Architecture as a Natural System: Resort Hotel

for Papago Park Phoenix, Arizona

by

DARREN MARTINEZ

A THESIS

IN

ARCHITECTURE

Submitted to the Architecture Faculty of the College of Architecture of Texas Tech University in

Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF MICHITECTURE

Chairman of the Committee

Programming Instructor (ARCH 4395): Professor Robert Perl Design Critic (ARCH 4692): Professor Phillip Mead

Thesis Advisor: Professor James E, White

Accepted

Deati^ College of Architecture

Date

A RESORT HOTEL BY

DARREN MARTINEZ

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 2

Chapter I: Thesis Research

Preface 3

Introduction 4

Project statement 6

Thesis Topic 7

Thesis Synthesis 8

Thesis Statement 16

Thesis Vehicle 17

Annotated Bibliography 44

Thesis Case Studies 20

Chapter II: Context Issues

Cultural Context and Potential Response 45

Psychological Context and Potential Response 47

Built Context and Potential Response 49

Natural Context and Potential Response 49

Context Issues Case Studies 55

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Chapter III. Facility Program

Analysis of Activities Overview 70

Primary Activities and Participants 73 Secondary Activities and Participants ....76

Analysis of Spaces Association with Activities 100 Typical Requirements and Characteristics 100 Unique Requirements and Characteristics .100

Relationships of Spaces Adjacency / Separation 141 Community / Privacy 142 Construction 143 Other Criteria 144 Facility Type Case Studies 147

Chapter IV: Summary of Spaces 101

Chapter V: Economic Analysis 154

Bibliography 157

Appendix 159

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ABSTRACT

The following thesis is an exploration into systems

theory. By using Ervin Laszlo's four guidelines as

to the performance of a natural system, I will

explore if architecture and the environment can be

a balanced integrated system, a natural system.

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PREFACE

Since the beginning of time, man (a natural

system) has had to deal with its environment

whether adapting to it or changing it. The

inquiry into various ways of thinking has given us

a perspective for viewing man and nature. Man's

evolution, settlement patterns, and social

structure can be attributed to the influences of

other systems. Contemporary science tends to

concentrate on organization, not one thing or its

effects, but rather how events are structured and

function in relation to their "environment". Each

system constantly challenges others by responding

itself to challenges. There is interdependence

among the systems. Our ecosystem is not a linear

process of cause and effect, but rather a cyclical

process of numerous feedback effects. Therefore,

The behavior of any one living member of a

system is dependent on the behavior of others.

This denotes the interdependence of one life form

on another.

Man is the only organism that has the ability to

create alternatives within natures complex

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relations. Physical nature is organic and has a

basic structure which responds to man. We must

take our energies, information, and substances and

create an architecture that is energy-sustainable.

INTRODUCTION

This introduction is to give you, the reader an

insight as to how I as the programmer and

designer, arrived at and generated the basis for

this project.

The conception of this project occurred as a

result of my exploration into systems theory. One

of the driving forces was my desire to discover

the relationships of systems. As I researched

this topic I encountered different system views

and various degrees of system interrelationships.

These relations are the focus of thesis.

My search is directed at finding an architecture

that harmonizes man and nature — people and their

environment. Through the use of various design

principles, better environmental responses, and

natural systems philosophical guidelines I want to

design a resort hotel to serve as a model of an

energy-responsive design. The design should

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reflect and give awareness of the potential

ecological and energy conservative issues that you

and I, as inhabitants of the environment, can

address with the purpose to preserve, maintain,

and rebuild the natural settings that we are a

part of.

The need for architecture to find a balance with

its environment is essential. Along with the

recent increase in ecological awareness the demand

for innovative thinking in using nature's

resources is also a must. The search in

discovering new ways of managing our energy is at

its greatest and the architectural realm is not

excluded.

Buildings are not just a series of connected parts

with separate functions but instead are elements

of a larger system. By understanding this we have

the potential to design these components into an

integrated whole responding to the needs of man

and nature which have existed in the past and will

inevitably exist in the future.

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PROJECT STATEMENT

The project I have elected to program is a 120

room resort hotel in Phoenix, Arizona. The site

is located on the edge of the metropolitan suburbs

remote from the hustle and bustle of the inner

city. The site is in a tourist-oriented area and

will facilitate various activities. A key factor

in determining the facility-type was the already

present market and attraction for tourists to this

area. The development of the tourist industry

in the Phoenix metro area has been recognized as a

basic tool for economic growth. The resort hotel

will likewise attract tourists and accommodate

vacationers. The scale of this project will be

relatively small, it will have approximately

102,000 square feet overall and numerous

services. This new structure will seek refuge

from its harsh arid environment and allow a

comfortable, relaxed environment for its guests.

The resort will cater to a variety of visitors,

local and foreign. It will expose the natural

and dramatic context of the Phoenix area with the

purpose of making the stay a comfortable,

exciting, and memorable experience.

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THESIS TOPIC

The topic of this project asks the question — Can

architecture be a natural system? To answer this

question we must first define a "natural system".

According to Ervin Laszlo "a natural system is the

highest level of organizational invariance"^

('natural' is used in contrast to artificial and

not with social). He states that "natural

systems" have real content and are not just alot

of [mumbo-jumbo]. "any system which does not owe

its existence to conscious human planning and

execution is a natural system — including man

himself, and many of the multiperson systems in

which he participates".^ Although the concept of

natural systems is vast and its content is

general, we can say things about natural systems

that set them apart from other things.

Laszlo writes on systems and presents information

relevant to the principles of architecture.

Architecture is more than a collection of separate

elements, more than style, and more than abstract

forms derived from antiquity. Architecture is

derived from the knowledge, understanding, and the

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study of activities, the people, and the

environment.

Instead of looking at a system and deciding if it

is natural or not, it would be more accurate to

analyze the system by using Laszlo's four points.

THESIS SYNTHESIS

The following pages present information on systems

theory based on Ervin Laszlo's book "The Systems

View of the World". "In the history of Western

science, atomistic and holistic ways of thinking

have altered. Early scientific thinking was

holistic but speculative; the modern scientific

temper reacted by being empirical but atomistic.

Neither is free from error, the former because it

replaces factual inquiry with faith and insight,

and the latter because it sacrifices coherence at

the alter of facticity. We witness today another

shift in ways of thinking: the shift toward

rigorous but holistic theories. This means

thinking in terms of facts and events in the

context of wholes, forming integrated sets with

their own properties and relationships. Looking

at the world in terms of such sets of integrated

relations constitutes the systems view."^ This

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view on systems gives us a perspective for viewing

man and nature. And this gives us a mode of

organizing existing findings in reference to the

concept of systems and systematic properties and

relationships. "Instead of reducing phenomena to

the concourse of atoms, we now reduce them to the

behavior of systems."* It is under this view that

the subsystem theory of "natural systems" occurs

in philosophy.

Every theory generalizes certain commonalities —

the recurrent features of phenomena: the

invariances. "the more general the concept, the

more widespread the invariance which it grasps; it

tells us less about the individual peculiarities

of a thing and more about what it shares with

other things." In the systems view, if you want

to know what is truly fundamental about a thing,

"you define [it] as a natural phenomena of

organized complexity — a natural system."^ The

following are four organizational invariances

said to characterize natural systems:

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I. Natural Systems Are Wholes with Irreducible Properties

"'Wholes' and 'heaps' are not mysterious

metaphysical notions but clearly, even

mathematically, definable states of complex

entities. Wholes are not the simple sum of their

parts, and heaps are... One part more or less

means adding or taking away that particular part's

physical mass and manifest properties, nothing

more."' He continues to say that an entity having

some formal structure built on the basis of an

interdependence among its parts will in its most

basic form consists of two parts, where the

outcome is something more than the simple sum of

the properties of each. This entity is then

classified as a 'whole' and not a 'heap.'

Design Impact

The significance of each design decision should be

taken into consideration knowing that the

decision, whether big or small, will affect the

final product and the performance of the building.

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Architecture should be considered as a whole. The

composition of this whole should not be destroyed

by adding or subtracting any one element. If the

final design is affected by such alterations

then the design cannot be a natural system.

II. Natural Systems Maintain Themselves in a Changing Environment

The physical world on the whole is approaching a

state of ultimate disorganization. This is due to

the limited energy available in virtue of the way

its components are organized. The principle

expressed by this fundamental law of nature is the

so-called Second Law of Thermodynamics. It states

that within any given isolated system energy

stored in virtue of the organization of the

components gets used up and the system gets

correspondingly disorganized. There is an

exception to this rule "that is, there can be

subsidiary systems within the whole system, and

these subsystems can get more organized as time

goes on, rather than less."' These parts

(subsystems) become organized at the expense of

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the other parts (whole). "If any thing is to

mainta.in itself in proper running condition, it

must act as a subsystem within the total system

which defines its energy supplies. It must be so

organized that it draws energies from its

environment, and burns them up in running itself.

That is, it must take in substances which contain

energies in a form which it can use for its own

purposes. It then puts out waste products in the

form of used-up substances, impoverishing its

environment to that extent. The energies gained

can be used to run the subsystem — something

which inevitably has to be paid for in terms of

the total supply of energy — and to carry out the

necessary maintenance work. All this is directly

involved in sustaining a subsystem over an

appreciable period of time... The particular

configuration of parts and relationships which is

maintained in a self-maintaining and repairing

system is called a 'steady-state.' It is a state

in which energies are continually used to maintain

the relationship of the parts and keep them from

collapsing in decay- This is a dynamic state, not

a dead inert one. The technical definition of a

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natural system is 'open system in a steady-state.'

Openness refers to the import-export activities of

the system, which it needs to 'stay in the same

place,' that is, to maintain its own dynamic

steady-state."' Thus, natural systems can obtain

their own required energy and counteract the decay

of the parts in a manner needed to maintain the

present-state.

Design Impact

In order for a building to be a natural system,

it must generate the required energy necessary to

maintain the functions it was designed for. The

architectural structure must not only take from

the larger system (environment) but also give

something(whether energy for an other subsystem or

the production of an element) to assist in the

maintenance and evolution of the larger system.

III. Natural Systems Create Themselves in Response to the Challenge of the Environment

"If natural systems were merely to maintain the

'status quo' throughout the range of circumstance

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they encounter there would be no evolution, no

patterns of development, and nothing we could call

progress. Things would either succeed in

remaining what they are, or go under. The

evidence indicates, however, that many things not

only manage to offset the pernicious influences of

forces in their environment but are capable of

development. Natural systems evolve new

structures and new functions; they create

themselves in time."'

There are two forms of change:

The first form is the preprogrammed kind of change

— it does not make up its own patterns of

development but follows already established

pathways. This form is called "ontogenesis." The

second form is "polygenesis", which is the

"creative advance of nature." This is what Laszlo

means by the self-creativity of natural systems.

"It signifies the ability of systems to generate

the very information which codes their structure

and behavior-""

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Design Impact

Architecture must adapt to the ever-changing needs

and values of its users. It must also have the

ability to adapt to the demands of the larger

system (the environment) or be destroyed.

IV. Natural Systems Are Coordinating Interfaces in Nature's Hierarchy

"Organization in nature comes to resemble a

complex, multilevel pyramid, with many relatively

simple systems at the bottom and a few (and

ultimately one) complex system (s) at the top.

Between these limits all natural systems take

intermediate positions; they link the levels below

and above them. They are wholes in regard to

their parts, and parts with respect to higher-

level wholes.""

"Individual subsystems within a complex system

fill the roles of coordinating interfaces their

function is to pull together the behavior of their

own parts, and to integrate this joint effort with

the behavior of other components in the system.

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This is a function which all natural systems must

perform if they are to maintain themselves.""

Particular parts of a system can influence the

systems by providing new input. "They either

succeed in reforming some strands of coordination

in the whole system, or they cause their own

destruction, either by killing off the system that

supplies them with their vital necessities, or by

making it reject them.""

Design Impact

Architectural decisions influence not only the

immediate area but can also affect perimeter areas

not directly connected. Every decision affects

the whole. The subsystem interfacing of the

design (i.e. the structural, mechanical,

electrical, etc.) can assure a successful design

or be disastrous to the whole. The survival of

the system constitutes a natural system.

THESIS STATEMENT

The purpose of this project is to investigate

through the use of the natural context and the use

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of energy responsive design if architecture can be

a natural system. My intent is to follow Ervin

Laszlo's guidelines presented in his book "The

Systems View of the World" and design a resort

hotel which will bring man and nature into a

balanced system.

