respiration includes four distinct events 1.pulmonary...
TRANSCRIPT
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Respiratory Physiology
▪ Respiration includes four distinct events 1. Pulmonary ventilation2. External respiration3. Respiratory gas transport4. Internal respiration
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Respiratory Physiology
1. Pulmonary ventilation (Breathing) — moving air into and out of the lungs
2. External respiration — gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli▪ Oxygen is loaded into the blood▪ Carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood
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Respiratory Physiology
3. Respiratory gas transport — transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
4. Internal respiration — gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
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Respiratory Physiology
Pulmonary Ventilation
External Respiration
Respiratory Gas Transport
Internal Respiration
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Mechanics of Breathing
▪Pulmonary ventilation (Breathing)▪ Mechanical process that depends on volume
changes in the thoracic cavity▪ Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which
lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure
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Mechanics of Breathing
▪Pulmonary ventilation (Breathing)▪ A gas always conforms to the shape of its container.▪ In a large volume, the gas molecules will be far apart,
and the pressure (created by the gas molecules hitting each other and the walls of the container) will be low.
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Mechanics of Breathing
▪Pulmonary ventilation (Breathing)▪ Assuming the amount of gas remains constant, if the
volume is reduced, the gas molecules will be closer together, and the pressure will rise.
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Mechanics of Breathing
▪Two phases of pulmonary ventilation▪ Inspiration = inhalation
▪ Flow of air into lungs▪ Expiration = exhalation
▪ Air leaving lungs
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Mechanics of Breathing
▪ Inspiration (inhalation)▪ Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract ▪ Intrapulmonary volume increases▪ Gas pressure decreases▪ Air flows into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure
equals atmospheric pressure
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Inspiration: Air (gases) ows into the lungs
Changes in lateral dimensions
Changes in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior dimensions
Ribs are elevated as external intercostals contract
External intercostalmuscles
Diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction
Full inspiration (External
intercostals contract)
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Mechanics of Breathing
▪Expiration (exhalation)▪ Largely a passive process that depends on natural
lung elasticity▪ Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax▪ Intrapulmonary volume decreases▪ Gas pressure increases▪ Gases passively flow out to equalize the pressure▪ Forced expiration can occur mostly by contraction of
internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
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Ribs are depressed as external intercostals relax
Expiration: Air (gases) ows out of the lungs
External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm moves superiorly as it relaxes
Changes in lateral dimensions
Changes in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior dimensions
Expiration (External intercostals
relax)
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Inspiration Expiration
Intrapulmonary pressure
Pres
sure
rela
tive
to a
tmos
pher
ic p
ress
ure +2
+1
0
–1
–2
(a)
Volu
me
(L)
Volume of breath
0.5
0
–0.5(b)
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Mechanics of Breathing
▪ Intrapleural pressure ▪ The pressure within the pleural space is always
negative ▪ Major factor preventing lung collapse
▪ If intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric pressure, the lungs recoil and collapse