respiratory system. 6.4 gas exchange distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange and cell...
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Respiratory System
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6.4 Gas exchange• Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange and cell
respiration.• Explain the need for a ventilation system.• Describe the features of alveoli that adapt them to gas
exchange.• Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation system,
including trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
• Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by theinternal and external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
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What is the equation of respiration?
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells.
C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O+energy(ATP)
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What is gaseous exchange?
• It is the exchange of gases between on organism and its surroundings including the uptake and release of carbondioxide in animals and plants.
• It takes place by diffusion
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Diffusion of gases depend on;
1. The size of the surface area
2. The difference in the concentration
3. The length of the diffusion path
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Gaseous exchange in animals
• Aquatic animals versus land animals
• They need a ventilation pumping mechanism, which moves air into and out of the lungs efficiently, thereby maintaining concentration gradient for diffusion.
• They need blood supply
• Respiratory pigment
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Gaseous Exchange in Humans
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Section 6.16 – The path taken by air to the lungs
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Larynx
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Tracheabronchibronchioles
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alveoli
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Features of alveoli;
Thin …
Folded
Moist
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Have an excellent transport system …
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Pleural Membranes
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Efficiency of lungs
Large surface area …
Supply of blood …
Wall of alveoli
Surface film of moisture
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Lungs volumeTidal volume: volume of the air normally
exchanged in breathing
Residual volume: volume of the air remaning in the lungs after maximum expiration
Vital volume (capacity): the total possible change in lung volume- the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
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BREATHING MECHANISM
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Inhalation (Inspiration)
• Volume of chest cavity increases
• Diaphragm (dome shaped muscle at the bottom of the chest
cavity) moves downward
• Air pressure in lungs decreases (so air is pushed into lungs)
• The intercostal muscles contract, ribs and sternum move up & out
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Exhalation(Expiration)
• Volume of chest decreases
• Diaphragm moves upward
• Air pressure in lungs increases (so air is pushed out lungs)
• The intercostal muscles relax, ribs and sternum move down&in
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