THESIS VEHICLE

"Resort hotels are built in the midst of natural

splendors, and success depends upon how well the

design is integrated into the setting. No one

wants to travel to an out-of-the-way place only to

be cut off from the exotic environs by an

anonymous structure that gives little clue to its

locale. A good resort takes advantage of the

landscape, optimizing the natural resources; a

better-resort responds not only to the climate and

topography, but to the cultural history of its

particular place.""

Charles K. Gandee

This description of a resort hotel puts forth a

challenge for designers to respond to the site and

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region giving attention to pressing issues now

confronting the profession while remembering the

ever-present needs of people.

The focus of this program is as resort hotel in

the Phoenix metropolitan area. A significant

aspect of this project is the potential for high

quality development and innovative energy-

responsive design on arid land. The resort will

enrich the environment for people and maintain the

natural characteristics of the site. This

structure will enable me to investigate the

relationship between man and nature integrating

their components into a natural whole.

The resort complex is mainly for visitors and will

impact their stay by portraying the systems theory

as it pertains to energy, materials, and the

environment. The primary function of the complex

requires that the design provide a transition from

all the different walks of life to a unified group

of quests facilitating a variety of activities.

Along with the living units the resort will have a

conference area, a recreational area, a retail

area, and administration offices. The expression

of architecture as a system will envelope the

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complete structure. The architectural elements

will provide a demonstration of the sensitive-

energy-responsive design. This will give the

public the alternative of experiencing the harsh

arid climate or seeing the effects of passive

energy solutions derived by facing our present-

day architectural issues and at the same time

being part of an exploration into systems theory-

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Notes

1 Laszlo. The Systems View of the World, pg. 23

2 Ibid. pg. 23.

3 Ibid. pg. 19.

4 Ibid. pg. 19.

5 Ibid. pg. 24.

6 Ibid. pg. 27.

7 Ibid. pg. 36.

8 Ibid. pg. 37.

9 Ibid. pp. 46-47.

10 Ibid. pg. 47.

11 Ibid. pg. 67.

12 Ibid. pg. 68.

13 Ibid. pg. 70.

14 Architectural Record. July 1980. pg. 110.

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THESIS CASE STUDIES

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THESIS CASE STUDY (1)

Laredo Demonstration Blueprint Farm

This project uses the site as a dominant force and

considers the farm on a global scale allowing the

use of alternative and passive energy systems that

represent possible uses within similar biomes

around the world. It does not exclude already

existing elements found in the different biomes,

such as, mesquite flooring discovered to be widely

used in Argentina or the wind towers indigenous to

Iran. The ability to use various design elements

from around the world and incorporate them into a

design is a good example of what the resort hotel

is wanting to accomplish. Although the Laredo

Farm is different in function, it allowed many

environmental conscious elements to work together

as a system.

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Project:

Facility-type:

Client:

Architect:

User:

When and Where:

Site:

Building:

Major Spaces:

Budget:

Laredo Demonstration Blueprint Farm

prototype farm using local resources and a global concept

Texas Department of Agriculture; Laredo Junior College

The Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems; Austin, Texas

codirectors — Pliny Fisk III and — Gail D. A. Vittori

local farmers selected to operate and grow foods (fruits and vegetables) to sell at community markets

Laredo, Texas; May 1991

It is located next to the Laredo Junior College and a former army post. The area is on the local desert; water is scarce.

It is composed of five "sheds" surrounded by polyester panels at the perimeter.

1) Offices 2) Classrooms 3) Storage 4) Agricultural production

$473,000 — $20 per square foot (building)

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m^'-^i

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i?:-i:vn

Adapted from structures found in Iran, the

sheds' wind towers (top) circulate cool air.

Porous, moistened intake pads atop a down-

draft tower (section) draw in and cool outside

air, which circulates through space below

into an adjacent shed and up through an

updraft tower. The a:r exchange rate is con­

trolled by changing ambient temperature and

humidity. Inside downdraft shed (facing

page), delicate folded steel trusses, which

attach to the building's superstructure,

support a roof peeled away at the tower to

let light filter in. Walls of straw bales covered

in sprayed-3n cement provide insulation.

TYPICAL PACKING SHED

DOWNDRAFT EVAF>0RAT(V£ COOLING T0>':£n

RECYCLED OIL-DRILUNG ROD POLES

STRAW BALE STUCCO WALLS

CONCflETE FOUNDATION (UME P02Z0LAN)

LIGHTWEIGHT STEEL TRUSSES

COPHUGATEO SHEET METAL HOOF (IRONj

SLIDING V;OOD DOOflS (MESOUITE'

STABILIZED EARTH FLOOR 'CAUCHEi

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ' * * i t * - * - * * ^ t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 6 * * * * * *

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A ^ ^ A ^ ^

Waste Treatment and Water Replenishment 1. Wind turbines (water pumping) 2. Wetland marsh (hyacinth) 3. Sedimentation pond 4. Sludge thickening 5. Cisterns (water storage) 6. Compost for solid waste (in shed) 7. Organic solid waste

Wind Power I 1200

Hyacinth

Low-Energy Materials 6. Recycled oil-well drilling stems 9. Tensile steel cable structures

10. Packing shed (straw, lime, pozzolan, caliche, iron ore) 11. Permeable paving (mesquite)

Cooling/Refrigeration 12. Downdraft cooling towers 13. Zeolite refrigeration (nonfreon-based) 14. Continuous shade (reduces open-space temperatures)

Downdraft Tower

^ > Agricultural Systems 15. Agro-forestry area 16. Vegetable area 17. Farm insectary

"By mapping avai lab le mater ia l s and technologies , Max Pot created a s e l f - su s t a in ing farm with symbolic a g r i c u l t u r a l systems. Shaded areas of the world represent deser t regions bordering grass lands , where cl imates are s imi la r to t h a t of South-west Texas."^

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 27 * * * * * *

***************************************** natural systems *******

"Energy sources for refrigeration are wind generators (view from the southwest, top photo) Zinc-impregnated polyester awnings (view from the northeast, bottom photo) block wind and extend growing seasons."'

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"Under the canopy that shades crops from the sun (top), temperatures drop 10 to 15 degrees. Two prominent cisterns collect infrequent rainfall for irrigation, natural cooling, and dissipating heat emitted by zeolite refrigeration."^

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Analysis

On Laredo's northwest edge four wind generators

rise up as beacons of an odd experiment. "In the

shadow of these propelled towers, researchers and

laborers marry limited local resources and high

technology to forge a prototype for farming...

Utopian in spirit, the farm is a vivid example of

the architectural and ecological theories of the

Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems."*

"Studying the interrelationships that determine

patterns of building and habitation around the

world, architect Fisk and generalist Vittori

approach each problem — a house, a city plan, or,

as in Laredo, a demonstration farm and market —

through a matrix of overlapping factors such as

geological formations, climatic conditions,

vegetation patterns, building precedents, waste

streams, and useful technological innovations,

beginning always from a global perspective and

working toward a micro, project-specific level...

Fisk says that this 'process framework' addresses

the time-honored environmentalist priority of

preserving the air, land, and water of the planet.

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Maximum Potential also stakes out a strong agenda,

promoting the built environment, such as Blueprint

Farm, as a locus for not just providing food, but

recycling waste, redistributing wealth, and

harnessing urban sprawl."^

"It might seem like overkill to take the whole

world into account just to plan a 2-acre farm.

But because it is considered on a global scale,

the Laredo project represents one biome, or a

particular set of climatic conditions, within

similar biomes scattered around the globe.

Climatically, Laredo sits along a tenuous

transition between the arid Southwest and the

prairie grasslands. The same meeting of arid

desert and temperate grassland also occurs in

South America between Uraguay and Argentina, north

and south Africa, and in southeastern Australia.

The sheds' wind towers were borrowed from models

indigenous to Iran, which occupies a biome similar

to the arid half of Laredo's. Fisk has created a

farm that, once its divergent ideas and processes

are integrated, will open up further options for

design and living in the distant yet similar

biomes that inspired its development. In sharing

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knowledge among biomes, Fisk says, each region

can advance with its climatic partners, whether

First or Third World.

WitJi the completion of Blueprint Farm, Max pot

will soon concentrate on integrating its various

physical elements: wind generators, cisterns,

wastewater treatment areas, farming plots, work

spaces, and storage areas. The farm will serve

two roles, growing fruits and vegetables for sale

to the community and providing a market for local

farmers.

Refrigeration will be powered by four lO-kilowatt

wind generators and will someday rely on the solar

absorptive cooling promised by the common mineral

zeolite (a largely discarded byproduct of mining

for lignite coal near Laredo). The material

absorbs moisture from the air when heated,

providing refrigeration. Absorbed heat can be

removed by a heat exchanger to increase zeolite's

cooling efficiency and to power slow cookers for

the canning process. Although Max Pot understands

the technology, its application at Blueprint Farm

is still a few years away.

In an area on the edge of the desert, water takes

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on a sacred presence in the farm's operation. 'In

a very real sense, it's a game of how long you can

hold water on the site,' says Fisk. Two 2,000-

gallon cisterns occupy primary positions amid the

small building cluster. They collect runoff from

infrequent rains, channelling any excess to wells.

The cisterns moisten porous pads at the intake of

the downdraft wind tower atop two of the sheds,

creating a self-regulating airflow, dictated by

temperature and humidity. The airflow cools

interior spaces before cycling through an updraft

wind tower in an adjacent shed. The cisterns will

also dissipate surplus heat from a future ground-

source heat pump and the zeolite refrigeration.

Water pumped from the Rio Grande will be used for

treating the farm's waste in a sedimentation pond

and march. Fisk argues that similar, larger scale

efforts to clean the water that returns to the

river could reverse years of chemical-fertilizer

runoff that has polluted the Rio Grande.

Max Pot assumes that all knowledge, no matter how

seemingly unrelated, is worth applying,

'knowledge — in principle inexhaustible,' writes

POWERSHIFT author Alvin Toffler, 'is the ultimate

******************************************************* 33 ******

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substitute [for other resources]... The only

reason we now ship huge amounts of raw materials

across the planet is that we lack the knowledge to

convert local materials into substitutes.' Fisk is

mining for the knowledge to capitalize on local

resources such as mesquite, caliche, zeolite, etc.

to sustain settlements on the peripheries of

existing cities."*

Fisk has succeeded in designing a powerful image

providing an alternative to the amorphous, earth-

sheltered cocoons and reflector-laden passive-

solar machines of the 1970's. His concerns are

about conserving resources, promoting local

economies, and integrating buildings into their

surroundings which should also be recycled back

into architecture.

0*^0 0

site schematic:

® ^ o

8

O® ®®

1. packing area 2. offices 3. classroom 4. storage

5. agriculture production 6. wind turbines 7. composting area 8. fruit production

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Notes

1 Architecture, May 1991. pg. 67

2 Ibid., pg. 67.

3 Ibid., pg. 68.

4 Ibid., pg. 65.

5 Ibid., pg. 65.

6 Ibid., pp. 67 - 70.

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THESIS CASE STUDY (2)

Biosphere II

The initial analysis after looking at Biosphere II

is to say that this project explores the systems

theory in great depth. However, after further

analysis the project seems more like an experiment

in itself and doesn't study the architectural

aspect but rather tries to create an artificial

environment apart from earth. The results

discovered in this environment are very different

from those found in Biosphere I (earth). The main

reason why the difference occurs is because this

artificial environment can not recreate earth,

only a similar model. The project does deal with

the issue of systems yet the result is not like my

desired outcome.

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Project:

Facility-type:

Client:

Architect:

User:

When and Where:

Site:

Building:

Biosphere II

model of Earth within an enclosed environment

Space Biospheres Ventures

Sarbid Corporation

four men and four women along with 3,800 species of plants and animals

Catalina Mountains, Arizona; completed on June 1991

The boundary conditions cover 3.15 miles in the Sonoran Desert

The facility encloses 7 million cubic feet accommodating six ecological communities or "biomes", in addition to staff living areas

Major Spaces: I. Four biomes in the North-South wing

1) a rain forest 2) a marine biome 3) a savannah 4) a desert

II. West wing

1) an agriculture biome

III. North of West wing

1) a "habitat" biome

a) 10 staff rooms b) laboratories

******************************************************* 37 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

c) offices d) libraries e) recreational facilities

Budget:

IV. exterior buildings

1) two rubber diaphragms that act as lungs to react to the change of air-pressure In th6 Biosphere.

