respiratory diseases
DESCRIPTION
RESPIRATORY DISEASES. PPT HEK SCIENCE DEPT. H E A L T H Y. L U N G. RESPIRATORY. ASTHMA BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA PNEUMONIA ASP. PNEUMONIA CYSTIC FIBROSIS PNEUMOCONIOSIS ARDS PUL EMBOLISM PUL INFARCT. DISEASES. ASTHMA BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA. C O P D. ASTHMA. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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RESPIRATORY DISEASES
PPT HEK SCIENCE DEPT
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H
E
A
L
T
H
Y
L
U
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G
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ASTHMA
BRONCHITIS
EMPHYSEMA
PNEUMONIA
ASP. PNEUMONIA
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
PNEUMOCONIOSIS
ARDS
PUL EMBOLISM
PUL INFARCT
RESPIRATORY
DISEASES
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C
O
P
D
ASTHMA
BRONCHITIS
EMPHYSEMA
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ASTHMA
• A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE WITH: OBSTRUCTION, INFLAMMATION AND HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS.
• SYMPTOMS: WHEEZING, DYSPNEA, COUGH AND MUCOID SPUTUM.
• CAUSE IS NOT KNOWN BUT INVOLVES CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES, MUCUS AND SWELLING OF AIRWAYS.
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IgE attaches to mast and basophil cells
Plasma cell
IgE
Allergens:dust pollen, foods.
Next time allergens enter the body they are attracted to IgE on mast cells and cause a release of histamine which causes bronchoconstriction and vasodilatation.
Allergic reaction:
= Release of histamine
antigens
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ASTHMA SYMPTOMS
• WHEEZING• CYANOSIS• IRRITABLE• RESP RATE• SWEATING• O2 SAT<90-92%• UNABLE TO TALK
MORE THAN A FEW WORDS AT A TIME.
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PEAK FLOW TEST
PEFR:
PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE
A DROP IN 50-60% IS INDICATION OF A SEVERE ATTACK.
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TREATMENT
• BETA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS - CAUSE BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION AND INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, SUBSTANCES. (Albuterol).
• THEOPHYLLINE – BRONCHODILATOR. ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM TEA LEAVES.
• CORTICOSTEROIDS - REDUCE INFLAMMATION.
• O2 THERAPY• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC INFECTION.
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BRONCHITIS
INFLAMMATION OF THE BRONCHI. OFTEN FOLLOWS A COLD OR ANY INFECTION OF NOSE AND THROAT. AGGRAVATED BY SMOKING OR SMOKE, DUST AND CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
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BRONCHITIS SYMPTOMS
• COUGH WORSE IN AM WITH CLEAR MUCOUS SPUTUM.
• BECOMES THICKER YELLOW IF INFECTION OCCURS
• FEVER SUGGESTS BACTERIAL INFECTION.
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BRONCHIAL GLAND WITH EXCESS MUCOUS
MUCOUS PLUG
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BRONCHITIS TREATMENT
• REST• FLUIDS• ANTIPYRETIC
FOR FEVERS• ANTIBIOTICS FOR
PURULENT SPUTUM WHEN HIGH FEVER PERSISTS.
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EMPHYSEMA
• CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN WHICH AIR SACS DEGENERATE UNTIL ELASTIC FIBERS ARE DESTROYED. LEADS TO A DECREASE IN LUNG ELASTICITY, RESULTING IN ACCUMULATION OF CO2 IN THE LUNGS POST EXHALATION.
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EMPHYSEMA CAUSES AN OVER-INFLATION OF THE ALVEOLI RESULTING FROM A
BREAKDOWN OF THE WALLS WITH DECREASED RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.
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DAMAGE TO ALVEOLI IS IRREVERSIBLE AND RESULTS IN
HOLES AND BULLAE IN LUNG TISSUE
BULLAE
MOTH-EATEN
APPEARANCE
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ETIOLOGY
• SMOKING
• ADV. STAGE OF BRONCHITIS
• MAY FOLLOW ASTHMA AND TB
• ATT-ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY RELATED EMPHYSEMA
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HOW SERIOUS IS EMPHYSEMA?
• 2.8 MILLION AMERICANS
• RANKS 15th AMONG CHRONIC CONDITIONS TO ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS
• MEN HAVE HIGHER RATES 53% HIGHER THAN FEMALES
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SYMPTOMS
• INCREASING SOB• COUGH• SPUTUM
PRODUCTION• PROLONGED
EXPIRATION• ANOREXIA• WT LOSS• MALAISE
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SMOKERS LUNG
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OLD PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST
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MODERN PFT
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TREATMENT
• NO CURE
• STOP SMOKING
• BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS
• ANTIBIOTICS
• TREAT WITH A1P1 FOR THOSE WHO HAVE DEFICIENCY
• LUNG TRANSPLANT
• LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION
• BREATHING EXERCISES & PD
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EMPHYSEMA PATIENT
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BARREL CHEST
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PERCUSSION
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ARDS
• A FAILURE OF THE RESP SYS BY FLUID ACCUMULATION WITHIN THE LUNGS THAT CAUSE THEM TO STIFFEN. CAUSES BLOOD VESSELS TO “LEAK” INTO THE LUNGS
• ETIOLOGIES: TRAUMA, SHOCK, BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, HEAD INJURY, SMOKE INHALATION AND NEAR DROWNING.
