resource guide 2

8/6/2019 Resource Guide 2

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ALL ABOUT:Ideal Gases / Acid Rain

and the Greenhouse Effect

A resource guide for

teachers and students

By Michelle Krell

3787549


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CONTENTS

ALL ABOUT IDEAL GASES

WHAT ARE GASES? PAGE 3

THE ATMOSPHERE PAGE 5

HOT AND COLD GASES PAGE 6

IDEAL GAS PAGE 7

IDEAL GAS EQUATION PAGE 8

PV= nRT EXAMPLE PAGE 9

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS PAGE 10

ALL ABOUT THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT PAGE 11

CONSEQUENCES PAGE 12

GREENHOUSE EFFECT IN A PICTURE PAGE 13

ALL ABOUT ACID RAIN

ACID AND BASES PAGE 14

PH SCALE PAGE 15

ACID RAIN PAGE 16EXPERIMENTS

1 THE ACID TEST PAGE 17

2 BURNING AND BREATHING PAGE 19

3 MAKING ACID RAIN PAGE 20

4 GREENHOUSE EFFECT IN JAR PAGE 23

ACTIVITIES (word search, word scramble etc) PAGE 24-26

ACTIVITY ANSWERS PAGE 27

GLOSSARY PAGE 28-29

REFERENCES PAGE 30


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ALL ABOUT IDEAL GASESWhat are gases?

Have you ever wondered what everything in the world is made from? The answer is matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

There are millions of different things in the world, but only three different forms of matter.These are solids , liquids and gases. Solids like stone and wood are hard and stay the sameshape. Liquids like water and petrol can flow from place to place. But gases are different.

The air around us is a mixture of gases. Like most gases, you cannot see of smell the ones inthe air and it is difficult to make them stay in one place. You can place a solid or a liquid in acup or beaker and it will stay there. But gases must be kept in closed containers or they willescape.

There are many different kinds of gas, some of which are very useful. Oxygen is a VERYimportant gas. It helps human and animals stay alive, and fires to burn. Some gases comefrom under the ground; these are used as fuels and are burned for heating and cooking.

Gases are also used in factories to make other useful substances such as plastics, bleach andmedicines. They are used in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives and dyes.

If you go outside when it is a windy day, you can feel the wind tugging at your body, hairand clothes. You can see the trees and flowers bending and the clouds racing across the sky.What is doing all the pushing and shoving? The answer is AIR .

About 1/5 of the Air isoxygen . We, as humanbeing would not be able tosurvive without oxygen.When we breathe, ourlungs take the oxygen weneed from the air. Anothervery important gas in air is

carbon dioxide . When we breathe out, we releasecarbon dioxide into the air. In daylight, plants take inthe carbon dioxide they need to live and grow. Plantsthen give off oxygen back into the air.

It is a never ending cycle!!


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There are four main gases in the air- nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxideand can be used in many different ways:

Nitrogen- Our bodies need special food substances, called proteins for

growth, energy and to replace body cells. Proteins are partly madeup from atoms of Nitrogen.- We cant use Nitrogen directly from the air. Instead we take it infrom plants which have absorbed it from the soil, or from meat of animals thathave eaten the plants.

Oxygen- Oxygen is used with other gases to melt and join metals- this is

called welding - Liquid oxygen and Liquid nitrogen are mixed together to makerocket fuel- Deep-sea divers, astronauts and mountaineers breathe in amixture of oxygen and other gases from special air tanks theycarry with them

- Oxygen is also used in hospitals, when patients have breathing problems theycan breathe from oxygen tanks or be kept in an oxygen tent.

Argon- It is used as a gas to make some electric light bulbs shine- Helps during welding to prevent certain metals from catching fire

Carbon Dioxide- Used in fizzy drinks and fire extinguishers.- Carbon Dioxide in its solid form is known as dry ice


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The Atmosphere

The atmosphere is approximately 160 kilometres deep, and this is where we live. We canonly survive here. This is because there is less air to breathe the further you travel up andaway from Earths surface. The Earth is wrapped in layers of gases.

The atmosphere becomes thinner as its height about the Earth increases. In the

lowest band, the troposphere, are all the gases needed by living things on Earth.This region is where all the weather takes place- it is the region of rising andfalling packets of air.

