1. 1. What traps particles before they reach the alveoli?
2. 2. mucus
3. 3. What moves the mucus upward?
4. 4. cilia
5. 5. What do we call this moving mucus system?
6. 6. Mucus escalator
7. 7. What paralyzes the mucus escalator?
8. 8. nicotene
9. 9. What detects when the lungs are full?
10. 10. Stretch receptors
11. 11. Falling oxygen, rising CO2, falling pH
12. 12. ischemia
13. 13. What detects ischemia?
14. 14. chemoreceptors
15. 15. Which feature of ischemia is easiest to detect?
16. 16. The CO2
17. 17. Dangerous gas produced by combustion
18. 18. Carbon monoxide
19. 19. What does carbon monoxide bind to ?
20. 20. hemoglobin
21. 21. What makes hemoglobin dissociate from oxygen more easily?
22. 22. Low pH (ischemia)
23. 23. How are pathogens/irritants in the air prevented from reaching the alveoli?
24. 24. Constriction of bronchioles
25. 25. What if the bronchioles constrict in response to irritants which present no threat to you?
26. 26. You have asthma
27. 27. What is really good at making constricted bronchioles relax and open up?
28. 28. adrenalin/epinephrine, such as is found in an epi-pen
29. 29. Loss of alveolar walls due to mechanical stress or bacterial action
30. 30. emphysema
31. 31. How does emphysema decrease your ability to absorb oxygen?
32. 32. Decreases surface area
33. 33. Emphysema destroys capillaries in the lung, forcing a person to pump blood through fewer capillaries. Which organ is most directly affected by this?
34. 34. Right side of heart.
35. 35. In a successful immune response to tuberculosis, how is the bacterium kept from spreading?
36. 36. It is walled off by a capsule of fibrous tissue in the lungs.
37. 37. What happens if the infection spreads before this immune response?
38. 38. The entire lung becomes thick and fibrous. Less able to diffuse gases.
39. 39. Why is tuberculosis increasingly scary?
40. 40. Antibiotic resistant strains have developed.
41. 41. What does a positive tb skin test prove?
42. 42. That you've been exposed to tb and had an immune response.
43. 43. What causes the blister in a positive tb skin test?
44. 44. Your antibodies are attacking the tb proteins they scratched into your skin.
45. 45. What's a pneumothorax?
46. 46. Air in the chest (where it doesn't belong, in the interpleural cavity.) It can cause a collapsed lung.
47. 47. What else can cause a collapsed lung?
48. 48. Lack of surfactant, common in premies.
49. 49. What do surfactants do?
50. 50. Reduce surface tension, and the tendency of your lungs to stick together like a steamy wet bread sack.
51. 51. Why doesn't hyperventilating increase your blood oxygen?
52. 52. Your blood is nearly oxygen saturated already.
53. 53. Why is hyperventilating before going underwater dangerous?
54. 54. Drives down CO2, making you feel too comfortable while you're running out of oxygen.
55. 55. What happens to the gases dissolved in your blood when you rise to quickly from deep under water?
56. 56. They become bubbles.
57. 57. What's an embolus?
58. 58. A bloodstream obstruction.
59. 59. Fluid buildup in the lungs.
60. 60. Pulmonary edema.
61. 61. How does your blood adapt to the low oxygen concentration at high altitudes?
62. 62. Makes more red cells.
63. 63. How do you divert blood flow to the better ventilated parts of your lung?
64. 64. Constrict blood flow to the poorly ventilated parts. Vasospasticity.
65. 65. What happens if your blood becomes sludgy because it has too many red cells, and your lungs are entirely vasospastic because of low atmospheric oxygen?
66. 66. Your right heart overworks, enlarges, dies. Mountain sickness.
67. 67. What's tidal volume?
68. 68. The amount of air you move in a normal breath.
69. 69. What's the largest volume of air you can move in a single breath?
70. 70. Vital capacity.
71. 71. Meningococcal disease. Scary?
72. 72. Yes. Scary.
73. 73. Meningococcal vaccine. Good?
74. 74. Good.