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RESPIRATORY

SAFETY

RESPIRATORY

SAFETY

F A C I L I T A T O R ’ S G U I D E

G e n e r a l A w a r e n e s s

Facilitator’s Guidelinesa Overview

b Getting Started

d Presentation Guidelines

f Lesson Plan

h Frequently Asked Questions

1 Introduction

3 Respiratory Hazards

8 Choosing The Correct Respirator

11 Summary

12 Quiz

14 Quiz Answers

What’s Inside

© 2004 Summit Training Source® Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any formor by any means without written permission from Summit Training Source® Inc. If you wish to purchaseadditional copies, please call our office at 1-800-842-0466.

Every day there is a person who

puts their own life at risk to save

another or to perform their daily

job tasks. No matter what your

occupation may be, there are

always dangers that could put you

at risk of injury. Knowing and

understanding what hazards may be involved with activities per-

formed at your site, and trying to eliminate those hazards, can help

ensure the safety of yourself and your co-workers. When airborne

hazards cannot be eliminated the correct respirator must be used.

Your awareness of possible risks that may be associated with air-

borne hazards, and the proper selection and use of respirators, is a

necessity for the safety and health of everyone involved.

Overview

a© Summit Training Source, Inc.

Getting Started

Training Materials

Collect all of the necessary materials and supplies before trainingbegins. Here are some suggested materials and supplies:

• A training location that is free of distractions, has good lighting,and a comfortable temperature.

• Desks and chairs arranged so that everyone will be able to seethe viewing screen, the facilitator, and each other.

• The video, a VCR, and a TV with a remote. Make sure the videois rewound.

• An employee handbook and pen/pencil for each trainee. Eachhandbook includes a quiz at the back, which can be used to testcomprehension and document training.

• Other supplies and equipment you may need - blackboard chalk,paper, handouts, transparencies, overhead projector, markers,notepads, etc.

• Additional information, such as a copy of the regulation orother reference tools.

b © Summit Training Source, Inc.

Preparation

A successful presentation requires preparation and planning. Giveyourself several days before the training session to get organized.

• Locate and schedule the training site as soon as possible.

• Notify trainees of the training date and time, the trainingschedule, and proper dress.

• Obtain all necessary equipment and supplies.

• Make sure you know how to operate the TV, VCR, and otherequipment. Check to ensure that it is working properly.Replace or repair any damaged equipment.

• Review all training materials, including the Facilitator’s Guide,handouts, and any other reference materials.

• Prepare your presentation, including a lesson plan or outline ofthe training. Include the training goals and objectives. Somepresentation guidelines are included on the next page. Asample lesson plan has been included on page f of thisFacilitator’s Guide.

• A day or so before conducting the training session, you maywant to have participants take the quiz as a pre-test. The resultsof this test can help you to determine weak areas to focus onduring the training session.

• Preview the videotape. Note any key points you want toexpand upon in your training.

c© Summit Training Source, Inc.

Presentation Guidelines

How you present the training course can have a great impact onlearning. By following these simple presentation guidelinesand keeping your objectives in mind, you can effectively andefficiently get the most out of your training session.

Organize Training Time Efficiently

In today’s busy work climate it can be difficult to find the timeneeded for training, so it is important to be organized and well-prepared when you do schedule training sessions. Whether youuse Summit’s suggested lesson plan or not, it is important to havea lesson plan prepared that you can implement comfortably. Thisensures that time spent in training is productive and beneficial foreveryone.

Stress the Purpose and Goals of Training

Training needs to be goal-oriented. State the purpose of trainingin a clear, specific manner - whether it’s to reduce injuries, increaseproduction, improve quality, improve working conditions, etc.Review the goals and objectives of the training so trainees knowwhat is expected of them.

Capture Their Attention

Training needs to be interesting and compelling to hold trainees’attention. To help motivate learners, give them specific evidencethat their effort makes a difference and provide feedback on theirprogress. Also, remember that the first experience with a newsubject usually forms a lasting impression on the learner. Bymaking that experience a positive one, you can help ensure youraudience retains the information learned.

d © Summit Training Source, Inc.