In the stratosphere is where the ozone layer can be found. This is a thin layer of gas that is formed from the change of the Suns ultraviolet rays in the atmosphereof this part. The ozone layer covers the Earth and blocks most of the Sunsultraviolet rays thus preventing them from reaching the Earth.

The stratosphere is about 35kilometers thick and the temperature rises steadily asyou pass through. But at the top, the temperature is only minus 2degrees Celsius.After the stratosphere is the Mesosphere . It literally means middle sphere. It ishere in this layer, that meteors are destroyed. This layer burns them as they enter


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the Earths layers. The meteors collide with the gas particles in the mesosphereand burn.

And eventually we get to the ionosphere. It is a thin band of gases and where theaurora takes place. It is responsible for absorbing the most energetic photons

from the Sun, it reflects radio waves and that is why making long-distance radiocommunication is possible.

Heavier gases such as nitrogen stay close to Earth, so above 100 kilometers youwill find the lighter gases, such as helium and hydrogen. This makes completesense because Heavy things tend to fall while Light things will rise, gas is nodifferent. This is where the temperature of Air is similar. Heat rises and coolfalls, so Hot air rises, and is found high in the air, and Cool air falls and is found

close to Earth.

Hot and Cold GasesWe see water as a liquid. When it is very cold, it is a solid known as ice. When itis heated it becomes a gas. Another way to change the state of a substance is tochange the force pressing down on it (known as pressure ). All gases are made upof tiny particles called atoms. A Group of atoms are known as molecules.

When gas is heated, its molecules move about faster,bouncing off one another ( like when playing hot

potato). As the molecules become scattered, the gastakes up more space. Therefore it expands and becomesless dense.When gas is cooled, the molecules all squish together tokeep warm, the gas therefore takes up less space andcontracts.

ExampleWhen we use a bike pump to pump our bike tyres with air we need to- Pull back the pump handle (in order to get air in between the pumpand the tyre), then we need to push the pump handle, this thencompresses the air into a small space. The pressure goes up and air isforced into the tyre. Therefore when we Decrease the Volume, thisresults in Increased pressure (see Boyles Law).


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Important information of Gases!- Gases exert pressure- A gas will fill whatever container that its in - Gas can be measured in many units e.g. Kilopascals (kPa), atmospheres (atm)and millimeters of Mercury (mmHg)

- Gases are composed of molecules. These move randomly, in straight lines, inall directions and at various speeds.Diffusion and Effusion are two ways that gases mix with other gases.- Effusion occurs when a gas moves through a small hole in its current containerinto another container.- Diffusion is a the gradual mixing process of the molecules of different gases

There are four important rules associated with Gases. They are as follows-

1. Increasing Temperature = Increasing Pressure2. Increasing Volume = Increasing Temperature Known as Charles s Law

3. Decreasing Volume = Increasing Pressure Known as Boyles Law 4. Increase Volume = Increase Mole Number (number of mole) Known as

Avogadro's Law

Ideal GasNot all gases are Ideal; to be an Ideal Gas the following assumptions must bevalid.

1) The space the gas molecules occupy is not important when compared withthe space in between the gas molecules

2) Intermolecular forces between gas molecules are unimportant

When is a gas NOT an ideal gas?In general this occurs in two situations

1) Extremely high pressures2) Extremely low temperatures

At extremely high pressures, the first assumption of ideal gases doesnt app ly. If you pack gases under high pressure, the space between becomes smaller.Therefore you can no longer ignore them, because they are taking up much morespace.


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At extremely low temperatures, gases tend to move relatively slower. So slowthey can no longer zip past each other and not feel anything. They feel each otherand therefore assumption two doesnt apply.

What i s the gas called when it isnt ideal?

A gas that isnt ideal is known as REAL Gas. These gases cannot be explainedusing the ideal gas law and equation.

Ideal Gas EquationIt is clear enough that the pressure of a gas will depend on:

1) How much gas there is2) The volume the gas us confined to3) The temperature

It has been found by experiments that, provided the pressure or temperature isnttoo high you can apply this equation-PV=nRT

Where P= Pressure (atm)V= Volume (L)n= the number of moles in the gaspresent

R= is a proportionality constantknown as the gas constant (0.08206)T= temperature [must be in Kelvin(k), therefore convert C to K by +

273]

To find n you must use this equation n= M/Mr Where n=number of moles M= Mole Mr= Molecular massYou find these using your periodic table.This example will help-

PV= nRT EXAMPLEQuestion


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You have a bottle of coke. Its empty th ough you place 15g of O 2 gas into it. Tellme the pressure at 25 and then at 100. The bottle has a volume of 1.25L.

