spices the aroma will contaminate other spices stored nearby if it is not stored in an stored nearby if it is not stored in an airtight container.airtight container.
However, its odour and flavor become However, its odour and flavor become much milder and more pleasant upon much milder and more pleasant upon heating in oil or heating in oil or ghee, acquiring a taste , acquiring a taste and aroma reminiscent of and aroma reminiscent of sautéed onion and and garlic
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AntiflatulentAntiflatulent
Asafoetida reduces the Asafoetida reduces the growth of indigenous growth of indigenous microflora in the gut, microflora in the gut, reducing reducing flatulence
Asafoetida reduces the Asafoetida reduces the growth of indigenous growth of indigenous microflora in the gut, microflora in the gut, reducing reducing flatulence
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Medical applicationsMedical applications
Fighting flu - Asafoetida was used in Fighting flu - Asafoetida was used in 1918 to fight the 1918 to fight the Spanish influenza pandemic. Scientists at the . Scientists at the Kaohsiung Medical University in Medical University in Taiwan report that the roots of report that the roots of Asafoetida produces natural Asafoetida produces natural antiviral drug compounds that kill compounds that kill the the swine flu virus, virus, H1N1..
Fighting flu - Asafoetida was used in Fighting flu - Asafoetida was used in 1918 to fight the 1918 to fight the Spanish influenza pandemic. Scientists at the . Scientists at the Kaohsiung Medical University in Medical University in Taiwan report that the roots of report that the roots of Asafoetida produces natural Asafoetida produces natural antiviral drug compounds that kill compounds that kill the the swine flu virus, virus, H1N1..
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digestion - In digestion - In Thailand, and , and India it is it is used to aid digestion and is smeared used to aid digestion and is smeared on the abdomen in an alcohol or on the abdomen in an alcohol or water tincture known as water tincture known as mahahingmahahing..[7] asthma and and bronchitis - It is also said - It is also said (See this (See this Link) to be helpful in cases ) to be helpful in cases of of asthma and and bronchitis..
A folk tradition remedy for children's A folk tradition remedy for children's colds: it is mixed into a pungent-colds: it is mixed into a pungent-smelling paste and hung in a bag smelling paste and hung in a bag around the afflicted child's neck.around the afflicted child's neck.
digestion - In digestion - In Thailand, and , and India it is it is used to aid digestion and is smeared used to aid digestion and is smeared on the abdomen in an alcohol or on the abdomen in an alcohol or water tincture known as water tincture known as mahahingmahahing..[7] asthma and and bronchitis - It is also said - It is also said (See this (See this Link) to be helpful in cases ) to be helpful in cases of of asthma and and bronchitis..
A folk tradition remedy for children's A folk tradition remedy for children's colds: it is mixed into a pungent-colds: it is mixed into a pungent-smelling paste and hung in a bag smelling paste and hung in a bag around the afflicted child's neck.around the afflicted child's neck.
Medical applicationsMedical applications
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Medical applicationsMedical applications
AntimicrobialAntimicrobial contraceptive//abortifacient AntiepilepticAntiepileptic Balancing the Balancing the vatavata - In - In Ayurveda, ,
asafoetida is considered to be one asafoetida is considered to be one of the best spices for balancing of the best spices for balancing the the vatavata dosha
AntimicrobialAntimicrobial contraceptive//abortifacient AntiepilepticAntiepileptic Balancing the Balancing the vatavata - In - In Ayurveda, ,
asafoetida is considered to be one asafoetida is considered to be one of the best spices for balancing of the best spices for balancing the the vatavata dosha
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Adulterants Adulterants
It is adulterated with gum arabic, It is adulterated with gum arabic, rosin, gypsum, red clay, chalk, rosin, gypsum, red clay, chalk, barley flour and wheat flour.barley flour and wheat flour.
It is adulterated with gum arabic, It is adulterated with gum arabic, rosin, gypsum, red clay, chalk, rosin, gypsum, red clay, chalk, barley flour and wheat flour.barley flour and wheat flour.