2) a 5.5 megawatt power plant

$150 million (construction)

SITE PLAN

SECTION THROUGH WILDERNESS BIOMES

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 38 * * * * * *

***************************************** natural systems *******

"A green oasis in the desert with its most dramatic element the intricate space frame that encloses more than three acres,"

******************************************************* 40 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

A view that captures the saltwater 'ocean' with its own beach.

******************************************************* 41 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Analysis

"It is designed as an airtight container

completely sealed off from the outside world for

two years. Thirty-five electronic sensors linked

to computers will monitor the concentration of

each element of this environment, from temperature

and humidity to more than a dozen gases.

Computers collecting the information will activate

ventilating, heating, cooling, and air, water, and

waste recycling systems."'

Biosphere planners explain that the experience

will offer a tool for understanding life on earth

and serve in applying recycling technologies for

new water and air purification — which may be

applicable to some pollution problems or 3

artificial environments such as space stations.

Biosphere has already earned its place in

architectural history by becoming one of the most

unprecedented structures ever built.

This project does deal with systems theory but

ventures off on its own. The direction of its

designers is different from the perspective of

developing a natural system.

******************************************************* 42 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Notes

1 Architecture. May 1991. pg. 77

2 Ibid., pg. 77.

3 Ibid., pg. 78.

****** ************************************************* 43 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

******************************************************* 44 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

CULTURAL CONTEXT

Phoenix has long been considered the hub of the

Southwest and enjoys one of the fastest growing

populations in the nation. Twenty neighboring

communities join Phoenix and Scottsdale to

comprise the Valley of the Sun. Metropolitan

Phoenix is a study of contrasts where old meets

new and tradition meets trend. Founded in 1870,

Metro Phoenix is a young city now populated by

2.2 million people and holds the distinction of

being the fastest growing metropolitan area over

the last decade. It struggles to preserve the

ways of the past while paving the roads of the

future. The city is saddled between the McDowell,

Superstitions, White Tank and South Mountains. An

open exposure to the West and clear skies, yielded

the nickname, "Valley of the Sun"-

Throughout the communities, there is a myriad of

cultural and sporting events throughout the year

making this a mecca of Southwestern flavor —

liifiiie*************************************************** 45 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

whether its professional football, baseball or

golf, mass appeal is ensued with abundant

shopping, dining, art festivals and American

Indian cultural celebrations. The area boasts

more Mobil Five Star resorts than any other city,

giving the distinction of being "the resort

capital of the world". Much like the mythical

phoenix bird which is said to have risen from its

ashes, the modern incarnation of Phoenix today is

a reflection of its earlier civilizations. The

culture of ancient Indian tribes is woven into

a intricate society also threaded with the

influences from bordering Mexico and the hearty

pioneers who propagated the cowboy spirit for

which the area is now reputed.

Thus, the probeibility of a resort hotel in the

area is likely since tourism is already

established and the location of t±ie facility being

remote has tihe potential of attracting many

visitors. Access is not a big issue in terms of

arriving but the response to the arrival of

visitors must be considered.

******************************************************* 46 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT

Live-in Environment

The psychology aspect of the users is significant

in planning the facility. When looking at

resorts, people look for a place that offers

advantages that their home does not have whether

in being comfortable or in facilitating other

activities of recreation or leisure. One way to

create this homelike environment is to include

ample area in the guestrooms providing nice

furniture and amenities of home. Therefore, when

designing 1:he resort, it is essential to provide

linkage between the active and rigorous areas to

the more relaxed areas.

Public / private Spaces

People learn from what they see in the world

around them and usually adapt to any environment.

One of the most important things to

consider of any design is to connect the building

to the site and the outer world. In regard to

space, people like to interact with others and

******************************************************* 47 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

usually meet in social-oriented activities. These

spaces vary in location and size but are very

necessary to the success of a resort. Thus,

interaction among people should be encouraged and

the spacial arrangement should offer these

opportunities.

Outdoor Areas

People enjoy fresh air and sunshine. Attention

should be given to the landscaping of the outdoor

areas. These areas should provide an openness

from the facility to adjacent recreational or

other functional activities and promote

exercising and walking. The outdoor areas should

be designed carefully to avoid any injuries or

accident:s. The indoor and outdoor spaces need to

be designed to accommodate an easy movement in or

out from these areas optimizing and using natiural

elementis.

Circulation

In resort hotels, the dominant program is for the

guest. Access to all of the facility is necessary

being that most guests are transient and like to

move around at will. Activity areas should be

******************************************************* 48 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

grouped but not too closely together, people

should have room to move about and observe others.

Circulation should be clear in order to encourage

fast easy movement from one space to another. In

order to avoid ambiguous circulation patterns,

each activity should be surrounded by a meandering

pa1::h so that people can look over a potential

activity. Bypass routes should be provided for a

more direct path avoiding interference from one

activity on another. Circulation should also be

barrier-free for the physically handicapped.

BUILT CONTEXT

The proposed site does not have any significant

developments as of date. It is mostly composed of

natural features. Therefore, the built context

analysis will be omitted until a later time after

a visit to the site is completed.

NATURAL CONTEXT

The proposed site for the resort hotel is located

within the Phoenix metropolitan area. The site is

located in the south-west section of the metro.

Access to the site is mainly vehicular due to its

******************************************************* 49 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

remote location. Most adjacent land use

surrounding the site is recreational. A reservoir

is at the base of the hills bridging a creek by an

adobe dam used to control collected rain water

released on demand.

Site Impact

There is no foreseeable danger as the result of

this project for the health or safety of the

surrounding population. The project will place

additional traffic load on the surrounding

roadways. Also due to the nature of the project,

the frequency and time of traffic along the

surrounding roadways may alter throughout all

hours of the day and night. The development and

zoning of that area relative to what may already

have been planned may cause land values to

fluctuate. No negative impacts are foreseeable on

existing developments other than the increased

competition between this and other similar

facilities. No financial burdens will fall on the

surrounding community as a result of the

realization of this project.

******************************************************* 50 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Climate

Classified as hot-arid, the climate of the Phoenix

area provides mild winters, very pleasant spring

and fall weather, and high summer temperatures.

Typically there is low relative humidity, often

under 20% and low annual precipitation. Sunshine

averages 86 percent of the possible amount,

ranging from a minimum monthly average of about 77

percent in January to 94 percent in June.

There are two distinct rainfall seasons. The

first, from November through March, is

characterized by "light" storms from the Pacific.

The second, called the "monsoon season", is a hot,

humid period in late summer characterized by late

afternoon and evening thunderstorms. Violent dust

storms may precede heavy rains typical of this

season. Total annual rainfall averages below ten

inches, but the intensity of some of the storms is

capable of causing rapid flooding and drainage

difficulties.

The region, in general terms, is not windy.

During the spring months west and southwesterly

breezes predominate. In July and August — the

******************************************************* 51 ******

*******************************4r********* natural systems *******

thunderstorm season — there are often locally

strong, gusty winds; usually, but not always,

flowing from a southeasterly direction.

Throughout the year it is not uncommon to have

long periods of several days in which the wind

does not exceed 10 miles an hour. Summer breezes

are considered an asset.

It is expected to take advantage of opportunities

for possible outdoor activities and use. It is

important to note that protection from the sun is

necessary for much of the day for at least four

months each summer. In contrast, during the

winter months the lower ambient temperatures make

sunshine highly desirable.

Daytime temperatures from October 1 to May 15 are

moderate and conducive to outdoor activities;

heavy clothing is not necessary. Normal daily

highs are frequently between 55 and 65 degrees,

and occasionally warmer. Winter evenings can be

chilly, with low temperatures frequently in the

40's.

From about May 20 through July 10, daytime highs

are typically above 100 degrees, but the dryness

and light breezes combine to make passive outdoor

******************************************************* 52 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

activities enjoyable. With highs that may reach

115 degrees, shade is imperative for outdoor

comfort.

The "humid" period extends from about July 10

through September 5. While the daytime highs may

be slightly lower than late June and early July,

the higher relative humidity adds considerable

discomfort for any outdoor activity. During these

months evening temperatures can remain in the

90's.

Possibilities for responding to t:his climate

include shading devices, insulation, double roofs,

deep reveals, high ceilings, small windovrs, etc.

Caution must given to the creation of sun pockets,

which are areas where the stui's rays are radiated

emd re-radiated from opposing surfaces. Large

areas of concrete and pavement should be shaded to

make these areas more comfortable. Because of the

climate of Phoenix and the orientation of the

site, the natural energy resources of the site

should be optimized. Solar energy can be utilized

for daylighting and passive heating. Lemdscaping

and building materials can also help in the

design.

******************************************************* 53 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Geological Setting

I will assume that surface and subsurface

conditions will allow for excavation and

earthmoving. The bearing capacity of subsurface

soils is adequate for the anticipated

construction.

Phoenix is located in earthquake zone 2.

No land slides, subsidence, or earthquakes are

likely to occur in this area or in areas

immediately relative to the site.

The following table provides the normal maximum, minimum, and mean monthly temperatures for this area:

HORMAL MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND MEAN TCMPERATURE BY MONTH 1950-1981

January February March April May June July August Sepiember October November December

fMXIMUM 652 69.7 74.5 83.1 92.4

102.3 105.0 102.3

982 87.7 74.3 66.4

MINIMUM 39.5 42.5 46.7 53.0 61.5 70.6 79.5 77.5 70.9 59.1 46.9 402

MEAN 52.3 56.1 60.6 68.0 77.0 86.5 92.3 89.9 64.6 73.4 60.6 53.3

Annual 85.1 57 J 712

Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Assoaation, Technical MemoranriiimNWSWR-177 March 1983.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 54 * * * * * *

***************************************** natural systems *******

CONTEXT CASE STUDIES

******************************************************* 55 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

CONTEXT CASE STUDY (1)

Spring Lake Park Visitors Center

This project is similar to the resort hotel in

that it requires the facility to relate to the

individual user as well as to the group users. It

is to provide for a place to visit expressing a

"sympathetic relationship to the environment.""

The focus of the facility was intended to be a

environmental educational tool, allowing visitors

a direct look at how the center dealt with its

environment in a manner least detrimental to all.

******************************************************* 56 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Project:

Paci1ity-type:

Client:

Architect:

User:

When and Where:

Site:

Building:

Major Spaces:

Budget:

Spring Lake Park Visitors Center

visitor center

Sonoma County Parks Department

Obie G. Bowman

local Park administration and visitors

Santa Rosa, California; not built

sloping site on a oak and buckeye forest

It is will house exhibition areas and administration space for the Sonoma Parks Department

1) Offices 2) exhibition area 3) Amphitheater

unknown

******************************************************* 57 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

CEILING FAN DISCHARGES HOT AIR THROUGH EAVE VENTS AUTOMATIC LOUVERS

VENT COLLECTOR VIA ROOF VENTS

COOLING SECTION

SUPPLY MANIFOLD WITH BLOWERS

WOOD-BURNING STOVE WITH CATALYTIC COMBUSTOR

HEATING SECTION

^ ^ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 58 * * * * * *

************************************^i,**** natural systems *******

' ' I

•III > 1.

r ^ y

'.'-•/

ja^;^; _y.

******************************************************* 59 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Analysis

The Visitors Center is a 2,000-square-foot

pyramidal structure designed by Obie G. Bowman

(the architect of Sea Ranch.) "The client's

primary concern was that the building establish a

sympathetic relationship to the environment.

Accordingly, Bowman set the building down into the

natural grade with concrete retaining walls and

incorporated an amphitheater within the sloping

site. To provide shading while creating a

translucent enclosure with views to the

surrounding landscape, the architect completely

covered the glazed structure with wooden louvers

and topped it with an attic housing, a natural

ventilation system... 'recognizing the California

need for shading,' and 'integrating an appropriate

energy conservation system within the building's

architecture.'

Solar collectors oriented to the southeast take

advantage of heat gain and are augmented by a

wood-burning stove and fans in the attic to

******************************************************* 60 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

architect developed a series of underground

cooling tubes combined with an attic fan that

sucks the cool air up through the visitors center.

The exhibit area is housed in a central tentlike

structure within the main space, but the entire

center is intended to be a environmental

educational tool in itself, allowing visitors a

behind-the-scenes look at the building's

mechanical systems.

Pedestrian access with remote parking maintains

the character of the site's oak and buckeye

forest. To minimize damage to the sensitive site

during construction, the area will be fenced off

to protect its woodland... Trees and Boulders

removed from the site during construction will be

reused to build a storyteller's cavern

approximately 45 feet southeast of the main

building."'