Make New Learning Experiences Pleasant

For some adults, past experiences with education were unpleasantand not helpful. Adults learn best when they feel comfortable.By making the learning environment open and friendly, you canhelp adults to feel secure in their new learning experience. Offersupport and feedback as often as possible, and be ready to pro-vide extra attention to those who may require it.

Ask If There are any Questions

When most adults learn new information that conflicts with whatthey already know, they are less likely to integrate those newideas. It is very important to make sure participants fully under-stand the training and do not have any unresolved questions.Provide for a question and answer period so participants canresolve those questions and/or answer questions throughout thetraining session.

e© Summit Training Source, Inc.

Lesson Plan

As a qualified trainer, your job is to effectively communicate agreat deal of information in a well-organized manner. Bypreparing a lesson plan, you can ensure that each minute of thetraining session is productive. Summit has provided a suggestedlesson plan for your use.

1. Program Objective

This guide reviews Respiratory Safety: General Awareness. Init, we will cover:

• Respiratory Hazards

• How Respirators Work

• Choosing The Right Respirator

2. Show the Video: ”Respiratory Safety: General Awareness”

3. Discussion and Demonstration

To help relate the training to your site, you may wish to incorporateyour own discussion topics and exercises. Key issues you mightconsider include:

• What types of tasks performed at our facility may require theuse of respirators?

• Who is in charge of “fit testing” respirators?

• What is the difference between particulate respirators, gas andvapor respirators, combination respirators, supplied-airrespirators, and self-contained breathing apparatuses?

• What are some possible consequences that may result ifrespirators are not used for tasks in which they are required?

f © Summit Training Source, Inc.

5. Questions and Answers

Provide for a Q&A session to answer any questions. It may benecessary to review some of the material when providinganswers. The employee handbook, equipment manuals, andother reference tools may be helpful.

4. Use Handbooks to Reinforce Training

The handbooks increase comprehension and reinforce theinformation learned in the video program by explaining the mainpoints and expanding on the original material. For increasedemployee information retention, go over one section at a timeand stop to answer questions. The quiz at the back of theFacilitator’s Guide is provided to document employee training.Answers to the quiz are provided on a separate page.

g© Summit Training Source, Inc.

Frequently Asked Questions

How often do respirators need to be fit tested?Respirators must be fit tested once a year, or after conditions occur suchas facial scarring, dental changes, cosmetic surgery, or obvious changesin body weight. However, if you notice your respirator has beendamaged or suspect that it is not sealing properly, you should turn thedamaged respirator into your supervisor and have a new fit testperformed.

What is the controlled negative pressure (CNP) REDON protocoland how is it performed?The CNP REDON protocol is an improved fit-testing procedure estab-lished by OSHA. It consists of three test exercises which are followed bytwo redonnings of the respirator. The first exercise is facing forward.You will stand in a normal position and breathe normally for 30 seconds,without talking. Then, continue to face forward and hold your breath for10 seconds to complete the test. The second exercise is bending over.In this test you will need to bend at the waist for 30 seconds and holdyour breath for 10 seconds. The third test is called head shaking. Thistest requires you to shake your head back and forth vigorously severaltimes while shouting for approximately three seconds. Then, face for-ward and hold your breath for 10 seconds to complete the test. Oncethese three tests have been performed, you need to do two redonnings.The first redonning requires you to remove the respirator, loosen allface-piece straps, then place it back on and readjust the straps for aproper fit. Once you have placed it back on, stand facing forward andhold your breath for 10 seconds. Next you will need to complete the sec-

ond redonning. You will preform this redonning exactly as you did thefirst to be sure the respirator is fitted properly.

h © Summit Training Source, Inc.

1© Summit Training Source, Inc.

The goal of the respiratory protec-tion program is to put in place astate-of-the-art policy for protect-ing you from airborne hazards inthe workplace. While it’s the roleof our program administrator tooversee the program, to be effec-tive, you must also do your part.

