Disorders of the

respiratory system

Asthma

• Asthma is a chronic lung disease that obstructs airflow

• The obstruction is

reversible

• It involves difficulty in breathing due to

– Inflammation (swelling)

– Mucus in the airways

– Tightening of muscles around the airways

Asthma

• WHO estimates that 235 million people currently suffer from asthma

• Asthma is the most common chronic disease among children.

Asthma

WHO

• Inflammation of air passage

• Hypersensitivity of afferent glossopharyngeal and vagal ending in larynx & afferent trigeminal endingsin nose.

• Pulmonary edema & congestion of lungs.

Causes

• Coughing

• Wheezing, a whistling sound

• Shortness of breath

• Chest tightness

• Sneezing & runny nose

• Itchy and inflamed eyes

Symptoms

If one parent has asthma, chances are 1 in 3 that each child will have asthma.

Genetics

• If both parents have asthma, 7 in 10 children will have asthma.

Genetics

Can asthma be cured?

• Asthma can be controlled (but not cured) by:

– Avoiding triggers or reducing exposure to triggers

– Using medication to control symptoms

• Medications - generally two types are used

– Controller or long-term drugs• Taken to prevent excess production of mucus & to reduce

the inflammation and constriction of airway muscles

– Rescue or quick-relief drugs• Taken to relax muscles around the airways to improve

breathing

•Pneumonia is the inflammation of lung tissues, followed by the accumulation of blood cells, fibrin & exudates in the alveoli. Affected part of lung become consolidated.

PNEUMONIA

• Pneumonia kills nearly two million children every year in the world under the age of five.

• In Pakistan, one in every four children deaths are due to this disease.

PNEUMONIA

Daily Times Monday,

November 21, 2011

Individuals Most at Risk for Pneumonia

• Elderly

• Those with viral infection

• AIDS or immunosuppressed patients

• Smokers

• Patients with chronic respiratorydisease e.g. bronchial asthma.

PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia occurs when bacteria (most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae), chemical irritants, or viruses get into your lungs.

Pneumonia causes the alveoli in the lungs to fill with pus or other liquid. This causes difficulty in breathing.

Causes

• Fever

• Cyanosis (Bluish skin)

• Difficulty breathing

• Increased pulse

• Mucus cough

• Delirium(Mental confusion)

• Compression of chest & chest pain

Symptoms

Symptoms

•Confused mental state

•Illusions(misunderstanding of stimulus)

•Hallucination

•Disorientation

•Loss of memory

•Hyperexcitability (Muscle twitching & cramp)

Delirium

To treat Pneumonia a doctor would choose

an antibiotic. Mainly based on health, how

serious the pneumonia is, and by how old

patient is.

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic medicine that is

sometimes prescribed by doctors.

If pneumonia isn’t bad, the infection can be

treated at home with oral antibiotics.

Treatment

EMPHYSEMA

Emphysema is a lung disease that is classified as a COPD

(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

EMPHYSEMA

There are several things that cause emphysema

It can be inherited

Prolonged exposure to environmental

toxins

and...........

Causes

CausesThe #1 cause is cigarette smoking. 82% of cases are related to smoking

• Shortness of breath

• Chronic high levels of CO2 in blood and low O2

• Chronic mucus production (chronic bronchitis)

• Constant coughing or need to clear the throat

• Wheezing• Sleep problems • Heart problems

Symptoms

Treatment

• Stop of smoking is the most important and effective treatment.• Medications used to improve breathing include bronchodilators, diuretics, and corticosteroids.• Antibiotics may be prescribed when respiratory infections occur.• Vaccines against the flu and pneumonia are recommended for people with emphysema

References•http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/emphysema/overview.html•www.who.int/topics/asthma/en/•www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en•http://www.emedicinehealth.com/emphysema/article_em.htm#Emphysema%20Overview•http://www.emedicinehealth.com/asthma/article_em.htm

IMAGES•https://adamimages.com/

•http://www.google.com.pk/BOOKS

•Medical Physiology by Jaypee•Medical physiology by Gayton & Hall

Thank You

Questions?