resource booklet past papers - subject/group 4 … · – 4 – figure 3(a): fact file on...

M17/4/ENVSO/SP1/ENG/TZ0/XX/T

Environmental systems and societiesStandard levelPaper 1

© International Baccalaureate Organization 201713 pages

Instructions to candidates

�Do not open this booklet until instructed to do so.�This booklet contains all the resources to answer paper 1.

1 hour

Friday 5 May 2017 (afternoon)

2217 – 6302

Resource booklet

– 2 –

Figure 1: World map showing the location of Brazil

Brazil

Equator

[Source: adapted from CIA World Factbook]


– 3 –

Turn over

Figure 2: Map of Brazil’s vegetation including location of Cerrado and Atlantic Rainforest

Tropical Rainforest

Cerrado (savanna)

Caatinga (thorny shrub)

Pantanal (periodically wet land)

Atlantic Rainforest (tropical semideciduous forest)

Pampas (grassland)

Key

N

Rio de JanerioSão Paulo

BelémManausRiver Amazon

River Negro

River M

adeir

a

Amazon Basin

BrazilianHighlands

Mato GrossoPlateau

River T

apaj

ós

Riv

er P

arag

uay

600 km

Brasilia

[Source: adapted from https://mapcollection.wordpress.com]

M 17 /4/ENVSO/SP1/ ENG /TZ0/XX/T

– 4 –

Figure 3(a): Fact file on biodiversity in Brazil

� Brazil is the largest country in South America, covering an area of over 8.5 million square kilometers.� The country contains an exceptionally high number of species, many of which are endemic.� Estimates of species numbers vary from 1.4 to 2.4 million, of which only a small fraction has

been identified.� Regions of high biodiversity include the Atlantic Rainforest (also known as the Mata Atlântica)

and Cerrado (Savanna).� The Atlantic Rainforest originally covered about 15 % of Brazil mainly along the Brazilian coast as well

as extending into neighbouring countries of Paraguay and Argentina. The region comprises of various ecosystems including tropical and subtropical forests.

� The Cerrado region covers about 20 % of the land area in central Brazil and extends into the neighbouring countries of Paraguay and Bolivia. It comprises a range of ecosystems including grasslands, savanna regions and forests.

[Sources: www.conservation.org and www.nature.org]

Figure 3(b): Estimated number of species found within the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado region

Atlantic Rainforest Cerrado

Plants 20 000 (8000 endemic) 10 000 (4400 endemic)

Birds 934 (144 endemic) 607 (17 endemic)

Mammals 264 (72 endemic) 195 (14 endemic)

Amphibians 456 (282 endemic) 186 (28 endemic)

Reptiles 311 (94 endemic) 225 (33 endemic)

[Source: www.cepf.net]


– 5 –

Turn over

Figure 4: Photographs showing examples of species found in Brazil

Paraná pine trees (Araucaria angustifolia)IUCN Red List status – critically endangered

[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_angustifolia#/media/File:Araucaria-caxias-do-sul.jpg, by Ricardo Frantz]

Pau brasil (Caesalpinia echinata)IUCN Red List status – endangered

[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paubrasilia#/media/File:Closedefl ordePaubrasil.jpg, by Mauroguanandi]

Golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) IUCN Red List status – endangered

[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_lion_tamarin#/media/File:Golden_lion_tamarin_portrait3.jpg, by Jeroen

Kransen]

Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus)IUCN Red List status – Critically endangered

[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_merganser#/media/File:Mergus_octosetaceus_2.png, by Prof. Sávio Freire

Bruno – http://www.wikiaves.com.br/182433&t=s&s=10048]

Broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris)IUCN Red List status – least concern

[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-snouted_caiman#/media/File:Jacare_de_papo_amarelo_zoo.jpg, by

Miguelrangeljr]

Giant metallic ceiba borer (Euchroma gigantea)IUCN Red List status – none, has not yet been

assessed by the IUCN[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchroma_gigantea#/

media/File:Buprestidae_-_Euchroma_gigantea.JPG, by Hectonichus]


– 6 –

Figure 5(a): Fact fi le on population

• Brazil’s population is approximately 204 million (July 2015).• Approximately 86 % of the population live in urban areas.• 240 indigenous tribes make up 0.4 % of the population.• Over 70 % of the total country population live in the Atlantic Rainforest region. • São Paulo is the largest city with a population of about 21 million, followed by Rio de Janeiro with a

population of about 13 million.• Brasilia, the capital city, is located in the Cerrado region and has a population of about 4 million.• Birth rate: 14.46 births/1000 population (2015 estimate).• Death rate: 6.58 death/1000 population (2015 estimate).• Median age of population: 31.1 years.

[Sources: www.wwf.org.uk and www.survivalinternational.org]

Figure 5(b): Age-gender pyramid for Brazil, 2014

Male Female100+95–9990–9485–8980–8475–7970–7465–6960–6455–5950–5445–4940–4435–3930–3425–2920–2415–1910–145–90–4

9 7.2 5.4 3.6 1.8 0 0 1.8 3.6 5.4 7.2 9Population (in millions) Age Group Population (in millions)

[Source: www.cia.gov]


– 7 –

Turn over

Figure 6(a): Fact fi le on the human impacts on biodiversity

There have been a number of processes at work in Brazil that have caused signifi cant losses in biodiversity. Of the original Atlantic Rainforest only about 10 % remains, and of the original Cerrado vegetation only around 20 % remains. These losses have occurred as a result of: � Land clearance for crop production eg sugar cane, coffee, soy beans and biofuel crops. The amount

of food and biofuel crops grown has increased signifi cantly over the past 20 years.� Land clearance for cattle ranching. Brazil has the largest number of cattle of any country in the world.� Land clearance for forest plantations eg pine and eucalypt plantations� Expansion and development of urban areas eg:

– Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in the Atlantic Rainforest region. – Brasilia the capital city in the Cerrado region.