Why is an effective respiratory

protection program so impor-

tant? Human beings can absorbtoxins through the skin and gas-trointestinal tract… but due toour constant need for oxygen, thequickest and most direct route fortoxins to enter the body is the res-piratory system.

Introduction

In many work environments, using proper

respiratory protection is absolutely critical.

That’s why your facility, in accordance with

government regulations, has implemented a

written respiratory protection program.

“

“You are looking for fire, youare looking for people and itis dark. You cannot see yourhand in front of your faceand you depend on yourequipment. You depend onyour airpak to save your life;without it you would not begoing in there. We crawllow. We teach people tocrawl low to keep under thesmoke, but still we would notbe able to survive withoutthat self-contained breathingapparatus. We use it everytime we go on a fire call. It’sa necessary part of our job.

REAL LIFE

Lt. Steve

Sandholm

Kentwood Fire Department

When oxygen is breathed into thelungs, it quickly passes into thebloodstream and circulates through-out the body. Unfortunately, if tox-ins are breathed in they can enterthe body along the same efficientroute, causing damage every step ofthe way. Besides lung diseases suchas asthma, bronchitis and emphyse-ma, toxins that enter the blood-stream can aggravate or be thecause of nerve disorders, heart dis-ease, brain damage, cancer or death– depending on the nature of thetoxin and level of exposure.

Introduction continued

© Summit Training Source, Inc.2

““We clean over-the-road truck

tankers and when we takethe bottom discharge cap offa trailer - (a respirator) isreally important because youare standing in close proximi-ty with a chemical...andwhen you are dropping yourspinner in the tank with achain hoist you are hovering,and all that vapor is rising up,and if you don’t have it onyou are breathing it all in, soin my line of work it isabsolutely a necessity for thekind of chemicals that wedeal with.

REAL LIFE

James Berger

SupervisorContainer Services Group, PSC

Particulate ContaminantsParticulate contaminants are verycommon in the work environmentand can come in many forms.Sometimes they are visible to theeye, many times they are not. Ifallowed to enter the lungs they cancause a long list of acute and chron-ic illnesses.

DustAirborne dusts and fibers occurwhen solid materials are brokendown during activities such as sand-ing, cutting, crushing, grinding ordrilling.

MistMists are liquid particles of varioussizes, formed when liquid is sprayed,shaken, mixed or stirred.

FumesFumes are minute, solid particlescaused when metals and plastics areheated by welding, smelting, solder-ing or brazing operations.


In the workplace, respiratory hazards can be

divided into three categories: particulate con-

taminants, gas and vapor contaminants, and

oxygen deficiency.

Respiratory Hazards

““We deal with a lot ofhazardous chemicals thatrequire respirators and if youdon’t wear it, who knowswhat could happen...yearsand years of breathing in thekind of chemicals that wedeal with--a lot of them arecarcinogens, a lot of them.

REAL LIFE

James Berger


FogFog is a mist concentrated enoughto block your vision.

SmokeSmoke is made up of gases, vapors,particles, and liquid aerosols that

are produced by burning or chemi-cal reaction. Smoke is often con-centrated enough to block yourvision.

Along with these hazards common-ly found in manufacturing, thereare biological particulates thatagricultural and health care work-ers are exposed to, including air-borne bacteria, viruses and mold.

Gases And VaporsGases and vapors are the secondcategory of respiratory hazard thatworkers need to be aware of. Gasesare materials that become airborneat room temperature, while vaporsare formed when liquids evaporate.Like gases, vapors are often invisi-ble. Once breathed into the lungs,they can easily enter the blood-stream and damage organs through-out the body.

4 © Summit Training Source, Inc.

Respiratory Hazards continued

““Sometimes we will have a

carbon monoxide call...andeveryone in the house aresick and they don’t knowwhy. We get there and checkfor carbon monoxide. Weput on our packs and thenwe can...mitigate the situa-tion at that point. That hap-pens quite often when weare not sure what’s in the air,a lot of unknowns are takenaway (by wearing an airpak).