The rules to be used are:

PV=nRTand

n=M/MrFirst we right out what information we have.Pressure- ?Volume- 1.25Ln- ?R- Constant= 0.08206Temperature- 25 (25+273= 298K)

We must work out n using the equation.n=M/MrMass= 15g (because it is given in the question)Mr= (16+16) = 32g/mole

n= 15/32 = 0.468moleBefore we can plug n into the equation we must rearrange it so P is by itself.PV=nRT To get P by itself, we move V to the otherside

P= nRT/VP= (0.468) x (0.08206) x (298)/1.25P=9.15atm

Then you do the same, but substitute 100C (100+273=373K) where 25 wasused.

Answer will be P=11.46atm


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ALL ABOUT THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Most of the short-wavelengths from the Sun are absorbed by the outeratmosphere and doesnt reach the Earths surface. The radiation that does reachthe Earth contributes to maintaining a livable temperature here on Earth.

Certain gases within the Troposphere play a very important role in this balanceas they absorb infrared radiation emitted from the warm surface of Earth, ratherthan letting the radiation go out to space.

Two gases that absorb infrared radiation are carbon dioxide and methane andthese are found in low concentrations of the Troposphere. These concentrationshave increased steadily since the industrial revolution. This is because from the

industrial revolution came increased burning of fossil fuels for energy sources.The Greenhouse Effect :During the day the Earth absorbs heat from the sun, much is radiated back intospace. But the atmosphere surrounding the Earth acts as a blanket and containssome of these gases, keeping some heat in. If there wasnt an atmosphericblanket we would freeze during the night, like some of the planets in our solar system and our moon.

The name greenhouse comes from thestructure that gardeners use to growvegetables in. It is a garden covered in clearplastic or glass to let sunlight in but the glassalso traps the heat inside, increasing thetemperature

The fossil fuels we burn in ever-increasing amounts (coal, oil, natural gas,

cutting down and/or burning trees etc), contribute to higher concentrations of methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous dioxide, effectively turning the heat up andturning the globe into a greenhouse.


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Consequences of the Greenhouse Effect - WeatherDue to the rise in the winter and summer temperatures, theweather will become very hot. It may rain more in wintersand summers may become extremely hot. In other parts of

the world the effect may be completely opposite. Storms,floods and droughts are to be expected consequenceswhich may affect different areas of the world

- Sea Levels An increase in temperature means the melting of glaciers. This will then increase the water levels in seasand oceans of up to 20-40cm all over the world. People

living in coastal areas near the water are at risk of flooding. As a result, millions of people may need toleave their homes and relocate

- Farming Changes in weather may also affect the amount of rainfall indifferent parts of the world. Hence, this will affect crop growththroughout the world,

- Plants and Animals Due to these weather and temperature changes, manyplants and animals will not be able to cope and willeventually die. Natural habitats of animals may beaffected therefore they may need to search for new homes.Some species may become extinct

- People

Weather changes bring unwanted changes to our lifestyle. The consequences of these variations on humans depend on how well we adapt and how much we cando to try and minimize them.


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The Greenhouse Effect: in picture form


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ALL ABOUT ACID RAINAcids-Some acids are natural, like citric acid found inlemons, and some have to be manufactured, likesulfuric acid found in car batteries. Even thought one

is natural and one is manufactured, they both share thefollowing properties:- They are corrosive, meaning they react with solidsand eat them away. For example- battery acid willburn your skin and hydrochloric acid cleans groutfrom bricks- They usually have a sour taste. E.g. Lemon juicetastes sour because it contains citric acid; vinegar

tastes sour because it contains acetic acid- Acids that have been mixed with water are said to be diluted acids - Acids that have not been mixed with water are concentrated acids and areextremely dangerous

Bases-When a base is added to an acid, a chemical reactionoccurs. The properties of the acid are neutralized bythe base. This goes to show that in a sense, bases areopposite to acids, and like acids, Bases have thefollowing properties in common:- Bases feel slippery as a result of a chemical reactionbetween the base and natural oils in the skin- They may be corrosive which is why some bases areused in cleaning products- Bases usually have a bitter taste- They do not usually dissolve in water (those that do are called alkalis)


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pH Scale- A pH Scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is- Acidic and basic are two extremes.- Mixing Acids and Bases cancel each other out, or neutralize their effects.- A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is known and neutral

- The pH scale ranges from 0-14- A pH > 7 (greater than) = Basic- A pH of 7 = Neutral- A pH


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Acid RainAcid rain is a major environmental problem throughout the industrialized world.It results largely from the burning of fossil fuels (which are natural fuels- such ascoal or gas), these fossil fuels contain Sulfur and Nitrogen.