Site schematic;

1. main area 2. attic 3. amphitheater

4. parking 5. future cavern

******************************************************* 61 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

CONTEXT CASE STUDY (2)

Phoenix Solar Oasis Model

This project deals with climatic techniques in an

urban environment integrating a public plaza into

a desert community. The design achieves a goal

similar to what the resort needs to accomplish and

that is to create an area that facilitates people

in a harsh environment.

******************************************************* 62 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Project:

Faci1ity-type:

Client:

Planner:

User:

When and Where:

Site:

Building:

Major Space:

Budget:

Phoenix Solar Oasis Model

Urban plaza (re-development)

city of Phoenix

Jeffrey Cook

city pedestrians

Phoenix, Arizona; (plan)

city center

It is composed of ten cool towers and a tensile shelter.

1) plaza 2) sitting areas

unknown (9000 meters sq.)

***** ************************************************** 63 ******

***************************************** na tura l systems *******

******************************************************* 64 ******

***************************************** na tura l systems *******

******************************************************* 65 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Analysis

This comprehensive urban design proposal includes

bioclimatic techniques to modify the outdoor

experience on the top of a concrete car parking

structure in the center of one of the hottest

cities of the world. Architectural, biological

and mechanical devices are integrated in a public

plaza that has educational and demonstration

purposes — it is a model for transforming the

urban environment of desert communities.

The solar oasis is a refreshing island of public

space in the city center, an open meeting place

that filters and modulates the harshness of a

desert climate. Two rows of cool towers establish

the east side of the Oasis. Ten cool towers are

18m tall and passively provide a reverse chimney

by evaporating water at the top. The heavier and

cooler humidified air freely drops pulling new air

in the top, and causing a draft of evaporatively

cooled air at the bottom. At plaza level in

midsummer the air to a height of 1.7m is changed

and cooled passively every 20 seconds.

******************************************************* 66 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

An asymmetrical tensile shelter allows the warmth

of winter morning sun to penetrate, but provides

shade during other times. The dynamic shape has

hot air exhausts at its low points. The diagonal

path protects the main pedestrian route across the

plaza.

******************************************************* 67 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

End Notes

1 Architecture. May 1991. p. 83.

2 Ibid., p. 83.

3 Progressive Architecture. September 1991 p. 35.

******************************************************* 68 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

ANALYSIS OF ACTIVITIES

******************************************************* 69 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

overview of Guest Activities

One must consider the wide array of possible interests of the resort user before breaking them down into individual activities. These interests include the following.

Year Round Activities

These activities take place in the summer as well as the winter. Year-round activities provide a homogeneous continuity of resort life during all seasons of the year.

Social Activities

Social Activities at any resort include eating, drinking, dancing, talking and relaxing. Social life, to most vacationers, is the main reason why they are there.

* Eating is done in an atmosphere that is comfortable and relaxing. It is one of the most favorite and required activities.

* Drinking is done almost anywhere at a resort hotel. It helps people to relax and should be focused toward social functions and away from recreational activities.

* Dancing is associated with drinking and relaxing. It usually takes place in the bar/pool area where a sound system or band stand is set up.

* Talking is associated with all the other activities.

* Relaxing is done in areas of less activity and leisure.

******************************************************* 70 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Recreational Activities

Year-round recreation activities should take place indoors so they are not affected by the weather. Recreation provides entertainment and enjoyment to all participants. It gives a physical outlet for pressure and tension. These are some recreational activities.

* Aerobic Exercise is usually done in classes. This exercise allows men, women, and children to participate. It is done while listening to music in the form of dancing.

* Racquetball is an indoor game played by 2 to 4 players. It has become very popular in the United States.

* Tennis, volleyball, and badminton are indoor sports (outdoor also) that include team involvement and relaxation.

* Swimming is one of the most well-rounded exercises for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of the body, as well as for toning muscles.

Overview of Service Activities

Next important to the activities of the visitors are the service activities. These are some of the service activities that take place in a resort.

* Reception includes several activities: registration (both guest and advance) cashier and accounting information, mail, messages, keys communication (telephone / switch board) management

* Administration / Accounting This depart:ment has a selected staff with training and/or college degrees with the knowledge of operating a resort hotel.

******************************************************* 71 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

* Housekeeping This activity includes a full-time staff at the service of the user. Housekeeping is responsible for cleaning rooms daily as well as keeping the lobby and restaurant are as clean.

* Food and Beverage (preparation / service) Activities include cooking for and preparing banquets and special events. Also included are the food/bar service in the restaurant and bar areas.

* Maintenance Activities include repair and replacement of broken support equipment in the resort. The landscape maintenance should also be incorporated.

* Retail (purchasing department) This department includes the selling of items for the entire hotel and resort. These items would include dry goods and food for the restaurant, liquors, laundry supplies, paper and office supplies, and maintenance parts and supplies.

* Recreational Services This department includes the preparation an observation of recreational activities. Tours, sports instructors, lifeguards, and other staff should be on hand to schedule and organize recreational activities.

Pattern of Activities

The activities of the resort hotel are centered around the guest. All activities are made to provide an enjoyable and memorable experience for the guest; someone who wants to escape the every day confusion of the business world and engage in one or more activities offered by the resort.

******************************************************* 72 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Since guests are transient residents of the resort, most activities occur in the guest's primary and public spaces. Social interaction in the resort environment occurs on all levels: private, semi-private, and public.

Preliminary activities pertain to the guest's transition into the resort. Upon arrival, the guest must identify and be invited into the registration area. When registration is completed, the guest will proceed to his primary space; personal accommodations. The area allows the guest to take care of all private activities as well as to prepare and plan for further social interaction.

From his room, the guest behavior pattern cannot be precisely predicted. The guest is expected to fulfill the requirements of basic human needs which include eating, drinking, and sleeping. These activities can be expected to occur in a daily cycle. Guests tend to combine social interaction with these basic needs. The location and relationship of the various public spaces is crucial in creating positive behavioral responses as well as operating efficiently.

Circulation space develops into primary space for social interaction and serves as a linkage between activities. The location of income generating public spaces near main circulation is important to draw people into the resort to allow further use of the facility.

Administration and operation spaces are made to cater to all the needs of the guest, and maintain an excellent image of the resort. Efficient use of resources is key to the operations of the resort. Establishing operational tasks with respect to guest needs and behavior is the basic issue in the success of the resort.

******************************************************* 73 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

User Group

The user of the resort will be derived from all walks of life and all areas of the world. Visitors from the west coast to the east coast of the United States are frequent repeat visitors, while others may be fulfilling a lifetime dream. The attraction of a "sun belt resort area"'

Basic Activity Relationships

Public, private, and semi-private functions interact with one another throughout the resort and frequently through time.

Private Functions

Personal living activities can be divided into private and semi-private functions. Semi-private activities occur in areas of meal preparation and relaxation such as watching television. The guest proceeds into private functions beginning with personal hygiene and ending with sleeping.

Semi-Private Functions

The user group for the Semi-Private activities consists of employee and support organizations for the resort itself. These activities can be divided into Administration and Service facilities.

The administration's function is to advise and control the public, semi-public, and private functions. Service organizations are semi-public and support the resort as a whole, 24 hours a day.

Public Fxinctions

Public functions are the most broadly utilized group of activities on a resort. The user group includes tourists, visitors, and local residents.

******************************************************* 74 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

These activities can occur at the same time, but usually in different places. A person can enter an activity through a transition interface into an activity already in progress. A pattern results and suggests that public activities all exist in different areas, spaces and places, but may and do exist at the same point in time.

******************************************************* 75 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Specific Activity Analysis

The following analysis will summerize all of the activities and divide them into one of three basic activity groups of a resort: guest, operational, and administrative. Each activity will be broken down into the following categories:

Task — (primary) the physical and behavioral patterns of the activity-

User — the participants of the (task) activity.

Issue — the goal(s) that the user should and may encounter during each activity.

Activity — (related or secondary) perceptions of what the guest will do.

Relationship — a diagram of activities related.

******************************************************* 76 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Arrival and Departure

User: Guests and Visitors

Issue: The user feels lost and unguided upon arrival at the resort.

Activity:

* view of resort * parking * registration * baggage loading and loading * relaxing and meeting * talking

Relationships:

ARRIVAL

PARKING

BAGGAGE HANDUNG

REGISTRATION

PERSONAL ACCOMODATIONS

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 77 * * * * * *

******************************^,^,^^,^,^,^,^,^,^^ natural systems *******

Task: Registration / Reception

User: Guest and Staff

Issue: The registration area must be visible and accessible inviting the user into the area.

Activity:

* orientation and registration * information * key distribution * mail and messages * baggage storage * talking and relaxing * making telephone calls

Relationships:

ARR VAL

REGISTRATION ^

^ BAGGAGE STORAGE

ADMINISTRATION

^ PUBLIC SPACE

^ PRIVATE SPACE

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *i,*if*.f,*if If JQ * * * * ^ *

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Baggage Handling

User: Staff

Issue: Most guests prefer to retain sight of their baggage for fear that it may lost or stolen.

Activity:

* parking * loading and unloading * greeting * directing and informing

Relationships:

* see registration diagram

******************************************************* 79 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Waiting

User: Guests and Visitors

Issue: The user feels ignored and becomes irritable if forced to wait too long.

Activity:

* relaxing * socializing * reading and contemplation * drinking and snacking * communication by phone

Relationships:

DINING

WAITING

CIRCULATION

A-LOUNGING REGISTRATION

A: PUBLIC ACTIVITIES RECREATION

A.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 80 * * * * * *

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Lounging and Drinking

User: Guests and Visitors

Issue: The guest needs to be served and catered to so as to feel in a friendly environment.

Activity:

* eating and drinking * waiting and relaxing * socializing * talking * dancing

Relationships:

CIRCULATION

it i . WAITING

JT LOUNGE DINING

3 ^

3IZ FOOD & BEVERAGE PREPARATION

******************************************************* 81 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Dining

User: Guests and Visitors

Issue: Resort guests need multiple choices of atmospheres and food selections at all times of the day.

Activity:

* eating and drinking * observing * public interaction * private interaction * entertainment * business / pleasure

Relationships:

* see lounge diagram

******************************************************* 82 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Assembly / Meeting

User: Guests and Visitors

Issue: Make resort attractive and available for conventions throughout the year especially off season months.

Activity:

* conventions * weddings / receptions * exhibitions * dances / performances * banquets / lectures * food and beverage

Relat ionships :

PARKING

CIRCULATION

WAITING

_ N /

A. RESTROOMS

e

ASSEMBLY

F(X)D PREPARATION ^ SUPPORT FACILITY

sl STORAGE

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 83 * * * * * *

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Recreation (active)

User: Guests and Visitors

Issue: Provide for recreational functions so that the users feel comfortable and relaxed.

Activity:

* water sports * tennis * jogging / biking * aerobics * organized sports * hot tub / spa * volleyball * music * changing dress attire

Relationships:

PUBLIC SPACE PRIVATE SPACE

CIRCULATION

GUEST SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

j iLi . SPECIFIC ACITIVITIES

STORAGE e-^ MAINTENANCE

******************************************************* 84 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Recreation (passive)

User: Guests and Visitors

Issue: Provide for less active functions adjacent to recreation areas where user can sit and cool down or observe.

Activity:

* relaxation * observation * sunbathing * socializing * food and beverage * reading

Relationships:

* see recreation (active) diagram

******************************************************* 85 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Personal Accommodations

User: Guests

Issue: Provide a restful environment for the user to feel comfort and privacy.

Activity:

* sleeping * dressing / ironing * watching television * telephone * personal hygiene * personal storage * eating and drinking * shaving / bathing * relaxing

Relationships:

PUBLIC SAPCE

CIRCULATION

\/_ PRIVATE SPACE

S''

GUESTROOMS

jJL ^ STORAGE HOUSEKEEPING MAINTENANCE

3ti.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 86 * * * * * *

*************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******

Task: Administration / Management

User: Administrative staff

Issue: Provide a warm, receptive environment with easy access to information and communication systems. It is important to keep the resort running efficiently, smoothly, and economically without customer complaints.