REAL LIFE

Lt. Steve

Sandholm



““When they enter these

trailers, entering without asupplied-air respirator couldpotentially be fatal. Theymay be climbing into anatmosphere that is full ofnitrogen, that is oxygendepleted, or where theatmosphere due to achemical...would overpowerthem and possibly causeunconsciousness or death.

REAL LIFE

James Waller

Director of Safety and HealthContainer Services Group, PSC

REAL LIFE

Jim Stanley

PresidentFDR Safety(former Deputy AssistantSecretary of Labor, OSHA)

““We have found over theyears that overexposure tolead, overexposure to silicadust, overexposure toasbestos, or any exposure toasbestos can be devastatingto a worker in his futureyears. And it’s a major prob-lem.

Respiratory Hazards continued

Oxygen DeficiencyThe third category of respiratoryhazard in the workplace is oxygendeficiency – another invisible haz-ard. Normally the air we breathecontains an oxygen concentrationof 20.9 percent by volume. If theoxygen levels in an atmospheredrop below 19.5%, drowsiness,asphyxiation, and death can occur.Particularly in confined spaces, theoxygen we need to survive can bedisplaced by other gases. The onlyway to know if this has occurred isto test an environment prior toworkers entering that atmosphere.

““We go through several differ-

ent tests. We put on ourmasks and a machine ishooked up to our facepiece.We move our heads up anddown several times...side toside...open and close yourmouth..and read certainparagraphs. All this time it’staking readings of the pres-sure inside our mask to makesure that it’s properly fit.

REAL LIFE

Lt. Steve

Sandholm



Following the guidelines in the res-piratory protection program, themanagement at this site has elimi-nated as many respiratory hazardsas possible from the work environ-ment and, where hazards could notbe eliminated, respiratory protec-tion has been selected. Before youcan use this equipment, however,you must receive a medical evalua-tion from a physician or health careworker. If you pass the medicalscreening you are then cleared tomove on to the “fit test.”“

“We are fit tested once a yearto make sure...our respiratoris sealing right.

REAL LIFE

James Berger


““The seal to the respirator is soimportant because if you donot ensure that you have theproper seal, whatever you aretrying to protect yourselfagainst will seep through therespirator.

Jamie Crouch

Safety OfficerMetropolitan Hospital


There are two basic types of respi-rators: air-purifying respiratorsand atmosphere-supplying respira-tors. The respirator you will needdepends on the type of hazards youwill be exposed to and the type ofwork you will be performing.

Air-Purifying RespiratorsThere are three types of air-purify-ing respirators:

• particulate• gas and vapor• combination

Air-purifying respirators allow con-taminated air to pass through acartridge or filter to eliminate tox-ins from the air you breathe in.They are lightweight and mobile,but also have limitations. Air-puri-fying respirators should not beused in oxygen deficient environ-ments or when contamination lev-els are too high for filters andabsorbents. Since air-purifying


Choosing The Correct Respirator

A key responsibility of the program adminis-

trator is to see that the correct respirator is

chosen for each hazardous environment.

““They also require us to do (afit test) whenever we com-plain of no seal on our face-piece, whenever there is aproblem with our facepiece,or if we have a suddenweight loss that changes ourfacial structure.

REAL LIFE

Capt. Jim Harkes


respirators do not supply oxygen,an atmosphere-supplying respira-tor should be used in these types ofsituations.

A t m o s p h e r e - S u p p l y i n gRespiratorsThere are two types of atmos-phere-supplying respirators:

• supplied-air respirators• self-contained breathing

apparatus or SCBAs

Atmosphere-supplying respiratorssupply breathable air from asource that is different from thecontaminated air. Atmosphere-supplying respirators are meantfor working in higher-risk environ-ments classified as immediatelydangerous to life and health, orIDLH.


““Life is about choices. You

have the choice to wear arespirator or not. You havethe education...the experi-ence...and now the knowl-edge of why and how arespirator works. Remember,the life you save by wearing arespirator might be yourown.