• UPON XRAY LUNGS BECOME WHITED-OUT
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ARDS SYMPTOMS &TREATMENT
• RAPID BREATHING• NASAL FLARING• CYANOSIS• DYSPNEA• ANXIETY AND STRESS• APNEA AT TIMES• RALES, RHONCHI
AND WHEEZES
• SURVIVAL RATE IS 50% WITH 90% HAVINGA CARDIAC ARREST
• O2 AT 100% IS ADMINISTERED INTUBATION AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION
• MEDS TO REDUCE INFLAMMATION
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ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
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ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
• ABNORMAL ENTRY OF FLUIDS: VOMIT, BILE, ACIDS INTO THE LUNGS.
• TAKES COURSE SIMILAR TO ARDS• SAME TYPE OF TREATMENT IS REQUIRED
TO GIVE RESPIRATORY SUPPORT WITH O2 AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION.
• FREQUENT SUCTIONING IS DONE EARLY IN THE COURSE OF TREATMENT.
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
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PNEUMONIA• INFLAMMATION OF THE
LUNGS DUE TO BACT, VIRUSES OR CHEM IRRITANTS
• MOST COMMON TYPE IS BACT PNEUMONIA FROM STREP. PNEUMONIAE
• OCCURS WHEN THE BODY IS WEAKENED FROM ILLNESS, MALNUTRITION, OLD AGE
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SYMPTOMS
• CHILLS, HIGH FEVER• CHEST PAIN• PRUNE COLORED
SPUTUM• SWEATING• RAPID PULSE AND
BREATHING• CYANOSIS• CONFUSED MENTAL
STATE.
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TREATMENT: ANTIBIOTICS, O2, NEBULIZER, POSTURAL DRAINAGE, NUTRITION, FLUIDS VACCINES.
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VACCINATION
NEXT
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PNEUMOCONIOSESOCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
• INHALATION OF PARTICLES: DUSTS, SILICA, ASBESTOS, COAL, IRON OXIDES, COTTON, FLAX
• PARTICLES DEPOSITED DEPEND ON SEDIMENTATION, INERTIAL IMPACTION AND DIFFUSION
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PATHOLOGY OF DISEASE
INHALED
PARTICULATESPROLIFERATIONOF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DUE TO IRRITATION
COLLAGEN FORMATION & COALESCING OF NODULES
END RESULT IS LUNG AND HEART FAILURE
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NODULE OF DUST
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TYPES OF PNEUMCONIOSES
• SILICOSIS
• ASBESTOSIS
• ANTHRACOSIS
• SIDEROSIS
• BAGASOSSIS
• BYSSINOSIS
ASBESTOS FIBERS
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SYMPTOMS
• SOB RELATED TO SIZE OF NODULES
• WHEEZING• COUGH• DYSPNEA• WEIGHT LOSS• EXCESS SPUTUM• REDUCED EXERCISE
TOLERANCE
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TREATMENT
• DUST SUPPRESSION
• TREAT SYMPTOMS
• SIMILAR TO COPD TREATMENT
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INFECTION
• O2 THERAPY
• NEB AND STEROIDS
CITY LUNG
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CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• INHERITED AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT OCCURRING IN ABOUT 5% OF POP.
• A DISEASE OF EXOCRINE GLANDS WHICH HYPER-SECRETE PRIMARILY AFFECTING RESPIRATORY AND GI SYSTEMS
• MOST COMMON LETHAL GENETIC DIS. IN WHITE POP.
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SYMPTOMS
ABN SWEAT AND MUCOUS GLANDS WITH LOSS OF NaCl CAN CAUSE: ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE, ARRHYTHMIAS, SHOCK.
THICK MUCOUS CAUSES: RESP INFECTION, DYSPNEA, LUNG DISEASE, MALNUTRITION & POOR GROWTH.
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CHEST PHYSICAL THERAPY
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NEBULIZER DELIVERY OF BRONCHODILATORS
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TREATMENT OF CF
• PT• EXERCISE TO
LOOSEN MUCUS AND STIMULATE COUGHING
• BRONCHODILATORS• O2 THERAPY• ANTIBIOTICS FOR
SEC. INF.• NUTRITION AND
VITAMINS• LUNG TRANSPLANT
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PULMONARY EMBOLUS
• SUDDEN LODGEMENT OF A BLOOD CLOT WITH OBSTRUCTION OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LUNG PARENCHYMA.
• CAN LEAD TO NECROSIS OF LUNG TISSUE = PUL. INFARCT
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SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT
• SYMPTOMS:VARY IN FREQ. & INTENSITY
• TACHYPNEA
• SUBSTERNAL CHEST PAIN
• HYPOXEMIA
• TREATMENT: ANALGESICS, HEPARIN (WATCH FOR BLEEDING), O2, SEDATIVES, PUL. EMBOLECTOMY.
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PhotoGallery
bulbous emphysemaanthracosis
bronchopneumonia
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CF bronchiectasis
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emphysema
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PhotoGalleryPul embolus Pul infarct
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pneumonia
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siderosis
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Status asthmaticus
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TB Lung transplant
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• www.pediatriconall.com
• www.courier-journal.com
• www.fpnotebook.com
• www.itc.csmd.edu
• //krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu
• www.merck.com
• med-lab.utah.edu