respiratory system. introduction the cv and respiratory system cooperate to supply o2 and eliminate...
TRANSCRIPT
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Respiratory SystemRespiratory System
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IntroductionIntroduction
• The CV and Respiratory system cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate CO2
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IntroductionIntroduction
• The Resp. Sys. provides for gas exchange
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IntroductionIntroduction
• The CV transports respiratory gases
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells
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IntroductionIntroduction
Consists of
1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
6. Lungs
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IntroductionIntroduction
• The conducting system consists of a series of cavities and tubes –nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal bronchiole
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IntroductionIntroduction
• The conducting system conducts air into lungs
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IntroductionIntroduction
• The respiratory portion consists of the area where gas exchange occurs-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
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NoseNose
• The external portion of the nose is made of cartilage and skin and is lined with mucous membrane.
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NoseNose
• It is stratified squamous epithelium inside the nostrils
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NoseNose
• It turns into pseudostratified columnar epithelium deeper inside
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NoseNose
• The bony framework of the nose is formed by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae
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NoseNose
• The internal structures of the nose are specialized for
1. warming
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NoseNose
2. moistening
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NoseNose
3. Filtering incoming air
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NoseNose
4. Receiving olfactory stimuli
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NoseNose
5. Serving as large, hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds
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NoseNose
• The space within the internal nose is called the nasal cavity.
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NoseNose
• It is divided into right and left sides by the nasal septum
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NoseNose
• The anterior portion of the cavity (nostrils) is called the vestibule
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PharynxPharynx
• Throat
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PharynxPharynx
• Muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane
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PharynxPharynx
• Anatomic regions
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
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PharynxPharynx
• Nasopharynx functions in respiration
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PharynxPharynx
• The oropharynx and laryngopharynx function in digestion and in respiration
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LarynxLarynx
• Voice box
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LarynxLarynx
• Passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea
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LarynxLarynx
It contains
1. Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
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LarynxLarynx
2. Epiglottis (prevents food from entering the larynx)
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LarynxLarynx
3. Cricoid cartilage (connects the larynx and trachea)
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SwallowingSwallowing
1. Larynx raises up
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SwallowingSwallowing
2. Epiglottis covers the entry into the glottis
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SwallowingSwallowing
3. The upper esophageal sphincter opens
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SwallowingSwallowing
4. Food is diverted into the esophagus
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Voice ProductionVoice Production
• The larynx contains vocal folds (true vocal cords) which produces sound
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Voice ProductionVoice Production
• The true cords and the space between them make up the glottis
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Voice ProductionVoice Production
• In males, the true cords are thicker and longer
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Voice ProductionVoice Production
• The false cords close when we clear our throat
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TracheaTrachea
• Windpipe
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TracheaTrachea
• Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
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TracheaTrachea
• Composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage
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TracheaTrachea
• Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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TracheaTrachea
• The cartilage rings keep the airway open
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TracheaTrachea
• Cilia sweep debris away from the lungs and back to the throat to be swallowed
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BronchiBronchi
• The trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi
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BronchiBronchi
• The bronchiole tree consists of the
1. trachea
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BronchiBronchi
2. Primary bronchi
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BronchiBronchi
3. Secondary bronchi
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BronchiBronchi
4. Tertiary bronchi
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BronchiBronchi
5. Bronchioles
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BronchiBronchi
6. Terminal bronchioles
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BronchiBronchi
• Walls of bronchi contain rings of cartilage, which disappears distally
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BronchiBronchi
• Walls of bronchioles contain smooth muscle only, without cartilage
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BronchiBronchi
• The epithelium changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar to non-ciliated simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles
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BronchiBronchi
• Sympathetics release norepinephrine and epi. which stimulates beta two receptors causing bronchodilation
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BronchiBronchi
• Parasympathetic release ACh which stimulates muscarinic ACh receptors causing bronchoconstriction
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LungsLungs
• Paired organs in the thoracic cavity
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LungsLungs
• Enclosed and protected by the pleural membrane
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LungsLungs
• Parietal pleura – outer layer which is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity
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LungsLungs
• Visceral pleura – inner layer, covering the lungs
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LungsLungs
• Pleural cavity (space) – A small space between the pleurae that contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes
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LungsLungs
• Extend from the diaphragm to just slightly superior to the clavicles
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LungsLungs
• Lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly
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LungsLungs
• Right lung has three lobes
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LungsLungs
• The left lung has two lobes
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LungsLungs
• Tertiary bronchi supply segments of lung tissue called bronchopulmonary segments
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LungsLungs
• Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of many small compartments called lobules
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LungsLungs
• Lobules contain
1. lymphatics
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LungsLungs
2. arterioles
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LungsLungs
3. venules
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LungsLungs
4. Terminal bronchioles
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LungsLungs
5. Respiratory bronchioles
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LungsLungs
6. Alveolar ducts
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LungsLungs
7. Alveolar sacs
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LungsLungs
8. alveoli
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AlveoliAlveoli
• Have a surface area of 70 square meters
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AlveoliAlveoli
• Consists of
1. Type I alveolar cells (simple squamous)
2. Type II alveolar cells (septal)
3. Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
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AlveoliAlveoli
• Type II alveolar cells secrete alveolar fluid which keeps the alveolar moist
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AlveoliAlveoli
• The alveolar fluid contains surfactant which prevents the collapse of alveoli with each expiration
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AlveoliAlveoli
• Gas exchange occurs across the alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane
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AlveoliAlveoli
• Respiratory membrane consists of the two layers of simple squamous cells and their basement membranes
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Pulmonary VentilationPulmonary Ventilation
• Breathing
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Pulmonary VentilationPulmonary Ventilation
• Process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and lung alveoli.