REAL LIFE

Lewis

Wiedewitsch

EHS Engineer,Citation Corp.

These types of respirators alsohave limitations. The user has lim-ited mobility because they areeither tethered to an air hose, orhave to carry an air tank on theirback that will supply them withclean air to breathe. Since the airhose that is used with a supplied-air respirator could be damaged orpunctured, a small auxiliary tankneeds to be attached for emer-gency purposes when working inan IDLH atmosphere. This emer-gency tank will provide the userwith enough time to escape thehazardous breathing environmentunharmed if an emergency situa-tion arises.

Choosing The CorrectRespiratorHow is the correct respirator cho-

sen? First, the air is sampled andanalyzed to determine which tox-ins are present and at what levels.Where there is the potential for anatmosphere to be oxygen deficient,oxygen levels must also be deter-mined. Once this information isgathered, the capacities and limita-tions of various respirators mustbe considered before a final deci-sion is made.


Choosing The Correct Respiratorcontinued

Summary

Remember, our goal is to createthe safest possible work environ-ment for our employees. If youhave any questions about respira-tor use, care or storage, ask yoursupervisor or program administra-tor.

While the problem of airbornetoxins in the workplace is a seri-ous one, all these hazards can beminimized or eliminated. The res-piratory protection program pro-vides a set of guidelines that everyemployee must follow to keepthemselves and their co-workerssafe while on the job.


““Regardless of whether you’reuncomfortable, regardless ofwhether it slows you down,regardless of whether it issomething you don’t want todo...you have to do itbecause so many other peo-ple depend on you stayinghealthy and staying safe.

REAL LIFE

Jim Stanley

PresidentFDR Safety(former Deputy AssistantSecretary of Labor, OSHA)

““Exposure to things may notbe an issue right now, but 20or 30 years down the roadmay severely impact your lifeand your quality of life.

John Waller

Director of Safety and HealthContainer Services Group, PSC

© Summit Training Source, Inc.

Quiz

To review your knowledge of Respiratory Safe ty : General

Awareness , answer the questions below.

Your Name Date

1. Particulate contaminants are always visible to the human eye.a. True b. False

2. What type of particulate contaminants are likely to be found in a work environment where sanding, cutting, crushing, grinding, or drilling is being performed?

a. Airborne dusts and fibersb. Mistsc. Fumesd. Smoke

3. Agricultural and health care workers are never exposed to any typesof airborne particulates.

a. True b. False

4. What type of materials become airborne at room temperature?a. Fibersb. Dustsc. Gasesd. None of the above

5. Confined spaces must always be tested for air contaminants before workers enter that atmosphere.

a. True b. False

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13

6. Air-purifying respirators must be used in oxygen deficient atmospheres like confined spaces.

a. True b. False

7. What type of respirator is required for high-risk environments classified as immediately dangerous to life and health?

a. Air-purifying respiratorb. Paper dust mask respiratorc. A handkerchief over the nosed. Atmosphere-supplying respirator

8. What must you do before you can be cleared to move on to a “fit test?”

a. Lose some weightb. Get parental permissionc. Pass a medical screeningd. Study really hard

9. Who should you ask if you have any questions regarding respirator use, care, or storage? Select all that apply.

a. Your supervisorb. Your program administratorc. Receptionistd. Don’t ask, just go with your first instinct

10. REAL LIFE: A fireman receives a call that everyone is sick at a house downtown. What should the fireman do BEFORE entering the house? Select all that apply.a. Perform the secret knock on the door and walk inb. Test the airc. Put on a SCBAd. There is no time to wait; he should just walk in with no

personal protective equipment.

© Summit Training Source, Inc.

Quiz Answers

1. b False

2. a Airborne dusts and fibers

3. b False

4. c Gases

5. a True

6. b False

7. d Atmosphere-supplying respirator

8. c Pass a medical screening

9. a Your supervisor

b Your program administrator

10. c Put on a SCBA

© Summit Training Source, Inc. 14

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