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PreparationsPreparations
Tincture of Asafetida - Emulsion of Tincture of Asafetida - Emulsion of Asafetida - Syrup of Asafetida - Asafetida - Syrup of Asafetida - Pills of Asafetida - Compound Pills Pills of Asafetida - Compound Pills of Asafetida - Pills of Aloes and of Asafetida - Pills of Aloes and Asafetida Asafetida
Related entries: Sumbul (U. S. P.)Related entries: Sumbul (U. S. P.)—Sumbul - Galbanum.—Galbanum—Sumbul - Galbanum.—Galbanum
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Capsicum Capsicum
Family:Family: SolanaceaeSolanaceae
Subfamily:Subfamily: SolanoideaeSolanoideae
Tribe:Tribe: Capsicinae Capsicinae
(since 1999(since 1999))
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Orgin Orgin
Capsicum fruit Capsicum fruit
Red Pepper Red Pepper fruitfruit
Chilies fruitsChilies fruits
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Biological source Biological source
Capsicum annumCapsicum annumCapsicum Capsicum minimum minimum
Family : Family : SolanaceaeSolanaceae
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Distribution Distribution
Plant origin : Mexico & Plant origin : Mexico & India then cultivated in India then cultivated in mildly temperate & mildly temperate & semitropical regions .semitropical regions .
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Introduction Introduction Estimated 25 species (my count Estimated 25 species (my count
=37)=37) Native to South and Central AmericaNative to South and Central America Current distribution is globalCurrent distribution is global One of the most utilized spice in the One of the most utilized spice in the
worldworld Part of human diet for 9000 yearsPart of human diet for 9000 years All diploidAll diploid Typically self-fertilizeTypically self-fertilize Most n=12 (some n=13)Most n=12 (some n=13)
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CapsicumCapsicum
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Capsicum annuumCapsicum annuum
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Cultivation Cultivation
Capcicum varieties- California Capcicum varieties- California wonder, Arkamohini, Arkabasant, wonder, Arkamohini, Arkabasant, Arkagourav, Yellow wonder.Arkagourav, Yellow wonder.Seeds/Ha.-1000 gmSeeds/Ha.-1000 gmFarmYardmanure --25 tons/ha.FarmYardmanure --25 tons/ha.Seed Beds -7.5 m long, 1.2 m Seed Beds -7.5 m long, 1.2 m bredth and 10 cm height sizedbredth and 10 cm height sized15 beds are required per ha.15 beds are required per ha.
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CultivationCultivation
Seed Bed Preperation- Apply 30 Seed Bed Preperation- Apply 30 kg FYM+half kg 19:19:19 complexkg FYM+half kg 19:19:19 complexto the each seedbed. Treated to the each seedbed. Treated seeds are sown at 8 cm row seeds are sown at 8 cm row distance in the bed.distance in the bed.Irrigate daily evening Irrigate daily evening hour.seedlings will be ready by 5-hour.seedlings will be ready by 5-6 weeks. 6 weeks.
Cultivation
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CultivationCultivation
Planting - Plant 60 cms row to row ,and 45 Planting - Plant 60 cms row to row ,and 45 cm plant to plantcm plant to plantFertilizers - Apply 75 kg N,75 kg P and 50 kg Fertilizers - Apply 75 kg N,75 kg P and 50 kg K at planting.K at planting.Apply75 kg N as top dress at 4 weeks.Apply75 kg N as top dress at 4 weeks.
Irrigation & Intercultivation- Irrigate at every Irrigation & Intercultivation- Irrigate at every 3-4 days based on 3-4 days based on climate. After top dress earthingup has to be climate. After top dress earthingup has to be done.Intercultivate 3-4 times to manage done.Intercultivate 3-4 times to manage weeds. See that water should not stagnate in weeds. See that water should not stagnate in field. field.