The gases that are released into the air dissolve in water and forms Sulfuric acidand Nitric acid. This acid is formed in clouds and falls as Acid Rain, Hail andsometimes Snow.

The effects that Acid Rain has on Earth are awful, however the reason it occursin the first place is mainly due to man. It is caused by factories, engineemissions, the burning of coal and fossil fuels.

When we observe Acid Rain, its acidity is measured in pH. Acid Rain measureson the pH scale 5-6.

If we cut down in our emissions we can reduce the following from happening:- Acidity in lakes, streams and hurting aquatic animals- Acid rain flows intostreams, lakes and marshes after falling on forests, fields, buildings and roadsand can directly fall on aquatic animals. Lakes and streams become acidic; thesoil cannot buffer the acid rain enough to neutralize it. Therefore it becomeshighly toxic to many species including aquatic animals.- Acid affecting sculptures and buildings- Kill plant life- Have a negative effect on Humans- by causing breathing and lung difficulties,even premature death from heart and lung disorders such as asthma andbronchitis


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EXPERIMENTS EXPERIMENT 1

THE ACID TEST

Make a chemical indicator (otherwise known as Litmus Paper) Materials Red cabbage 3-5 strips of paper (used as Litmus Paper) 3-5 jars/containersA bowl Lemon, Vinegar and Soap StrainerPegs Place to hang the Litmus paper to dry Adult supervision

Instructions 1. Take a red cabbage, tear it into shreds and place these shreds into a bowl

2. Pour hot water into the bowl. Strain the liquid- the cabbage colour dissolves to make

an indicator.

3. Blot paper in the liquid. This is known as Litmus Paper. Hang up to dry

4. Get 3 containers and fill them with vinegar, soap and lemon juice.

5. Dip one strip of Litmus Paper into the 3 different containers. Make note of which onegoes into which container.

6. Does the Litmus Papers change colour? Take note of these and compare to the pHscale provided

Observations Why does the Litmus paper change colour?A chemical that changes colour in acids and alkalis is called an indicator. Red cabbage juiceturns red when in acids like vinegar or lemon juice. It also turns green when in alkalis, likesoap.


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FURTHER EXPERIMENT

INVISIBLE INK

MaterialsLemon Container/Jar Sheet of white paperPaintbrush Oven or hand-held hair dryer- or light bulb or a candleAdult supervision

Instructions1. Squeeze some lemon juice into a container/ jar

2. Dip a paintbrush into the juice and draw your picture or a message onto the whitepaper. Let the paper dry completely

3.

Ask an adult to place the paper in the oven for a few minutes, alternatively dry thepaper with a hand-held hair dryer, place the paper over a light bulb or a candle (aslong as there is heat applied, the ink will reappear).

4. The picture or message you drew on the paper will reappear.

ObservationsThe picture will reappear on the paper, but how?

When the lemon juice is heated, water evaporates away. The compounds that remaincombine with oxygen in the air. This turns the juice brown and makes the picture visible.


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EXPERIMENT 2

Burning and Breathing

Materials

Candle Lighter Jug WaterJar (big enough to fit over the candle) 4 coinsFood colouring Blu- Tack Small shallow dish

Instructions1. Use blu-tack to stand the candle upright in the middle of a shallow dish

2. Place 4 coins around the candle so that the jar can sit over the candle

3. Fill a jug with water, and add a few drops of food colouring to the water. Fill the dishwith the water.

4. Light the candle and lower the jar over it. Watch the water level in the jar rise as thecandle goes out.

ObservationsHow and why does the candle go out?

The burning candle flame uses up the particles of oxygen. Water is sucked up into the jar toreplace the used oxygen. The water should rise about one fifth of the jar. The burning stopswhen all the oxygen in the jar has been used up.