Activity:

* registration * supervision * operation of resort * telephone communication * employment / recruitment * staff interaction * meeting / greeting

Relationships:

ACCOUNTING e

PURCHASING

MANAGEMENT

- 2 j ^

COMMUNICA' IONS ^

s / CX)MPUTERS

REGISTRATION

RECEPTION

CLERICAL

e

- i J ^ ADMINISTRATION

. OFFICES

^STORAGES

-^

^ CATERING

^ SERVICES

^ RECEIVING

^ LOADING DOCK

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * y , * y , ^ j ^ * ^ y t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 7 i,i,i,^^^

******************:****>;***^^^^^^^^^^^^j^^^ natural systems *******

Task: Bookkeeping / Accounting

User: Administrative Staff

Issue: To run an efficient accounting department capable of handling the resort's books.

Activity:

* management * accounts payable / receivable * financial reports * auditing * keeping ledger * registration

Relationships:

* see administration / management diagram

******************************************************* 88 ******

********-k*****-k******-k*-k***-ki,-k*i^it-k-ki!ititi!*i, natural systems *******

Task: Secretarial / Clerical / Office

User: Administrative Staff

Issue: The clerical staff is in charge of registration, reservation, and cashier duties. Their environment should be comfortable in order that they may function in a professional manner.

Activity:

* typing / filing * computer skills * xeroxing / mailing * reception * telephone use * relaying messages * storage

Relationships:

* see administration / management diagram

******************************************************* 89 ******

************-k-k**-k*-k*-k****-k*ici,-k*-k-k****-k-k** natural systems *******

Task: Purchasing

User: Administrative Staff

Issue: To receive goods and purchases and process them in an efficient manner.

Activity:

* purchasing supplies * inventory * supervision * security * delivering / receiving * loading / unloading

Relationships:

* see administration / management diagram

******************************************************* 90 ******

**************************^;^;i^*^^^^^^^^yt^^ natural systems *******

Task: Catering

User: Staff

Issue: To deliver services to guests on time.

Activity:

* room service * preparation of food * coordination of food services * storing tableware / linens * deliveries

Relationships:

* see administration / management diagram

******************************************************* 91 ******

****************;(cyt*yt^^^^^yj^y^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******

Task: Back-of-House Areas

User: Operational staff

Issue: To maintain a high quality of work by creating pleasant workable conditions.

Activity:

* supervise services * supervise work schedules * maintain a l l public and pr iva te areas

Relat ionships:

PRIVATE SPACE ^

PUBLIC SPACE ^ - CIRCULATION

-)|tiOUSEKEEPINGh

^ LAUNDRY

> SERVICES

) RECEIVING

^ MAINTENANCE

-) STORAGE

s/_ FOOD & BEVERAGE PREPARATION

******************************************************* 92 ******

*-k**-k-k*ir*-k-k-k-ki!-k-ki^-k-kiK-k-kiK*-k*-k-k-k-k-ki(ifk*i!-k-k-k-k-k natural systems

Task: Housekeeping

User: Operational Staff

Issue: To promote high production level and positive work attitude.

Activity:

* supervise housekeeping staff * clean all areas of guestrooms * clean and store supplies / linens * waste disposal

Relationships:

* see back-of-house-area diagram

*******

******************************************************* 93 ******

********-k**-k-k*-k-k-k-k-k-kickicit*-k-ki,i,icMitici,i^i^iti^i^i(it natural systems *******

Task: Laundry

User: Operational Staff

Issue: To receive, wash, dry, clean, fold, store, and return clean laundry in the least amount of time.

Activity:

* washing * drying * folding / ironing * mending / altering * service storage

distributing clean laundry *

Relationships:

* see back-of-house area diagram

******************************************************* 94 ******

*********-k*-k-k-k-k**-k-k*-k*:*it****-k-ki!-i^i!-kit-ki,itifk-k natural systems *******

Task: Preparing and Serving (food and beverages)

User: Food Service Staff

Issue: To quickly prepare and serve food and drinks to the guests.

Activity:

* lounging and dining service * guestroom service * service storage * preparation of food and beverages * serving * cleaning tables / bar

Relationships:

* see back-of-house area diagram

******************************************************* 95 ******

*********-k****-k-ki,-k-k-k-k-ki,-k-k-k-ki,-^i,i,i,i,.^.^.^i,i,i,.i,.^ natural systems *******

Task: Maintenance

User: Maintenance Staff

Issue: To efficiently maintain the building and its mechanical areas in an orderly and professional manner.

Activity:

* inspection * repairs * preventive and corrective maintenance * storage of equipment * safety checks * emergency

Relationships:

* see back-of-house area diagram

******************************************************* 9g ******

*********-k**-k-k***-ki,-Mi,i,i,i,i,i,i,i,4,i,^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******

Task: Staff Preparation

User: Resort Staff

Issue: To provide an area for the staff to relax.

Activity:

* dressing * personal hygiene * rest and relaxation * personal storage areas * check in / check out

Relationships:

PARKING

JiJii.

ENTRY

STAFF PREPARATION

BACK-OF-HOUSE AREA

PRIVATE SPACE e^—^ PUBLIC SPACE

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * v t * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 97 * * * * * *

***************************************** natural systems *******

Task: Security

User: Security Staff

Issue: To provide check points throughout the resort for surveillance and protection.

Activity:

* supervision over property * monitoring of entrances and exits * supervision over guests and staff * storage for all valuables

Relationships:

SECURITY

J:^

INTERIOR RESORT

PROPERTY

Nl/ EXTERIOR RESORT

PROPERTY

******************************************************* 98 ******

*****************************^^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******

Task: Circulation

User: Guests, Visitors, and Staff

Issue: The resort should provide pleasant patterns of movement between primary activities; both vertical and horizontal It should access all environments to all people while creating interest in circulation paths.

Activity:

* guest interaction * patterns * movement throughout entire site

Relationships:

PUBLIC SPACE ^

PRIVATE SPACE

ENTRY ~PF—

CIRCULATION ADMINISTRATION

) STORAGE

\/' BACK-OF-HOUSE AREAS

******************************************************* 99 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

ANALYSIS OF SPACES

******************************************************* 100 ******

**********************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ natural systems *******

SPACE SUMMARY

This space list is to help the designer in approaching all the individual areas in the resort. Each space is identified into categories that will distinguish the properties of the space.

PERSONAL ACCOMMODATIONS:

Guest Rooms 39,704 s.f.

Corridors 4,000 s.f.

Maid / Linen 400 s.f.

44,104 s.f.

LOBBY AREA:

Lobby 1,800 s.f.

Front Desk 300 s.f.

Baggage Storage 160 s.f.

1,700 s.f.

ADMINISTRATION:

General Manager's Office 200 s.f.

Secretary's Office 150 s.f.

Assistant Manager's Office 150 s.f.

Clerical Office 350 s.f.

Reservation Office 200 s.f.

:***************************************************** 101 ******

******************************j^^^^^^j^jij^^^ natural systems *******

Front Desk Office 150 s.f.

Director of Catering Office 150 s.f.

Director of Security Office 150 s.f.

Personnel Office 200 s.f.

Housekeeping Office 150 s.f.

Accounting Office 400 s.f.

Record Storage 150 s.f.

2,400 s.f.

FOOD AND BEVERAGE AREAS:

Lounge / Bar 900 s.f.

Restaurant 1,400 s.f.

Snack Bar 150 s.f.

2,450 s.f.

MEETING AREA:

Ballroom 2,400 s.f.

Ballroom Foyer 400 s.f.

Meeting Rooms 1,000 s.f.

Banquet Room 560 s.f.

Storage 400 s.f.

4,760 s.f.

******************************************************* 102 ******

***************************************** natural systems ******'

BACK-OF-THE-HOUSE AREAS:

Main Kitchen

Staff Lounge

Employee Locker Room

Laundry Room

Receiving Area

Trash Area

General Storage

Food and Beverage Storage

Maintenance and Engineering

800 s.f.

216 s.f.

800 s.f.

1,600 s.f.

900 s.f.

(included in rec.)

400 s.f.

100 s.f.

1,000 s.f.

Chief Engineer

Communication Room

Personnel Office

Mechanical Room

(included in engr.)

(included in engr.)

300 s.f.

1,000 s.f.

7,116 s.f.

RETAIL:

Rental Spaces

Rental Storage

Gift Shop / Florist

Newsstand

Game Room

Rental Car

400 s.f.

200 s.f.

300 s.f.

150 s.f.

400 s.f.

200 s.f.

1,650 s.f.

******************************************************* 103 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

MISCELLANEOUS:

Entry Vestibule 1,000 s.f.

Public Restrooms 320 s.f.

Public Phones 50 s.f.

Registration and Coat Room 600 s.f.

Elevator Area 140 s.f.

Storage 200 s.f.

Vending / Ice room 100 s.f.

2,410 s.f.

CIRCULATION

Public Circulation 2,000 s.f

Back-of-House Circulation 1,200 s.f.

3,200 s.f.

RECREATIONAL:

Indoor / Outdoor

Swimming Pool and Spa 3,800 s.f.

Pool Equipment 300 s.f.

Tennis Courts 3,600 s.f.

Weight Training 400 s.f.

Exercise Studio 600 s.f.

Lockers and Steam Room 620 s.f.

Storage 200 s.f.

9,520 s.f.

******************************************************* 104 ******

*****************************^^^^^^^^^^yp^ natural systems *******

PARKING

Restaurant 15 spaces

Meeting Rooms 21 spaces

Visitor 24 spaces

Staff 24 spaces

84 spaces

Guest Parking 58 spaces

Total spaces 142 spaces

Total sq. ft. 49,700 s.f.

******************************************************* 105 ******

*******************************ytyt^^yj^*^** natural systems *******

PERSONAL ACCOMMODATIONS

Guestrooms

Space: Double-Double Guestrooms Presidential Suites Hospitality Suites Suites

Area Required:

Double-Double Room size: 24' x 12' = 288' 108 @ 288' = 31,104 s.f

Presidential Room size: 34' X 34' = 1,156' 2 @ 1,156' = 2,312 s.f.

Hospitality Room size: 28' X 30' = 840' 2 @ 840' = 1,680 s.f

Suites Room size: 24' X 24' = 576' 8 @ 576' = 4,608 s.f.

Functional Description:

Guests personal accommodation. The Double/Double guestroom is meant to accommodate 1 - 4 guests.

Design Objectives:

* accommodate all personal needs * adapt to human needs * provide private outdoor space * flexibility

Occupants:

* varies from room to room

******************************************************* 106 ******

****************************************^ natural systems *******

Space: Corridors

Area Required:

10% of guestrooms = 10% x 39,704 s.f. = 4,000 s.f.

Functional Description:

Provide circulation for guests, service and administration areas.

Design Objectives:

* provide entry way for each guest room * separate guests from service areas * provide alcoves for vending machines * conform to safety regulations (codes)

Occupants:

* all guests and staff

******************************************************* 107 ******

******************************j^^^^^y^y^^**^ natural systems *******

Space: Maid / Linen

Area Required: 400 s.f.

Functional Description:

Center of housekeeping and storage for equipment and supplies

Design Objectives:

* provide access to guest rooms * provide access to all the resort * maximize efforts of employees

Occupants:

* varies but mostly janitors

******************************************************* 108 ******

**-k*ifk-k-k*-k-ki,-ki^-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k**-k-k*-kifA-k-kic-k**-k-k-k-k-k natural systems *******

LOBBY AREA

Space: Lobby

Area Required:

Most hotels provide 6 -10 square feet / guest of floor area in the lobby.

10 X 120 (# of rooms) = 1,200 s.f."

Description:

Area for initial guest entry which provides areas for guest interaction

Design Objectives:

* create a pleasant first impression * be inviting to guests * establish an "ambience" to resort * service main circulation

Occupants:

* varies; depends on traffic periods

FUHcnat Room \

ADMIHISTRATIOM

FROHTDESK

R£TJUL SHOn

GJUUGC

LOBBY

/ : \

RESTAURAKT

LOUMCB

BUESTROOm

RBCREATttm

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10 9 * * * * * *

***************yjyjy,^^^y^y^y^y^ ^ . ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

TtTfxx*************** natural systems *******

Space: Front Desk

Area Required: 300 s.f.

Functional Description:

Area which contains registration and business activities of the guests

Design Objectives:

* Allow 6 feet per station + 1 for ea, rooms.

* should be easy to identify * present good impression and image * free of structural columns * reservations and operators are near * separate registration and cashier

Occupants:

* 2 - 3 staff

150

FROHTOFF.MGR

RESBRV.MGR

RESCRVATIOHS h COUNTRM

SAFEDEPOSn

WORK AREA

FRONT DESK

^ ^

h RECEPTION

. ^

CASHIER

RMS ASST MGR

ASSTMGR

SOURCE: Rutes, page 170

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * y , ^ y ^ y . y ^ ^ y ^ y ^ y ^ y ^ y ^ ^ y ^ ^ y ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ j ^ Q ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

*****************************yjy^yj^yjyjyj^yjyj^^ natural systems *******

Space: Baggage Storage

Area Required: 200 s.f.

