RESPIRATORY SYSTEMBy Briana Campbell & Stacie Walker

Function

Obtaining oxygen and removing Carbon Dioxide are the primary functions

The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells is called respiration

http://youtu.be/p4zOXOM6wgE

Air through the Respiratory System

1. Nose/Mouth2. Nasal Cavity3. Nasopharynx 4. Oropharynx 5. Laryngopharyn

x6. Larynx

7. Trachea8. Bronchi9. Bronchioles 10. Alveoli11. Capillaries of

lungs

Major Organs

Nose

Made of bone and cartilage that support the nose

Nostrils are openings for air

First line of defense against contaminants in the air

Any large particulate matter is filtered out by the nose hairs

Separated by nasal septum

Nasal Cavity

Nasal conch divides the nasal cavity into passage ways to help increase the area of the mucous membrane

Filters, warms and moistens incoming air To maintain good

health it is necessary to keep the lower respiratory system warm

Second line of defense The mucous that

coats the lining of the nasal cavity filters out particles that are smaller

Ciliary action carries particles trapped in the mucus to the pharynx where they are swallowed

Paranasal Sinuses

Mucous membrane lines the sinus

Divided into the frontal maxillary sphenoid ethnoid

Named after the bones they are near

Pharynx

Behind the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx

Passageway for air and food Air is further purified and filtered to

eliminate germs and unwanted chemicals

Larynx

Conducts air and helps prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea

The glottis and epiglottis helps prevent foods and liquids from entering the trachea

Contains vocal cords which vibrate from side to side to produce sounds

Trachea

Often called the windpipe

Little longer than 4 inches

Extends into the thoracic cavity anterior to the esophagus

Divides into the right and left bronchi

Bronchial tree

Branched air passages that lead from the trachea to the air sacs

As tubes get smaller they are called bronchioles

Alveoli are at the distal ends of the narrowest tubes the alveolar ducts

Alveoli

Lungs

Soft spongy and cone shaped

Mediastinum separates to the left and right lungs

Diaphragm and thoracic cage enclose them

Viceral pleura attaches to the surface of the lungs

Each lobe of the lungs is composed of: Alveoli Blood vessels Supporting

tissues

Lungs

Breathing Mechanism

Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs

Occurs when the pressure inside the alveoli decreases

Breathing in

Elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension within alveoli provide the force for expiration

Thoracic and abdominal wall muscles aid in expiration

Breathing out

Inspiration Expiration

Inspiration

Expiration

Respiratory Center

Brain stem and portions of the Pons and Medulla Oblongata

Pneumotaxic regulates breathing rates

Decreased blood oxygen concentration stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies

Respiratory Membrane

Consists of alveolar and capillary walls

Blood and alveolar air exchange gases across the membrane

Inner lining of simple squamous epithelium and a dense network of capillaries

Diffusion

Partial pressure of a gas is proportional to the concentration of that gas in a mixture or the concentration dissolved in a liquid

Gases diffuse from regions of higher partial pressure toward regions of lower partial pressure

Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood

Carbon Dioxide diffuses from blood into alveolar air

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Blood mainly transports oxygen in combination with hemoglobin molecules

The resulting oxyhemoglobin is unstable and releases its oxygen in regions where the PO2 is low

More oxygen is released as the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases, as blood becomes more acidic, and as the blood temperature increases

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide may be carried in solution, bound to hemoglobin, or as a bicarbonate ion

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

Carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

Gases in the blood

Factors that affect Breathing Chemicals, stretching of lung tissues,

and emotional states affect breathing Chemosensitive areas are associated

with the respiratory center Blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and

hydrogen ions influence the central chemoreceptors

Stimulation of these receptors increases breathing rate

Factors that affect Breathing (cont)

Peripheral chemoreceptors are in the walls of certain large arteries These chemoreceptors sense low oxygen

concentration When oxygen concentration is low, breathing rate

increases Overstretching lung tissues triggers an inflation

reflex This reflex shortens the duration of inspiratory

movements The inflation reflex prevents over inflation of the

lungs during forceful breathing

Factors that affect Breathing (cont)

Hyperventilation decreases blood carbon dioxide concentration, but this is very dangerous when done before swimming underwater

Diseases

Asthma- a lung disease characterized by reversible inflammation and constriction

Bronchitis- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes

Emphysema- condition in which the alveoli are inefficient because of distension

Pneumonia- inflammation of a lung caused by infection, chemical inhalation, or trauma

Tracheostenosis- abnormal narrowing of the trachea

“Roses are red, Violets are blue, without your lungs, your blood would be too”

-Susan Ott

Works Cited

Category. "How to Make a Lung Model." Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://biology.about.com/od/biologylabhowtos/ht/lungmodel.htm>

Collins, C. Edward . A Short Course in Medical Terminology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. Print.

Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. Hole's essentials of human anatomy and physiology. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print.

Shiland, Betsy J.. "Respiratory System ." Mastering Healthcare Terminology. 2003. Reprint. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2006. 374-409. Print.

"Textbook Images." Your Page Title. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0218378151/student_view0/chapter16/textbook_images.html>