FURTHER EXPERIMENT

Compare how long similar candles burn when different shaped jars are placed over them.The longer they burn the more oxygen is present!!


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EXPERIMENT 3

Making Acid Rain

Materials

- Red Cabbage- Snap-lock Plastic Bag- 30ml Ethyl Alcohol- Filter Paper- PVA Shavings- Dry area to hang paper- Pegs to hang paper- Tank

- Tripod with gauze mat- Rain making ceiling (made fromone piece of thin plastic withextrusions & wood- Beaker filled with water- Bunsen burner- Matches

InstructionsStep 1 Making Litmus paper

1. Shred the red cabbage leaves2. Place leaves into snap-lock bag and add 30ml of Ethyl Alcohol. They will

begin to lose their purple colour.3. Add the filter paper, once the paper has taken on the colour, hang it up to dry

for 5minutes.4. Repeat #3 3times to ensure the paper is saturated in the cabbages purple

colour.Step 2 Making Acid Rain

1. A tank has been prepared for you already. With a tripod in the middle thathas a gauze mat for you to place your Litmus paper on.

2. Take some flakes of PVA and place on top of some tin on one side of thetripod.

3. There also is a rain making ceiling , made up of one piece of tin, plasticthat has extrusions and some wood. Outside the tank is a second tripod that

has a beaker filled with 100ml of water. Place the Bunsen burnerunderneath the beaker, to heat the water to vapour of which will be directedinto the tank where the PVA will be burnt.

4. To set everything in motion, youll need to place ice pieces into the plasticpart of the ceiling, the ice acts as a coolant and will allow condensation totake place within the tank.


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5. Once everything is in place and fitted, you can begin to boil the wateroutside the tank. Lig ht a match and ignite the acid rain source being thePVA shavings.

6. It is necessary to ensure the shavings are completely burns within a minute,therefore it is important not to add too much to the tank.

7. Once the PVA has burnt, gently tap the plastic section of the ceiling. Dropswill fall down onto the Litmus Paper.

ObservationsDo you see any colour change on the Litmus Paper? Compare this to the pHscale and you can see how much acid you made.

An example of the tank

used to make Acid Rain


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FURTHER EXPERIMENT ACID RAIN EFFECT ON PLANTS You will need:

- 3 jars with

Lids- Masking tape- Marking pen- Lemon juice- Water- Tablespoon

- 3 growing

bean plans insmall cups, orseparateplantingcontainers

1) Put a strip of tape on each jar or bean plan container. Mark them A, B and C

2) Next label the three jars with masking tape A, B and C 3) Add cup of Lemon Juice to Jar A

4) Add cup Lemon Juice to Jar B5) But dont put Lemon Juice in Jar C 6) Add cup of water to each jar (A, B, C)7) Place the growing bean plants in their containers in a sunny windowsill or

outside in a mostly sunny place.8) Water each plant again with their solution (A= cup of Lemon Juice B=

cup of Lemon Juice and C= cup of water).

What happens?- Plant A will show the effects of acid rain first. The leaves will begin toshrivel and curl. Its growth slow down or stops. - Plant B will start to show the effects of acid rain as well but at a slower paceas it didnt receive as much acid as plant A. - Plant C will remain healthy because it received no acid rain.

Why does this happen?The pollutants gather in dense clouds and fall back to earth when it rains. Thesepollutants are acidic like lemon juice. They build up in soil and effect thegrowth of plant like. The more acidic the rain (like solution A) the sooner theplant is effected. Overtime, plants will die and new plants will not be able togrow!!


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EXPERIMENT 4

Greenhouse Effect in a Jar

Materials

2 large bowls per student or group2 thermometers per student or group

1 clock Sunlamp or access to sunny area

Instructions1. Line both bowls with dark cloth or paper2. Place the bowls in the sun and put an inverted paper cup in the bowl (upside

down)3. Lay the thermometer across the top of the cup in both bowls

4. Note the starting temperature of both bowls5. Cover one of the bowls with a lid (make sure its clear, so you can record thetemperature) or clear plastic wrap

6. Take down the temperatures of both bowls- one being covered and one not,every minute for 10 minutes- Use the table provided:

Temperature Bowl 1 (Covered) Bowl 2 (uncovered)Start Temp1 min2 mins3 mins4 mins5 mins6 mins7 mins8 mins9 mins10 mins

ObservationsThe covered bowl will become much hotter than the uncovered bowl, due to thesunlight being absorbed and bouncing within the bowl but not being able to getout (due to the lid). Thus the Greenhouse Effect!!


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ACTIVITIES

ACID AND BASE WORD SCRAMBLE1. csdia _ _ _ _ _

2. bsae _ _ _ _

3. lecsahp _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. lpuurelisbapetm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5. raeunlt _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6. neuserbesrv _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

7. ebrtti _ _ _ _ _ _ _

8. ntadrioic _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

9. sprtono _ _ _ _ _ _ _10. neloecjuim _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

11. oncoiatenncrt _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

12. sruo _ _ _ _

13. ceecaaebribdjug _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

14. siordidoxneyh _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

15. raepewrtu _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

16. ekalrudppr _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

17. ciagrdntos _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

18. wdkicaea _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

19. lttwseaar _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

20. iaotrnnaueitlz _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

21. rde _ _ _

22. udiuscliarfc _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


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ACID RAIN WORD SEARCH

ACIDATMOSPHERECARCARBONDIOXIDE

EXHAUSTFOSSILFUELSLAKESNITROGEN

OXIDESRAINSTREAMSSULFURWIND

B A J T D U J V S D Q O E K V

A L O M S B G F A E J W K G V

E D A C I D N K R U S V U P T

O N I T R O G E N T N L S E H

E F V O M K P J E S U L F U R

L Q M H X O W C J U B V R O D

Q F J H X I S E C A R B O N O

J J Y I N T D P X H R V C P W

K Z D D R S S E H X E O B F V

S E M E L J E H C E F X A Q U

S I A E L D K T A A R X U U N

U M U P K Y A T K A W E J S N

S F O S S I L Z I X L U Q H L

L L E D S G I N E O K R U A C

I V V U P J C R N G L F Z C G


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FILL IN THE BLANKS1. The atmosphere becomes __________ as the height increases2. The lowest band is known as the __________3. The Ozone Layer is a thin layer of __________ that covers Earth4. The stratosphere is ____km thick 5. When gas is __________ the molecules move __________ and therefore expand6. When gas cools the __________ take up less space and __________7. A __________ is a great example of Boyle s Law 8. Effusion is when gas moves through a __________ into another container9. Diffusion is the __________ __________ process of molecules of different gases10. Three important rules of Gases are known as __________, __________

and____________11. Gas isn t an ideal gas when in extremely __________pressure or extremely __________

temperature12. Ideal Gas equation- P___=nRT

13. Greenhouse Effect is when during the day Earth __________ heat from the sun and trapsit in our __________ therefore increasing our __________14. Fossil __________ such as coal, oil, natural gas and cutting/burning down trees doesn t

help with the Greenhouse Effect, but in fact contributes.15. The Greenhouse Effect influences __________, __________, __________, __________

and __________16. Examples of Acids are __________, __________ and __________17. Examples of Bases are __________ and __________18. Pure water is a neutral, its number on the pH scale would be ____19. Acid rain is a major __________ problem20. __________ Acid and __________ acid form in clouds and fall as Acid Rain21. Acid rain measures on the pH scale __________

WORDS TO CHOOSE FROM

Troposphere, heated, Avogadro s Law, Sulfuric, low, contract, bike pump, temperature,draino, 7, sea level, environmental, car batteries, plants and animals, people, high, V(Volume), fuels, weather, absorbs, mixing, lemon juice, atmosphere, faster, hole, Nitric, 5-6,ammonia , Boyle s Law, gradual, molecules, 35, Gas, Thinner, Charles s law, farming,vinegar,


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ACTIVITY ANSWERS

ACID AND BASE WORD SCRABBLE1. Acid2. Base ACID RAIN WORD SEARCH3. pH scale4. Blue litmus paper

5. Neutral6. Severe burns7. Bitter8. Indicator9. Protons10. Lemon juice11. Concentration12. Sour13. Red cabbage juice14. Hydroxide ions15. Pure water16. Dark purple

17. Strong acid18. Weak acid

19. Salt + water20. Neutralization21. Red22. Sulfuric acid

ACIDATMOSPHERECARCARBON

DIOXIDE

EXHAUSTFOSSILFUELSLAKESNITROGEN

OXIDES

RAINSTREAMSSULFURWIND

FILL IN THE BLANKS1. Thinner2. Troposphere3. Gas4. 355. Heated, Faster6. Molecules, Contract7. Bike pump

8.