Functional Description:

Long and short-term storage of luggage To unload, store and deliver guest baggage

Design Objectives:

* provide a bellman station near front desk * provide public phone, house phone, paging, and electrical outlets

* provide separate rooms with shelves for baggage and carts and direct access to curb

Occupants:

* none

******************************************************* 111 ******

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ y j ********************** natural systems *******

ADMINISTRATION

Space: Administration Areas (12 units)

Area Required: 2,400 s.f,^

Functional Description:

Manage all resort administrative activities. Office area.

Design Objectives:

* need to be easily accessible to guests * need to be accessible to administrative areas

* provide a good work atmosphere to employees

Occupants:

* varies according to each office

TOILETS

F&B ASST MGR

SECRETARY ] - RECEPTION

GEN'L MGR

CONF. RM

Z\

ow. OF PUBUC REL.

SECY

\

I SAl£S DIR. I

SAUS REPS

SALES i CATERING SECTS

SOURCE: Rutes, page 167 COHV.SERV.

J FUNCTION BK.

CATERING MORS ]

BANQUET MGR

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 112 * * * * * *

*******************************^yj^y^yjy,y^^y,y, natural systems *******

FOOD AND BEVERAGE AREAS

Space: Food and Beverage Areas

Area Required:

Lounge / Bar size: 900 s.f.

Restaurant size: 1,400 s.f.

Snack Bar size: 150 s.f.

Functional Description:

To provide flexible areas for eating and drinking allowing a range of moods catering to the guests

Design Objectives:

* allow for public and private interaction * stimulate social interaction * provide entertainment * provide intimate spaces

Occupants:

* Lounge / Bar:

60 seats @ 15 s.f. = 900 s.f.

* Restaurant:

restaurant 160 x 6 s.f. = 960 s.f. ballroom 160 x 2 s.f. = 320 s.f. # of rooms 120 x 1 s.f. = 120 s.f.°

Total = 1,400 s.f.

* Snack Bar: 150 s.f.

******************************************************* 113 ******

***************************************** natural systems * * * * * * *

MEETING AREA

Space: Ballroom

Area Required:

Generally, 15 square feet per guest is acceptable. 15 s.f. x 160 bays = 2,400 s.f.

Functional Description:

To provide a function space for guests to hold conventions, banquets, weddings, and parties.

Design Objectives:

* allow flexibility for various activities * provide a separate function entrance from the street or the parking area.

* locate close to and easily accessible to the lobby.

Occupants:

* maximum capacity of 200 people

BAOROOM FOYER

[>

1 ( rOILITS, ! _ :OATS I

^^^ SALES | _ OFFICE I

\ -BAllROOM

BANQUET ROOMS

MEETING ROOMS

EXHIBmON HAU

b 1 k 1 k 1 k J

STORAGE 1

mCHEM 1

BACK-OF-HOUSE | AREAS 1

******************************************************* 114 *****'

*********-k*-kit*-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-ki,-k-k-ki,-k-k-k-ki^i^i^-k-kit*-k* natural systems *******

Space: Ballroom Foyer

Area Required:

Generally, the ballroom foyer is one sixth times the size of the Banquet/Ballroom area. 1/6 X 2,400 s.f. = 400 s.f.^

Functional Description:

To serve as a space to lounge as well as an enclosed entrance to maintain acoustic and visual separation between resort circulation, areas. Entry to ballroom and meeting rooms.

Design Objectives:

* must be adjacent to lobby and ballroom

Occupants:

* varies with each activity

******************************************************* 115 ******

*******-k*:-k***-k*-k-k-k-k-k-k-k*ic*it*-ki<-k*-k****-k-k**-k natural systems *******

Space: Meeting Rooms Banquet Room

Area Required:

Meeting Room 2 @ 500 s.f. = 1,000 s.f.^ Banquet Room 1 @ 560 s.f. = 560 s.f.

Functional Description:

To provide space for smaller groups to meet for sales promotions, instruction, and meals. To hold conventions, banquets, and parties.

Design Objective:

* Divisibility - allow subdivisions * need to be flexible

Occupants:

* varies from occasion to occasion * maximum capacity of 165 in each meeting

room.

Space: Storage

Area Required: 400 s.f.

Functional description:

Storage for assembly equipment.

Design Objectives:

* provide security for storage * adjacent to back-of-the house

Occupants: none

******************************************************* 116 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

BACK-OF-THE-HOUSE AREAS

Space: Main Kitchen

Area Requirement: 800 s.f.

Functional Description:

Among all of the service areas, food preparation is the most critical in terms of efficient operations and guest satisfaction. The essential connection is to storage, restaurant, elevators, and banquet areas.

Design Objectives:

* provide efficient and compact centers * provide service to all dining areas * minimize distance between kitchen and

restaurant * provide fire protection systems

Occupants:

* 5 - 6

BiUMOM

BANQUET ROOMS }

PREFUNCVON

EMPLOYEE DINING

TRASH

BANOUn PANTRY

MAIN KITCHEN

FOOD t BEV. STORAGE

RECEIVING

ROOM SERVICE AREA

COFFEE SHOP PANTRY

SERVICE \ ElIVATORS I

COFFEE SHOP

RESTAURANT

COCKTAIL LOUNGE

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 1 7 * * * * * *

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Staff Lounge

Area Required:

1.8 s.f. X 120 bays = 216 s.f."

Functional Description:

An area for personnel to relax and eat breakfast, lunch, and dinner as well as take breaks.

Design Objectives:

* provide a pleasant, relaxing atmosphere * plan area near kitchen and employee locker rooms

* include vending and coffee machines

Occupants:

* maximum capacity of 18 people

******************************************************* 118 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Employee Locker Room

Area Required:

Men 350 s.f Women 450 s.f.

Total 800 s.f.

Functional Description:

To provide space for employees to keep their personal belongings, change clothes, rest and relax. It is a preparation area for employees

Design Objectives:

* provide facilities sized according to the staff program and shift schedule.

* plan separate access to toilet area without going through lockers.

Occupants:

* maximum capacity of 45 people

******************************************************* 119******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Laundry Room

Area Required: 1,600 s.f.

Functional Description:

A space to clean and sort laundry for guests linen and employee uniforms. Laundry service for all areas of the resort.

Design Objectives:

* provide linen chute for soiled laundry accessible by housekeeping on all floors.^^

* place uniform issue close to housekeeping * create separate access for night shift

Occupants:

* 4 - 6

******************************************************* 120 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Receiving / Trash Area

Area Required: 900 s.f.

Functional Description:

Area to receive shipments of supplies as well as to dispose of trash."

Design Objectives:

Receiving * provide raised dock to accommodate 2 semi

trailers * enclose 30 ft long dock, 15 ft office area."

* access should avoid cross traffic Trash * provide refrigerated area for garbage * provide area for washing cans and mats

Occupants:

* varies

^A*****************************************************12i ******

**********************************^*i,icifific natural systems *******

Space: General Storage

Area Required: 400 s.f.

Functional Description:

Area to store deliveries, office supplies, and other dry goods.

Design Objectives:

* locate adjacent to back-of-the-house areas as well as dock.

* provide security and bolted door locks.

Occupants:

* none

Space: Food and Beverage Storage

Area Required:

13% of main kitchen = 100 s.f."

Functional Description:

Storage of banquet equipment, dry foods, serving counters and refrigerated units.

Design Objectives:

* provide storage shelves for dry foods, alcoholic beverages, china, paper products, and silverware.

Occupants:

* none

******************************************************* 122 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Maintenance and Engineering Chief Engineer Communications area

Area Required: 1,000 s.f.

Functional Description:

Area for engineers and maintenance to operate usually 24 hours a day. Need to be adjacent to back-of-the-house areas and service elevators. Houses maintenance, repair, and engineering activities.

Design Objectives:

* place work shops in a compact manner * provide exhaust system * allow natural light * locate close to exit or dock.

Occupants:

* 6 - 8

******************************************************* 123 ******

*********************************i,ififififif*i, natural systems *******

Space: Personnel Office

Area Required: 300 s.f.

Functional Description:

Area to house personnel, security staff, timeclock, and interviewing area.

Design Objectives:

* include private office for interviewing, training, and counseling employees.

* provide visual control of the entrance and main corridor.

* provide a relaxing atmosphere

Occupants:

* 20 - 25

Space: Mechanical Room

Area Required: 1,000 s.f.

Functional Description:

Area to house transformers, boilers, and maintenance, repair, and engineering activities. Will operate 24 hours a day and needs to be adjacent to back-of-the-house areas and services elevators.

Design Objectives:

* locate work areas adjacent to one another. * possible location at basement or lower level.

* can use north light for work stations

Occupants:

* 4 - 6

******************************************************* 124 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

RETAIL:

Space: Rental Spaces

Area Required: 2 @ 200 s.f. = 400 s.f.

Functional Description:

Lease space available for little shops

Design Objectives:

* allow flexibility for each area * should be located adjacent to main entry * accessible to guests * arrange in manner to secure easily

Occupants:

* varies per lease space

Space: Rental Storage

Area Required: 2 @ 100 s.f. = 200 s.f.

Functional Description:

Storage for lease space

Design Objectives:

* locate adjacent to rental spaces * allow for adaptability * identify each lease space

Occupants:

* none

^c^icii*************************************************** 125******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Gift Shop / Florist

Area Required: 300 s.f.

Functional Description:

Provide flower service for guests and sell small memorable items.

Design Objectives:

* locate adjacent to rental spaces * allow daylight in shop and maintain temperatures to sustain plant life.

Occupants:

* varies

Space: Newsstand

Area Required: 150 s.f.

Functional Description:

Provide newspaper and magazine service to resort and guests.

Design Objectives:

* make easily accessible from entrance * locate adjacent to public area

Occupants:

* varies

^****************************************************** ±26 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Game Room

Area Required: 400 s.f.

Functional Description:

Provide video games, ping-pong, pool, and pastime alternative to guests.

Design Objectives:

* locate in adjacent to recreational area

* provide security and supervision

Occupants:

* varies during the day

Space: Rental Car

Area Required: 200 s.f.

Functional Description:

Provide car rental for guests. Extends the vacation scope to other tourist attractions in the area.

Design Objectives:

* locate close to parking * may be adjacent to basement underground parking

* easy access to lobby area

Occupants:

* varies

******************************************************* 127 ******

**********************************^s*ic*i,** natural systems *******

MISCELLANEOUS:

Space: Entry Vestibule

Area Required: 1,000 s.f.

Functional Description:

Area for initial guest entry which provides areas for guest interaction.

Design Objectives:

* provide a covered drop off area at main entrance to protect guests from weather.

* provide space for taxis and busses, loading and unloading of baggage, short term waiting and valet delivered cars. ^

* develop revolving doors to limit temperature fluctuations.

* provide ramps for disabled guests and heavy luggage.

Occupants:

* will vary; levels will change throughout the day.

******************************************************* 128 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Public Restrooms

Area Required:

Men 120 s.f. Women 200 s.f.

Total 320 s.f."

Functional Description:

Public restrooms are for the convenience and needs of the patrons.

Design Objectives:

* make handicap accessible * chief concern is convenience to patrons * locate close to entry

Occupants:

* varies

******************************************************* 129 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Public Phones

Area Required:

Minimum 1 pay phone for every 100 rooms. Therefore, need 50 s.f."

Functional Description:

Easy access for the users and employees to make telephone calls to outside the hotel.

Design Objectives:

* include house phones close to lobby * include public payphones * 3 ft for each phone * 2 payphones, 1 calling card phone, and 3 house phones

Occupants:

* varies; maximum of 6 people

******************************************************* 130 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Registration and coat Room

Area Required:

Generally the front office requires 5 ft. per guestroom. 5 X 120 = 600 s.f.'°

Functional Description:

Support to cashier functions, assembly registration and storage area for coats and bags.

Design Objectives:

* allow 6 ft per station + 1 for each 150 rooms."

* make visible from entrance and guests * cluster reception and work areas * place luggage and bellman near front desk * locate near cashier

Occupants:

* 4 - 6

******************************************************* 131 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Elevator

Area Required:

Public Elevator 100 s.f.

Service Elevator 40 s.f.