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Morphology Morphology
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Seed Seed
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Chemical constituentsChemical constituents
1.1. Phenolic substances Phenolic substances (pungent): Capsaicin (pungent): Capsaicin 0.02%.0.02%.
2.2. Alpha & beta carotene Alpha & beta carotene (red colour).(red colour).
3.3. Vitamin C 0.2%.Vitamin C 0.2%.4.4. Flavonoid glycoside – Flavonoid glycoside –
capsanthin .capsanthin .
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UsesUses
1.1. Counter irritant .Counter irritant .
2.2. Rubefacient .Rubefacient .
3.3. Condiment .Condiment .
4.4. Carminative .Carminative .
5.5. Stomachic Stomachic
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Ment-o-Ment-o-cap® cap®
Rekah –Rekah –ointmentointment
Pinus oil + Pinus oil + Camphor + Camphor + mentholmenthol
+ Eucalyptus oil + Eucalyptus oil ++
Capsicum Capsicum extractextract
Relief of Relief of rheumatism rheumatism pains & pains & muscles pains muscles pains ..
Zostrix ®Zostrix ®
Rafa –Rafa –
CreamCream
Capsaicin Capsaicin 0.025%0.025%
Relief the Relief the pains of pains of arthritis & arthritis & rheumatism .rheumatism .
Zostrix –Zostrix –HP®HP®
Rafa –Rafa –
CreamCream
Capsaicin Capsaicin 0.075%0.075%
In the In the treatments of treatments of neuropathy in neuropathy in case of case of diabetes . diabetes .
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Commercial product Commercial product
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Turmeric plant Turmeric plant
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TurmericTurmeric Turmeric –BackgroundTurmeric –Background Botanical name - Curcuma longa Botanical name - Curcuma longa
Commercial application – rhizome – Commercial application – rhizome – underground stemunderground stem
Active ingredients – Curcumin-colouring Active ingredients – Curcumin-colouring principle, aroma and flavourprinciple, aroma and flavour
Application in culinary, cosmetics, ayurvedic Application in culinary, cosmetics, ayurvedic preparation, pharma and dyeingpreparation, pharma and dyeing
Turmeric is closely linked with everything Turmeric is closely linked with everything auspicious- hence indispensable element of auspicious- hence indispensable element of all celebrations, festivals.all celebrations, festivals.
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Background Background
India contributes 80% of world India contributes 80% of world production and roughly 60% of exportsproduction and roughly 60% of exports
Indian turmeric industry size is roughly Indian turmeric industry size is roughly Rs. 2500 – 3000 croresRs. 2500 – 3000 crores
Export of turmeric and its products is Export of turmeric and its products is around Rs. 120 – 170 croresaround Rs. 120 – 170 crores
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Turmeric - Area and Turmeric - Area and ProductionProductionStateState AreaArea Share Share Production Production
Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh 57.757.7 38.438.4 280.7280.7
Tamil NaduTamil Nadu 16.716.7 11.111.1 65.965.9
OrissaOrissa 23.723.7 15.815.8 56.256.2
West BengalWest Bengal 12.212.2 8.18.1 22.922.9
KarnatakaKarnataka 6.06.0 4.04.0 27.527.5
GujaratGujarat 0.90.9 0.60.6 13.013.0
KeralaKerala 2.92.9 2.02.0 6.36.3
MaharashtraMaharashtra 7.07.0 4.74.7 6.06.0
North East* North East* 16.016.0 10.610.6 26.626.6
All IndiaAll India 150.3150.3 100.0100.0 522.1522.1
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Area under turmericArea under turmeric
Reasons to concentrate in these Reasons to concentrate in these
states:states: Suitable land (it thrives best in well-Suitable land (it thrives best in well-
drained sandy or clay loam soils)drained sandy or clay loam soils) Suitable climate (It requires a hot Suitable climate (It requires a hot
and moist climate)and moist climate) Irrigation facilityIrrigation facility
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Cultivation Cultivation