Hole9. Gradual, mixing10. Charles s law, Boyle s Law, Avogadro s Law 11. High, Low

12. V (Volume)13. Absorbs, Atmosphere, Temperature14. Fuels15. Weather, sea level, farming, plants and animals,

people16. Car batteries, lemon juice, vinegar17. draino, ammonia

18. 719. Environmental

20. Sulfuric, Nitric21. 5-6

B A J T D U J V S D Q O E K V

A L O M S B G F A E J W K G VE D A C I D N K R U S V U P TO N I T R O G E N T N L S E HE F V O M K P J E S U L F U RL Q M H X O W C J U B V R O DQ F J H X I S E C A R B O N OJ J Y I N T D P X H R V C P WK Z D D R S S E H X E O B F VS E M E L J E H C E F X A Q US I A E L D K T A A R X U U NU M U P K Y A T K A W E J S NS F O S S I L Z I X L U Q H LL L E D S G I N E O K R U A CI V V U P J C R N G L F Z C G


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GLOSSARY

Absorb- Take in or soak up

Acid- A chemical substance, sour tasting, dissolves some metals, turns litmus red

Argon- Chemical element #18, makes up nearly 1% of Earths atmosphere

Atmosphere or Air - 70% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.3% Carbon Dioxide, 0.7% other gases

Aurora - a natural light display in the sky, caused by the collision of charged particles directed by the Earths magnetic field

Base- Bitter taste, maybe corrosive (draino), turns acid neutral, opposite to acid

Buffer- A solution that resists changes in pH when acid or bases are added to it

Carbon Dioxide- Colourless, odourless gas CO 2, Absorbed by plants, 0.03% of Earths atmosphere

Concentrated- High amount gathered in the one place

Contract - Process of becoming smaller in size

Corrosive- A substance that will destroy or irreversibly damage another surfaceor substance when it comes into contact

Diffusion - Gradual missing of molecules of different gases

Diluted- To make something weaker by adding water or another solvent

Effusion - The movement of molecules from a container through a small holeinto another container

Exert- Apply or bring to bear- force, influence etc

Expand - Process of becoming larger in size

Fossil Fuels- A natural fuel such as gas or coal formed from factories, engineemissions etc

Gas - Air-like fluid substance which expands freely to fill any space available,irrespective of its quantity


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Greenhouse Effect- The trapping of the suns warmth in Earths lower atmosphere, thus causing Earth to rise in temperature

Ideal Gas - A hypothetical gas, whose molecules occupy negligible space, has nointeractions and consequently obeys the gas laws.

Ideal Gas Law - PV= nRT (P- Pressure, V- Volume, n- number of moles, R-constant, T- temperature

Liquid - A substance that is liquid. Has a consistency like water or oil

Litmus Paper - Paper used to indicate the amount of acid or base of a substance

Matter - Anything that takes up space and has mass, three types- Solid, Liquidand Gas

Methane- A colourless, odourless, flammable gas, main element of natural gasMolecules- A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest unit

Nitrogen- Chemical element #7, gas that forms 78% of Earths atmosphere

Omitted- Leave out or exclude

Oxygen - colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that makes 21% of atmosphere

Ozone Layer - thin layer around Earth, which blocks most of the Suns harmfulUV rays thus preventing them from hurting us on Earth

Periodic Table of Elements- An arrangement of the elements in order of atomicnumber, elements are grouped with similar properties in their columns

pH scale- Provides a measurement of how acidic or basic a substance is, rangesfrom 0-14

Radiation- Energy transmitted as heat, light electricity etc

Solid - A substance or object that is solid rather than liquid or fluid

Troposphere - where the gases are that are needed by living things on Earth


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REFERENCES

Childcraft 1990, Discovering Gases, 3rd edn, World Book International, Bath, UK

Gibson, G 1995, Making things change , Watts Books, Sydney

http://www.weirdsciencekids.com/AcidRainExperiment.html

Oxtoby, D 1990, Principles of Modern Chemistry, 2nd edn, Saunders College, Philadelphia

Carlton, V 1982, Chemistry: Key to the Earth, 2nd edn, Melbourne University Press

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