Storage 200 s.f.

Total 340 s.f.

Functional Description: Public Provide transportation to different levels in the resort to move guests. Service Provide transportation to different levels in the resort to move equipment and deliveries that are unacceptable to transport in guest elevators. Storage elevator equipment storage

Design Objectives:

Public * locate near guest corridors * locate along circulation paths Service * locate adjacent to room service, receiving areas, and laundry room housekeeping

Storage

* store elevator equipment

Occupants:

* varies per time of day

******************************************************* 132******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Vending / Ice Room

Area Required:

4 rooms @ 25 s.f. = 100 s.f.

Functional Description:

A place for guests to have access to ice, soft drinks and snacks at any time of the day.

Design Objectives:

* Design all ice rooms near the elevators * provide niches along halls

Occupants:

* varies

CIRCULATION

Space: Public Circulation

Area Required: 2,000 s.f.

Functional Description:

Circulation throughout all areas of the resort

Design Objectives:

* provide access to handicap * use natural lighting * allow for interaction and socializing * allow good visibility and access to guests

Occupants:

* varies

******************************************************* 133 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Back-of-the-house Circulation

Area Required: 1,200 s.f.

Functional Description:

Circulation throughout all Back-of-the-House areas

Design Objectives:

* provide access to service functions * allow effective and efficient layout * exit to back area and dock

Occupants:

* varies

******************************************************* 134 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

RECREATIONAL

Space: Indoor / Outdoor Pool and Spa and Pool Equipment

Area Required:

main pool 25' x 60' = 1,500 s.f. spa = 200 s.f. pool deck (10' perimeter) = 2,100 s.f. pool equipment = 300 s.f.

Total = 4,100 s.f.'

Functional Description:

Recreational area

Design Objectives:

* pool should accommodate the swimming and sunbathing needs of the guests with at least 10 ft deck space around the perimeter of the pool.

* provide for storage of pool equipment

Occupants:

* varies per time of day

******************************************************* 135 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Tennis Courts

Area Required:

Recommended ground space is approx. 1,800 s.f. to the playable perimeter fence."

1,800 s.f. X 2 courts = 3,600 s.f.

Functional Description:

Area to provide tennis courts for the guests to enjoy.

Design Objectives:

* preferred orientation is for the long axis to be north-south. Surface is to be concrete or bituminous material with protective coating. Drainage is to be end to end, side to side, or corner to corner diagonal at a minimal slope of 1 inch to 10 ft."

* in arid environment provide shading * dimensions are 20' x 44' plus 8' space on each end and a 5' space on each side."

Occupants:

* maximum of 4 players on court

******************************************************* 136 ******

********************************ic*ifif^^ifffic natural systems *******

Space: Weight Training

Area Required: 400 s.f.

Functional Description:

Work out and weight lifting area

Design Objectives:

* provide ventilation * provide equipment for weight training * items include: exercise mats, mirrors, music system, check in desk.

* locate near locker rooms

Occupants:

* maximum capacity of 8

Space: Exercise Studio

Area Required: 600 s.f.

Functional Description:

Area for aerobic exercise and workouts

Design Objectives:

* provide fans, ventilation, and exhaust system devices

* provide exercise bars, mirrors, mats, and music system

* locate near locker room

Occupants:

* maximum capacity of 10

******************************************************* 137 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Lockers and Sauna

Area Required:

Men's lockers 130 s.f Shower / toilets 100 s.f.

Women's lockers 130 s.f. Shower / toilets 100 s.f.

Men's sauna 80 s.f. Women's sauna 80 s.f.

Total 620 s.f.

Functional Description:

Lockers Area to provide space for guests to store clothing and shower. Preparation before and after workouts. Sauna Area to raise body temperature to perspire and loose weight.

Design Objectives:

Lockers * plan separate access toilets without passing through locker and dressing areas.

* provide areas for showers and dressing * design for ventilation Sauna * locate close to pool and locker room * locate within locker area

Occupants:

* varies during day

******************************************************* 138 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Space: Storage

Area Required: 200 s.f.

Functional Description:

A place to store equipment for weight training and sauna activities.

Design Objectives:

* allow for shelves, racks, and other equipment to be stored.

* locate adjacent to training and aerobics room

Occupants:

* none

******************************************************* 139 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

PARKING

Space: Parking lot

Area Required:

Parking lots, exclusive of drives for entering them, require roughly 350 sq. ft. per car."

Functional Description:

Area for temporary parking of cars. These belonging to guests, employees, etc.

Design Objectives:

* minimize destruction of natural features * avoid interaction between vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

* provide underground parking or shade parking

* design to obscure car parking lot * provide indigenous vegetation

Parking analysis:

Number of Rooms 120 Percent occupancy 85% People per Room 1.4 Percent arriving by car 60% People per car 1.5

Guest Parking and calculation:^^

(rooms)X(%occupancy)x(people/room)x(%by car)

(People/car)

120 x .85 X 1.4 x .60 = 57.12 cars

1.5

******************************************************* 140 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Restaurant Meeting Rooms Visitor Staff

.25 X 58 = 15 cars

.35 X 58 = 21 cars

.40 X 58 = 24 cars

.40 X 58 = 24 cars

=84 car spaces

142 spaces X 350 (s.f. per car) = 49,700 s.f.

******************************************************* 141 ******

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * n a t u r a l s y s t e m s * * * * * * *

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***************************************** n a t u r a l s y s t e m s *******

BACK-OF-THE-HOUSE MATRIX

FURNITURE STORAGE

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******************************************************* 143 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

PUBLIC SPACE ADJACENCY MATRIX

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******************************************************* 144 ******

**********************************icif*it^ific natural systems *******

End Notes

1 Rutes, Walker A., Hotel Planning and Design. (New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1985) p. 169

2 Jeanne Davern, Places for People (New York: McGraw Hill Inc., 1976) p. 63.

3 DeChiara, Joesph. Timesaver Standards for Building Types. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1980) p. 897.

4 Rutes, Administrative Space, p. 179.

5 DeChiara, p. 899.

6 DeChiara, Kitchens. p. 353.

7 Architect's Journal, Principals of Hotel Design. (London: The Architectural Press, 1970.) p. 123.

8 Gee, Chuck Y. Resort Development and Management. (East Lansing, MI.: Educational Institute of American Hotel and Motel Association. 1981) p. 43.

9 DeChiara, p. 881.

10 Kinzey, Bertram. Environmental Technologies in Architecture. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1963) p. 46.

11 Rutes, Back-to-the-House. p. 205.

12 Ibid, p. 204.

13 Littlefield, David. Ski Resort in Colorado. (Thesis, Texas Tech University. 1983) p. 46.

14 DeChiara, Commercial Kitchens, p. 345.

15 DeChiara, p. 897.

******************************************************* 145 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

16 Ibid., p. 896.

17 Ibid., p. 898.

18 Ibid., p. 898.

19 Rutes, Administration Space, p. 179.

20 DeChiara, p. 897.

21 Cozine, K. Tennis: The Sport. (New York: Scribner & Sons. 1983) p. 33.

22 Ibid., p. 40.

23 Ibid., p. 43.

24 Rutes, p. 194.

25 Rutes, p. 194.

******************************************************* 146 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

FACILITY TYPE CASE STUDIES

******************************************************* 147 ******

********************************4,ifi,ifin,i,*ic natural systems *******

FACILITY TYPE CASE STUDY (1)

The Arizona Biltmore

The Arizona Biltmore is similar to the proposed

resort because it allows the site and the building

to impact each other in an integrated manner.

Frank Lloyd Wright displayed his theory of

"Organic Architecture" and captured the spirit of

the desertscape composing a natural whole.

******************************************************* 148 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Project: The Arizona Biltmore

Facility-type: Resort Hotel

Client:

Architect:

The McArthur brothers

Albert Chase McArthur is credited by the June issue of Architectural Record as the architect. He requested the assistance of his mentor - Frank Lloyd Wright.

User: vacationers

When and Where: 1929; Phoenix, Arizona.

Site: Arizona desert

Building:

Major Spaces;

Has undergone additions but still maintains its original splendor.

1) Lobby 2) Orangerie 3) Aztec Lounge 4) Ballroom 5) Conference Center 6) Cottages 7) Valley Wing 8) Paradise Wing 9) Pool 10) Foyer

Budget: not known

******************************************************* 149 ******

***************************************** natura l systems *******

1 Lobby 2 Orangerie V"* ' 3 Aztec Lounge 4 Ballroom 5 Conference Center 6 Cotuges 7 VaUey Wing 1979 8 Paradise WWig 1975 9 Pod

H) Foyer

Site Layout of the Biltmore Resort

******************************************************* 150 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Analysis

"Wright's theories about an architecture

synchronized with the landscape could have found

no better proving ground than the Arizona

Biltmore; the hotel rises discreetly from an arid

mesa, and is composed of forms and materials that

are clearly derived from the desert terrain and

the indigenous flora. In keeping with the spirit

and texture of the desertscape, Wright used the

humble concrete block as the primary interior and

exterior material."^

The resort complex was crowned "jewel of the

desert" for its success in achieving an integral

level of design surpassed by none at the time.

This is an important aspect of this design. It

was a forerunner like its designer, to

environmental planning.

Wright's theory will not be abandoned but instead

will be incorporated into the design of this

project in the area of innovative energy use and

responding to climate in a natural way resulting

in a model for other projects.

According to Olivanna Lloyd Wright, "To spare the

******************************************************* 151 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

destruction of the landscape had in fact been my

husband's lifelong dreams in relation to what is

now termed environmental."^ A low portico

connects the driveway to a foyer that welcomes

guests with a symbolic mini-oasis, a freestanding

cluster of columns, plants, and a waterfall.

******************************************************* 152 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

End Notes

1 Architectural Record. The Arizona Biltmore. Phoenix, Arizona. Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation (London: The Architecture Press, 1980) p. 117-120

******************************************************* 153 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

******************************************************* 154 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Economic Analysis

The economic analysis will attempt to determine the total building construction and the total project value. The revenues and expenditures of the resort's operation assist in determining the net income the project will generate.

NET TO GROSS CONVERSION

General Hotel

Guest Rooms

Food & Beverage

Admin­istration

Pool Deck Equipment Room

Health & Fitness

Tennis Courts

Outdoor Space

Parking

Total

Net s.f.

20,836

44,104

2,450

2,400

1,700 2,100

300

5,400

3,600

10,500

49,700

Net to Gross Ratio

.85

.92

.85

.85

1.00 1.00

.85

.85

1.00

1.00

1.00

120 rooms

Gross S.f.

24,512

47,939

2,882

2,823

1,700 2,100

353

6,353

3,600

10,500

49,700

102,762

CAPITAL COST OUTLINE

******************************************************* 155******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Item Estimate Basis Dollar Amount

Site Acquisition

$70,000 X 20 acres $ 1,400,000

General Construction / Site Development

Basic Building Cost $102,762 s.f. X $ 70/s.f. =$ 1,200,000

Sitework 3% of Building cost = $36,000

Sidewalks and Terraces 3% of Building cost = $36,000

Surface Parking 142 cars X 350 s.f./car @ $.75/s.f. = $37,275

Landscaping 1% of Building cost = $12,000

Utilities 3% of Building cost = $36,000

Outdoor Lighting 1% of Building cost = $12,000

Interior Finishes 120 bays X $2,000 ea. = $240,000

Total Cost = $1,609,275

SOURCE: Rutes, Walter A. Hotel Planning and Design. (New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. 1985.) p. 229-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

******************************************************* 156 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Abraben, E. Resort Hotels Planning and Management. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1965.

Architect's Journal, ed. Principals of Hotel

Design. London: The Architectural Press. 1970

Architecture. May 1991. p. 64-71.

Architecture. May 1991. p. 76-81.

Architecture. May 1991. p. 82-83. Architecture Record. The Arizona Biltmore. New

York: McGraw Hill, Inc..

Churchman, C. West. The Systems Approach. Dell Publishing Co., New York. 1968.

Davern, Jeanne M. Places for People. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1976

DeChiara, Joesph and Callender, John Hancock, ed. et. al.. Time Saver Standards for Building Types. New York: McGraw Hill. 1980.

Gee, Chuck Y. Resort Development and Management. East Lansing, MI.: Educational Institute of American Hotel and Motel Association. 1981

Hornbeck, James s., ed. Motels, Hotels, Restaurants and Bars. F.W. Dodge Corporation. 1953.

Kinzey, Bertram Y., et. al. Environmental Technologies in Architecture. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1963.

Laszlo, Ervin. Introduction to Systems Philosophy= Garden and Breach, Science Publishers; New York. 1972.

Laszlo, Ervin. The Systems View of The World. George Braziller, New York. 1972.

******************************************************* 157 ******

***************************************** natural systems *******

Lawson, Fred. Hotels, Motels, and Condominiums. London: The Architectural Press. 1976.

Littlefield, David. Ski Resort in Colorado. Thesis 1983. Texas Tech University.

Packard, Robert T., ed. et. al., Ramsey/Sleeper. Architectural Graphic Standards. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1981.

Rutes, Walter A. and Richard Penner. Hotel Planning and Design. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. 1985.

******************************************************* 158******

Thesis Documentation

Darren Martinez December 11, 1998

"Architecture as a natural system"

"any system that does not owe its existence to conscious human planning and execution is a natural system".

This definition implies that humans can be the only possible natural systems in existence. If we look at the four points or characteristics said to constitute a natural system we can then use them as a guideline and apply them to architecture.

Natural systems: (1) are wholes with irreducible properties. (2) maintain themselves in a changing environment. (3) create themselves in a changing environment. (4) are coordinating interfaces in nature's hierarchy.

Due to new trends toward environmental awareness there has been a rise in demand for nature-safe products and places. As a result of these changes in lifestyles and its impact on economic and social values there is a greater demand for architecture to provide new alternatives. The resort designed in my thesis would be prototype to the region in using alternative energy. The facility would promote and support human activity from relaxing to working out as well as provide accommodations to individual and group vacationers as well as other organizations.

Site

The site is located at Papago park which is located in the middle of the metro area between Phoenix, Scottsdale , and Tempe Arizona. The site provides other recreational activities within walking distance. These are: Botanical Gardens with beautiflil landscapes, 2 different golf courses. Phoenix Zoo and Barnes Butte. This would encourage people to walk and bike instead of driving thus, encouraging health-oriented activities.

Concept My concept uses the natural environment as a guide, using the site-topography, orientation, winds, sun angles, etc. to drive the design. Integration and sustainability are essential to the design. The site was chosen because of the harsh arid environment. Slides 101-103 show the complementary setting. One of the first goals was to integrate the natural with man made. The interplay of the elements would challenge the design. The resort hotel and the Butte represent these two elements in the design.

My goals were to: (1) promote bicycling, hiking, climbing and walking. (2) harmonize and integrate the physical and cultural environments (3) balance the facility with its environment. (4) preserve, maintain and rebuild the natural settings around the resort. (5) use alternative and passive energy systems

(ex. solar collectors, daylighting, water reclamation for irrigation). (6) use natural environs to shap and drive layouts.

Design Solutions

One of the first decisions was to try and keep the guestrooms connected to the main hotel complex. This would make most of the facility accessible fi'om the parking areas which in order to make less the impact on land were located in the basement levels of the hotel. This allowed guests various methods of entry or exit using the idea of paths. Other activities such as the recreation center and sun terrace would be separate from the main complex only to allow movement through and around the natural site giving a fi'ee-flow to spaces. Slides 104-105 show earlier model studies in discovering different axis and angles to connect these areas.

Hierarchy was also an important concept in the development of the layout. It occurs in a stepping down fashion such as 1) the butte, 2) the main complex and guestroom wings, 3) the indoor/outdoor courtyard, 4) the recreational center and other outdoor related activities (such as, biking- hiking trails, hot tubs, sun terrace, etc.)

The 's ' configuration for the main complex was derived from the contour lines of the site as shown in slides 109-110 (site concept and diagram). The main complex housed the lobby, indoor/ outdoor courtyard, guestroom wings, small restauraunt or cafeteria, health club or lounge, ballroom and meeting rooms. The roof of the main complex would have a roof garden. Also, outdoor terraces were placed at the end of each guestroom wing to provide connection of indoor/ outdoor concept. All of the back-of-the-house fiinctions as well as the main kitchen and other service areas were connected together by separate corridor and elevators. This separation would fijnction better giving guests and employees ample room to move about.

***************************************** natural systems *******

APPENDIX

******************************************************* 159 ******

PHOENIX FACT SHEET

IISTORY

letropolitan Phoenix, also referred to as the Valley of the Sim, is made iqj of 23 cities ranging in population size from 2240 in Youngtown 1,036,000 in Phoenix. The Valley covers more than 9,000 square miles and is cun-ently the eighth largest metropolitan area in the country.

jr almost 25,000 years Irxlians were the exclusive residents of Arizona Archeotogical evidence leads to the existence of three major tribal tjups: the Anasazi of the state's northan plateau highlands; the Mogollon People of the northeastern mountain belt; and the Hohokam. oday there are 23 reservations in Arizona, more than in any other state. These reservations are home to an estimated 50,000 Native jnericans from 17 different tribes.

hoenix wiginated in 1850 on the banks of the Salt River and became the capital of the Arizona Territoy in 1889. It was not until 1912 lai Arizona became a state.

lie city of Phoenix received its name from an eariy settler who predicted that a great city would rise from the ancient ruins of the Hohokam ndians. The legendary Phoenix bird was said to have risen from its own ashes in much the same manner Phoenix has risen frtxn the hohokam ruins.

[he fiiture of Phoenix, recently named an All American City by the National Civic League, is a promising one, as new "settlers" and visitors lock to the VaUey to enjoy the Southwestem lifestyle in the metropolitan area many are calling this country's New Frontier.

DEMOGRAPHICS Metropolitan Phoenix

Current Population Median Adult Age Retired College Educated Median Household Income Median Home Value

AGE 18-24: 25-34: 35-49:

SEX ^ ^ e -Female:

14% 24% 27%

48% 52%

2,103300 40.7 20% 52%

$34,600 $80,100

Source: laside Metro Phoenix. 1990

TABLE 17: MAJOR HOTEL OPENINGS Metro Phoenix 1988 thru 1991

Hotel

1988 Q)urtyard by Marriott - Mesa How ard Johnson Plaza Hotel Hampton Inn - Phoenix 1-17 Marriott Suites - Scottsdale The Phoenician Resort Residence Irm by Marriott Ramada Iiu\ The Ritz-Carlton, Phoenix Scottsdale Princess Resort Windmill Inn at Sun Qty Coachman Irm Lexington Hotel Suites

1989 Orange Tree Golf & Corvference Resort Q)urtyard by Marriott - Mayo Clinic Phoenix Airport Hilton Ramada Inn Gateway Rodeway Inn Tempe Travelers Inn West

1990 Travelers Inn 1-17 Fairfield Inn Scottsdale Courtyard by Marriott Hilton Suites at Knoll Center

I99I Residence Inn Scottsdale Residence Inn Tempe

General Location

South Westwood, Mesa East University Drive, Phoenix Metrocenter, Phoenix Downtown Scottsdale East Camelback Road, Phoenbc/Scottsdale Metrocenter, Phoenix 1-17 & Union Hills, Phoenix 24th Street & Camelback, Phoenix North Scottsdale Road, Scottsdale West BeU Road, Sun Qty Westside, ToUeson Elliott Road, Tempe

56th Street & Shea, Scottsdale East Shea, Scottsdale Hohokam & University 44 th Street & Van Buren, Phoenix Airport, Phoer\ix/Temf)e I-IO & 51st Avenue, Phoenix

1-17 & Northern, Phoenix Scottsdale Road & Thunderbird 20th Street & Camelback Central & Thomas

Scottsdale Road & McDonald I-IO & Baseline

Number of Rooms

149 163 150 251 605 128 166 301 525 127 120 139

160 124 255 214 100 120

120 133 155 225

122 126

Note: For this report, only properties with 100 or more rooms are included.

Sources: Phoenix & Valley of the Sun Convention & Visitors Bureau, Young Wamick Cunningham & Co., R.A. Rauch & Associates, Pannell Kerr Forstcr.

TOURISM 1989 Southwest United States

Purpose of Visit Pleasure/Vacation Visiting Friends/Relatives Business Convention

Accommodations Hotel Motel Private Household Day Visitors

San Diego

55% 20%

8% 16%

37% 21% 22% 14%

California

Orange County

71% 11% 4%

13%

37% 19% 14% 27%

Los Angeles

56% 25% 9% 9%

35% 6%

23% 35%

Long Beach

36% 17% 22% 23%

29% 8%

20% 40%

Arizona

Phoenix

38% 23% 21% 18%

37% 12% 37% 1%

Tucson

38% 24% 13% 10%

23% 24% 26% 14%

Length of Stay Average Stay (Nights) 4.6 4.1 3.8 3.1 10.7 5.6

Plans to Return Will Return Within 2 yrs. Won't Return Within 2 yrs. Unsure

62% 18% 20%

N / A N / A N / A

69% 16% 15%

70% 17% 13%

82% 18%

69% 28%

3%

Visitor Composition Groups With Children 18% Groups Without Children 82%

42% 58%

N / A N / A

N / A N / A

10% 90%

14% 86%

Age Median Age (Years) 38.4 37 38 38.8 46 49.9

Income Median Income ($) $45,000 $45,243 N / A N / A $59,507 $49,574

Residence Northeast South North Central Southern California Northern California Other West Foreign

Source: a C Research Inc., 1990.

13% 13% 18% 17% 6%

17% 16%

7% 8%

13% 20% 12% 23% 17%

16% 14% 19% 11% 9%

13% 18%

14% 13% 20% 10% 12% 14% 17%

16% 16% 27% 10% 5%

16% 10%

14% 16% 22%

9% 5%

24% 10%

VISITOR PROFILE Metro Phoerux

PURPOSE OF VISIT - All Visitors

% 40 87/88

88/89

Pleasure/Vacation Visit Friends Convention Business

PURPOSE OF VISIT - Hotel/Motel Visitors

87/88

* 5 0 n

00 00

Pleasure/Vacation Visit Friends Convention Business

Source: QC Research Inc., 1989

VISITOR PROFILE Metro Phoenix

LEISURE AcrrvrriES

* 40 1987/88

1988/89

Sightseeing Swim/Sunbath Shopping Golf Visit Friends Dining Out Sports Relaxing

Note: The above table includes multiple responses. Only resp>onses mentioned frequently are included.

ANNUAL INCOME Hotel/Motel/Resort Visitors All Visitors ^

% 3 0 n

20-

1 0 -

Under$20 $20-29.9 $30-39.9 $40-59.9 $60-74.9 $75 or more Income Croups (in $ thousands)

Notes: 1. Total median income $62,621 2. Total median income $59,507

Source: CIC Research Inc., 1989

VISITOR PROFILE Metro Phoerux

RESIDENCE OF ALL VISITORS BY STATE Top 10 Rai\ked States - 87/88

Minnesota H H H H

slew Jersey H H ^ I

Ohio I ^ H H I

Colorado m i ^ l

Arizorut I H H ^ l

Texas | i | H ^ I

Michigan m m |

New York H H ^ B

13.2

^ ^-^

IJ3.6

^ 3 - 6

^ 3 5

^ *

^ ^ 4 . 7

^^S *- Illinois • H H H H H H H w

% 0 1 ' 5

1 7.9

1

10

^ ^ ^ « 1 4 «

' 1 ' 15

1 20

RESIDENCE OF ALL VISITORS BY STATE Top 10 Ranked States - 88/89

Ohio IHJI

Washington H H

Michigan | | H i

Pennsylvania ^ • H

Colorado p l H

Minnesota jHHi

Texas a ^ H

New York ^ ^ H

Illinois ^ ^ H

California H H i

f. 0

^S - ^s ^ ^ ^ 3

^^A 3.5

i^rti 3.6

^m^ 3.7

^ M ^ ^ 4.7

^^^^^M 5-9

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 6 . 9

I

5 1

10

^ ^ ^ 14.6

15 20

Note: Total does not equal 100 due to lack of total representation of all states and those visiting from foreign countries.

Source: CIC Research Inc., 1989

VISITOR PROHLE Metro Phoenix

CATEGORICAL SPENDING SUMMARY All Visitors for 88/89

26%

9%

• Shopping

B Lodging

@ Attractions

0 Transportation

D Food/Beverage

88/89 DAILY SPENDING PER PERSON By Purpose of Visit

$112

88/89 DAILY SPENDING PER PERSON By Accommodations

Campers

Hotel/Resort/Motel Note: Expenditures per person per day = $84.00 Average party size = 2.0 persons Average nights stayed = 10.7 nights

Source: CIC Research Inc., 1989 35