� Infrastructure development eg road building schemes to support industrialization.� Commercial logging.

Various businesses, non-governmental and governmental organizations actively support projects within the Atlantic Rainforest that:� Restore forest habitats.� Encourage sustainable use of natural forest resources.

Figure 6(b): Deforestation in the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado

Brasilia

BrasiliaGoiania

Cuiaba

Campo Grande BeloHorizonte

Palmas

São PauloRio de Janerio

Key

Forest

Nonforest

Deforestation

Rivers and lakes

Major citiesNatural landcover

Atlantic Rainforest Cerrado

N N

600 km

600 km

[Source: Atlantic rainforest map: http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/soy/soyreport/soy_and_deforestation/the_atlantic_forest/

Cerrado map: http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/soy/soyreport/soy_and_deforestation/the_cerrado/


– 8 –

Figure 7(a): Fact file on energy and economic development in Brazil

� Brazil has experienced fast economic growth and is one of the most influential nations in South America.

� Major industries include mining, agriculture and the manufacture of products ranging from motor vehicles and aircraft to computers.

� There has been significant growth in the service industries including the telecommunications, banking, commerce and computing sectors.

� Over 80 % of Brazil’s gross domestic product (GDP) is generated in the Atlantic Rainforest region.� Brazil is a major producer of oil. However about 70 % of its electricity comes from hydroelectric power

(HEP).� Brazil is also the largest global producer of bioethanol, a biofuel produced from plants such as sugar

cane. Over 40 % of petrol (gasoline) use has been replaced by bioethanol.� Brazil’s energy policy has involved:

– improving energy efficiency.– increasing energy production from renewable sources.– diversification of energy sources.

[Sources: adapted from www.economywatch.com, www.nature.org, http://sugarcane.org and www.reegle.info]

Figure 7(b): GDP, energy use, life expectancy and under 5 mortality rate in Brazil from 1990 to 2012

Removed for copyright reasons


– 9 –

Turn over

Figure 8: Area used for grain production and quantity of grain produced between 1990 and 2014

250 000

200 000

150 000

100 000

50 000

0

250 000

200 000

150 000

100 000

50 000

0Are

a us

ed fo

r gra

in p

rodu

ctio

n

thou

sand

hec

tare

s (h

a)G

rain production in thousand tonnes

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

Year

Harvested area

Grain productionKey

[Source: Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA)http://sugarcane.org/sustainability/producing-food-and-fuel]


– 10 –

Figure 9(a): Area used for bioethanol production and quantity of bioethanol produced between 1990 and 2014

45 000

40 000

35 000

30 000

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

0

45 000

40 000

35 000

30 000

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

0

Are

a us

ed fo

r bio

enth

anol

pro

duct

ion

thou

sand

hec

tare

s (h

a)B

ioethanol production in m

illion litres

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

Year

Bioethanol production

Harvested area

Key

[Source: http://sugarcane.org/sustainability/producing-food-and-fuelBrazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA)]

Figure 9(b): Biofuel production versus food production

NO, BUT I CAN OFFER YOU A GALLON OF ETHANOL!

[Source: CARLSON © 2008 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Reprinted with permission of ANDREWS MCMEEL SYNDICATION. All rights reserved.]


– 11 –

Turn over

Figure 10: Vehicle numbers by fuel type in Brazil

� Flex fuel vehicles use bioethanol, petrol or a mixed fuel. � Ethanol vehicles use only biofuels. � Gasoline vehicles use only gasoline (petrol).

Year

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Mill

ions

of v

ehic

les

2004

2003

2006

2005

2008

2007

2010

2009

2012

2011

2014

2013

2016

2015

2018

2017

2020

2019

Flex fuel

Gasoline

Ethanol only

Key

68 % 86 %

[Source: http://sugarcane.org/internal/images/national-light-duty-fleetBrazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA)]


– 12 –

Figure 11(a): Ecological footprint and biocapacity of Brazil

(Biocapacity can be defi ned as the amount of biologically productive land, measured in total hectares per capita.)

1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011Year

25

20

15

10

5

0

Tota

l hec

tare

s pe

r cap

ita

KeyBiocapacity per capitaEcological footprint per capita

[Source: © 2017 Global Footprint Network. www.footprintnetwork.org]

Figure 11(b): Estimated arable land available in selected countries

In use Potential

Arable land availability, hectares (millions)

BrazilUnited States

RussiaIndia

ChinaAustraliaCanada

Argentina

0 100 200 300 400 500

[Source: © The Economist Group Limited, London (Aug 26th 2010)]


– 13 –

Figure 12(a): Bar chart showing the results of a global attitudes survey in 2010. A thousand people

in 22 countries were interviewed face to face

Figure 12(b): Pie chart showing the proportion of the Brazilian population

willing to prioritize the environment over economic growth

Please go to: http://www.pewglobal.org/2010/09/22/chapter-5-environmental-

issues

Please go to: http://www.pewglobal.org/2010/09/22/chapter-5-environmental-

issues


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