Turmeric - Geographical Spread (Area - Avg from 2000-01 to 2004-05)
34%
12%13%7%
6%
28%
Andra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Orissa West Bengal Karnataka Others
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Curcuma longaCurcuma longa - - Pre-clinical studiesPre-clinical studies
Anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory – ↓ ↓ NF-kappaB, COX-2, LOX-5 & 12, IL-6, TNF-NF-kappaB, COX-2, LOX-5 & 12, IL-6, TNF-, and ↓ PG2, and ↓ PG2
Anti-arthriticAnti-arthritic AntioxidantAntioxidant Cardio-vascular healthCardio-vascular health
– ↑ ↑ HDL Cholesterol and ↓ VLDL + LDL Cholesterol, ↑ blood HDL Cholesterol and ↓ VLDL + LDL Cholesterol, ↑ blood motility, ↓ platelet aggregation, plaque formation and lipid motility, ↓ platelet aggregation, plaque formation and lipid oxidationoxidation
↑ ↑ Gastro-intestinal healthGastro-intestinal health Anti-viralAnti-viral
– Inhibits HIV ReplicationInhibits HIV Replication Liver protectiveLiver protective
– modulates Phase I & II enzyme systems, prevents alcohol and modulates Phase I & II enzyme systems, prevents alcohol and chemically-induced liver diseasechemically-induced liver disease
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Curcuma longaCurcuma longa - - Pre-clinical studiesPre-clinical studies antitumor effect of Gemcitabin in Pancreatic cancer by ↓ antitumor effect of Gemcitabin in Pancreatic cancer by ↓
proliferation, angiogenesis, NF-KB, and NF-KB–regulated gene proliferation, angiogenesis, NF-KB, and NF-KB–regulated gene products products – In vitro: ↓ proliferation of various pancreatic cancer cell lines, ↑ In vitro: ↓ proliferation of various pancreatic cancer cell lines, ↑
apoptosis induced by gemcitabine, and ↓ NF-KB activation in apoptosis induced by gemcitabine, and ↓ NF-KB activation in the cells. the cells.
– In vivo: ↓ volume in tumors from nude mice injected with In vivo: ↓ volume in tumors from nude mice injected with pancreatic cancer cells and treated with a combination of pancreatic cancer cells and treated with a combination of curcumin and gemcitabine curcumin and gemcitabine 11
↑ ↑ immune activity immune activity 22
1 Ajaikumar et al., Cancer Res 2007;67(8):3853–61 2 Antony et al., Immunol Invest. 1999 Sep-Dec;28(5-
6):291-303
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Chemical constituents Chemical constituents
Turmeric contains protein (6.3%), fat (5.1%), minerals (3.5%), carbohydrates (69.4%) and moisture (13.1%).
The essential oil (5.8%) obtained by steam distillation of rhizomes has a-phellandrene (1%), sabinene (0.6%), cineol (1%), borneol (0.5%), zingiberene (25%) and sesquiterpines (53%)5. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) (3–4%) is responsible for the yellow colour, and comprises curcumin I (94%), curcumin II (6%) and curcumin III (0.3%)6.
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Turmeric morphology Turmeric morphology
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Importance Importance
Total Balance for Womenis designed to Total Balance for Womenis designed to help support specific women’s health help support specific women’s health issues such as PMS, breast health, heart issues such as PMS, breast health, heart health, mood and hot flashes, etc. This health, mood and hot flashes, etc. This science-based formula includes vitamins science-based formula includes vitamins and co-factors, essential minerals, and co-factors, essential minerals, amino acids, standardized herbal amino acids, standardized herbal extracts, digestive enzymes, specialty extracts, digestive enzymes, specialty nutrients and immunity support nutrients and immunity support ingredients. ingredients.
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Pharmacological Pharmacological applications applications Effect on gastrointestinal system Effect on cardiovascular system Effect on nervous system Effect on lipid metabolism Anti-inflammatory activity Antioxidant effect Anticarcinogenic effect – induction of
apoptosis