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InspirationInspiration
• Occurs when alveolar pressure fall below atm. pressure.
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InspirationInspiration
• Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the size of the thorax.
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InspirationInspiration
• Thus decreasing the intrathoracic pressure so that the lungs expand.
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InspirationInspiration
• Expansion of the lungs decreases alveolar pressure to 758 mmHg.
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InspirationInspiration
• Air moves along the pressure gradient from atm. 760 into the lungs.
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ExpirationExpiration
• Occurs when alveolar pressure is higher than atm. pressure (760).
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ExpirationExpiration
• Relaxtion of the diaphragm and external intercostals results in elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs which…..
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ExpirationExpiration
1. Increases intrathoracic pressure
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ExpirationExpiration
2. Decreases lung volume
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ExpirationExpiration
3. Increases alveolar pressure so that air moves from the lungs to the atmosphere
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Alveolar Surface TensionAlveolar Surface Tension
• Causes the alveolar to assume the smallest diameter
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Alveolar Surface TensionAlveolar Surface Tension
• Surface tension must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration
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Alveolar Surface TensionAlveolar Surface Tension
• It is the major component of elastic recoil, which acts to decrease the size of the alveoli during expiration
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Alveolar Surface TensionAlveolar Surface Tension
• Surfactant decreases surface tension of the alveoli and prevents their collapse following expiration
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Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Tidal volume - amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500ml)
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Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Inspiratory reserve volume – Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (3100)
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Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• During forced inspiration the muscles sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor are also used
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Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Expiratory reserve volume – Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (1200ml)
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Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Forced expiration employs contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
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Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Vital capacity – Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (4800ml)
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Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Residual volume – Air remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled (1200)
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Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Minute Volume of Respiration – the total volume of air taken in during one minute
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Lung Volumes and CapacitiesLung Volumes and Capacities
• Minute Volume of Respiration – tidal volume x 12 respirations per minute = 6000ml/min
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Dalton’s lawDalton’s law
• Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present
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Dalton’s lawDalton’s law
• Partial pressure of a gas – the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gases
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Dalton’s lawDalton’s law
• Partial pressure of a gas = % of the mixture represented by the gas times the total pressure
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Dalton’s lawDalton’s law
• Total Pressure (P) = Add all the partial pressures
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External RespirationExternal Respiration
• In internal and external respiration, O2 and CO2 diffuse from areas of their higher partial pressures to areas of their lower partial pressures
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External RespirationExternal Respiration
• Results in the conversion of deoxygenated blood coming from the heart to oxygenated blood returning to the heart.
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Internal RespirationInternal Respiration
• Tissue Respiration
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Internal RespirationInternal Respiration
• The exchange of gases between tissue blood capillaries and tissue cells.
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Internal RespirationInternal Respiration
• Results in the conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood
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Internal RespirationInternal Respiration
• During exercise more O2 enters tissue cells than at rest
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Respiratory CenterRespiratory Center
• Area of the brain from which nerve impulses are sent to resp. muscles
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Respiratory CenterRespiratory Center
Consists of
1. Medullary rhythmicity area
2. Pneumotaxic area
3. Apneustic area
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Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• Controls the basic rhythm of respiration
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Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
Consists of
1. Inspiratory area
2. Expiratory area
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Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• The inspiratory area has autorhythmic neurons that set the basic rhythm of respiration
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Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• Expiratory area remains inactive during most quiet respiration but active during forced expiration
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Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• Inspiration last 2 seconds
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Medullary Rhythmicity AreaMedullary Rhythmicity Area
• Expiration lasts 3 seconds
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Pneumotaxic AreaPneumotaxic Area
• Coordinates the transition between inspiration and expiration
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Apneustic AreaApneustic Area
• Sends impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inspiration, inhibiting expiration
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Cortical InfluencesCortical Influences
• Allow conscious control of respiration
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Cortical InfluencesCortical Influences
• Needed to avoid inhaling noxious gasses or water
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ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors
• Monitor levels of CO2 and O2 and provide input to resp. center
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Central ChemoreceptorsCentral Chemoreceptors
• Located in the medulla oblongota
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Central ChemoreceptorsCentral Chemoreceptors
• Respond to change in H+ concentration or PCO2 or both in cerebrospinal fluid
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Peripheral ChemoreceptorsPeripheral Chemoreceptors
• Located in the walls of systemic arteries
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Peripheral ChemoreceptorsPeripheral Chemoreceptors
• Respond to changes in H+,PCO2, and PO2
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HypercapniaHypercapnia
• A slight increase in PCO2 (and H+) stimulates central chemoreceptors
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HypercapniaHypercapnia
• The inspiratory area is activated and hyperventilation occurs
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HypocapniaHypocapnia
• PCO2 is lower than 40 mm Hg
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HypocapniaHypocapnia
• Chemoreceptors are not stimulated
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HypocapniaHypocapnia
• Inspiratory area sets its own pace until CO2 accumulates
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HypoxiaHypoxia
• Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
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Hypoxix HypoxiaHypoxix Hypoxia
• Caused by low PO2 in arterial blood
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Hypoxix HypoxiaHypoxix Hypoxia
• Caused by high altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs
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Anemic HypoxiaAnemic Hypoxia
• Too little functioning hemoglobin
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Anemic HypoxiaAnemic Hypoxia
• Caused by hemorrhage, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning
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Stagnant hypoxiaStagnant hypoxia
• The inability of blood to carry oxygen to tissues fast enough to sustain their needs
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Stagnant hypoxiaStagnant hypoxia
• Caused by heart failure, circulatory shock
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Histotoxic hypoxiaHistotoxic hypoxia
• Blood delivers adequate oxygen to the tissues, but the tissues are unable to use it properly
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Histotoxic hypoxiaHistotoxic hypoxia
• Caused by cyanide poisoning