respiratory system breath in oxygen and supply to the blood expel carbon dioxide (waste product of...
TRANSCRIPT
Respiratory System • Breath in oxygen and
supply to the blood• Expel carbon dioxide
(waste product of cellular respiration) into the atmosphere
• Filter, moisten, warm the air during inhalation/exhalation
Upper Respiratory Tract• Nasal Cavity
– Hollow space behind the nose – Lined with mucus to trap foreign
particles• Pharynx (Throat)
– Air and food pass through – Conducts air towards the larynx and
food towards the esophagus• Epiglottis
– Flap of tissue that covers the entrance to larynx
• Larynx (voice box)– Contains two bands of tissue called
the vocal cords • Trachea (windpipe)
– Made of cartilaginous rings– Lined with cilia, secrete mucus
Lower Respiratory Tract• Lungs
– Right/Left– Right has three lobes– Left has two lobes
• Bronchi– Two tubes that branch from
the trachea – Lead into the lungs
• Bronchioles – Smaller tubes branch from
bronchi– Connect to the alveoli
• Alveoli– Air sacs within the lungs
where gas exchange occurs
Gas Exchange • Difference in Concentration
Gradient– Inhaled air has greater
concentration of O₂– Deoxygenated blood in body
has greater concentration of CO₂
• Diffusion of O₂/CO₂ across membrane happens simultaneously
• Occurs in Alveoli and somatic cells
• Surfactant – Lowers surface tension in alveoli
Breathing• Involves changes of
pressure in lungs • Inhalation
– Diaphragm and rib muscles contract
– Chest cavity expands – Air pressure decreases – Lungs expand
• Exhalation – Diaphragm and rib
muscles relax – Chest cavity contracts – Air pressure increases – Lungs contract
Dyspnea• Shortness of breath (SOB)• Causes (85% of cases)– Asthma, pneumonia, cardiac ischemia, interstitial
lung disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Asthma • Chronic inflammatory
disease of the airways • Symptoms– Wheezing, coughing,
chest tightness, shortness of breath
• Causes – Genetics, pollution,
smoking, allergies • Treatment (Albuterol)– Puffer, pill, syrup
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)• Persistently poor airflow as a
result of breakdown of lung tissue • Emphysema
– Damage to alveoli• Chronic Bronchitis
– Inflammation of bronchi, airways become narrow and clogged with mucus
• Causes – Smoking, occupation, air pollution
• Treatment – No cure– Steroids, anti-inflammatory drugs,
oxygen therapy, quit smoking
Diagnostic Test For Respiratory Health• Chest X-ray
– Uses x-ray radiation to form images of bones, tumors, TB inside the chest
– Lung cancer, pneumonia, TB• MRI
– Uses magnetic fields to form cross-section images of bones and soft tissues
– Blood clot in lungs, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis
• Sputum Test – Used to test mucus from the lungs
and bronchi for bacteria and other microbes
– TB, pneumonia
Diagnostic Test For Respiratory Health• Arterial Blood Gas Test– Test blood sample for oxygen
and carbon dioxide concentrations
– Asthma, cystic fibrosis• Stethoscope– Amplify and listen to lung
sounds while person breathes • Pulmonary function test– Measures amount of air moving
in and out of lungs during different types of breathing
– Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema