response options: biological response indicator devices for gauging environmental stressors...
DESCRIPTION
Kim A. Anderson, PhD Professor, Environmental & Molecular Toxicology Director, Food Safety & Environmental Stewardship Program Oregon State University Response, Recovery, and Resilience to Oil Spills and Environmental Disasters: Engaging Experts and Communities A Symposium and Workshop for Community Stakeholders, Researchers and Policy Makers January 29, 2013Energy, Coast and Environment Building, Woods Auditorium, LSU Campus, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 More information on symposium: http://superfund.oregonstate.edu/LSUSymposium1.13#91 More info on research: http://superfund.oregonstate.edu/project4TRANSCRIPT
RESPONSE OPTIONS: BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE INDICATOR DEVICES FOR GAUGING ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS (BRIDGES), EXAMPLES: DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL & SUPERFUND SITES
RESPONSE, RECOVERY, AND RESILIENCE TO OIL SPILLS AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS: ENGAGING EXPERTS AND COMMUNITIES A SYMPOSIUM AND WORKSHOP FOR COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS, RESEARCHERS AND POLICY MAKERS JANUARY 29, 2013ENERGY, COAST AND ENVIRONMENT BUILDING, WOODS AUDITORIUM, LSU CAMPUS, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803
Kim A. Anderson, PhDProfessor, Environmental & Molecular ToxicologyDirector, Food Safety & Environmental Stewardship ProgramOregon State University
Sampling Design: Responding in Different Ways and WhyBioavailability: target organisms and passive sampling devices
Freely dissolved*
Can be taken up by organisms
2
Total concentration
Bioavailable fraction
Potential for exposure
RISK
• Adams, et al 1985, DiToro et al 1991• The PAHs most available to equilibrate are those that are freely dissolved, since these are capable of transferring from one
phase to another and passing through biological membranes.” (Wang and Fisher, 1999)• It is generally believed that the process of uptake of these neutral hydrophobic compounds is PASSIVE and controlled
DIFFUSION pressures (fugacity) because of the differential between the environment matrix and tissue concentrations. UPTAKE from water is generally accomplished by ventilation over the gill structure, although diffusion through the integument may also contribute to tissue concentrations (Landrum and Stubblefield, 1991, Douben 2003)
• “For PAHs with log Kow ≤ 5.5 the main route of uptake is through ventilated water”, …those >5.5 ingestion of food or sediment increases in importance although not well understood…( Landrum 1989, Landrum and Robbins, 1990, Meador et al 1995, Douben 2003). Oregon State University
Why Bioavailable ?
Understanding environmental factors on diseases… Must develop new bio-
analytical tools to measure exposure
L.S. Birnbaum, EHP, 2010
Intelligent sampling
Environmental exposure
Bioavailability BRIDGING
environmental exposure with biological responses
Environmental exposure and fate
Thinking outside the sampling jar
3
Oregon State University
BRIDGES B e y o n d Chemical Analysis
Environmental Concentrations
For example:source, route, quantity
Environmental Chemistry
Exposure
Environmental Fate
For example: transport, distribution,
degradation
Toxicology
Effect
Toxico-kinetics
For example:Uptake, metabolism,
elimination
Toxico-dynamicsFor example: effects
across levels of biological organization
Bioavailability
Cell MembranePSD Membrane
Biological Response Indicator Devices for Gauging Environmental StressorsBRIDGES
Responding design options PSD: Relevant to a range of contaminants
Extract clean PCBs, Pesticides, PBDEs, … 1,200+ analyte screen LC or GC compatible PAHs (b e y o n d 16 EPA) 302 mw, dibenzopyrene
isomers PAHs Layshock et al JEM, 2010
Oxygenated PAHs (ketones, quinones) Layshock and Anderson, ET&C, 2010
Numerous Chemistry Opportunities
Numerous Environments
6
Oregon State University
PSD: Relevant to a range of contaminants in water, air, sediment, etc….
Pesticides, … 1,200+ analyte screen LC or GC compatible
Numerous Chemistry Opportunities
In-situ Calibration
7
Oregon State University
PRC- Performance Reference Compounds –Isotopically Labeled Compound
Sequestered Environmental Contaminants
t=0
PSD: Relevant to Rapid Response
Easy to deploy Easy to transport
8
Oregon State University
BRIDGES: Reduce exposure uncertainty by analyzing biological responses
BRIDGES extracts with bioassay model (Zebrafish, Ames, etc) system
BRIDGES well suited for effects-directed analysisBRIDGES designed for relevant mixtures
9
pre
p m
ix
pre
p m
ix
pre
p m
ix
test @ day 1
•mortality•morphology•movement
1 embryo per
male female
VV
fertilized eggs
test @ day 5
•mortality •morphology •hatch rate•swimming
96 well plate
fiel
d e
xtra
ct
Toxicological Responses
pre
p m
ixp
rep
mix
pre
p m
ixp
rep
mix
pre
p m
ixp
rep
mix
test @ day 1
•mortality•morphology•movement
1 embryo per
male female
VV
fertilized eggs
test @ day 5
•mortality •morphology •hatch rate•swimming
96 well plate
fiel
d e
xtra
ctfi
eld
ext
ract
Toxicological Responses
PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ft PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ftquantify
PCBPAHPAH-metabolites
extraction
dialysisfield deployment
fiel
d e
xtra
ct
Environmental Exposure
PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ft PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ftquantify
PCBPAHPAH-metabolites
extraction
dialysis
solvent exchange
field deployment
fiel
d e
xtra
ct
Environmental Exposure
pre
p m
ix
pre
p m
ix
pre
p m
ix
test @ day 1
•mortality•morphology•movement
1 embryo per
male female
VV
fertilized eggs
test @ day 5
•mortality •morphology •hatch rate•swimming
96 well plate
fiel
d e
xtra
ct
Toxicological Responses
pre
p m
ixp
rep
mix
pre
p m
ixp
rep
mix
pre
p m
ixp
rep
mix
test @ day 1
•mortality•morphology•movement
1 embryo per
male female
VV
fertilized eggs
test @ day 5
•mortality •morphology •hatch rate•swimming
96 well plate
fiel
d e
xtra
ctfi
eld
ext
ract
Toxicological Responses
PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ft PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ft PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ft PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ftquantify
PCBPAHPAH-metabolites
extraction
dialysisfield deployment
fiel
d e
xtra
ct
Environmental Exposure
PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ft PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ft PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ft PSD cage
weight
float buoy
top buoy
10 ftquantify
PCBPAHPAH-metabolites
extraction
dialysis
solvent exchange
field deployment
fiel
d e
xtra
ct
Environmental Exposure
Hillwalker, Allan, Tanguay, & Anderson Chemo. 2010Oregon State University
Bio-analytical ToolsBRIDGING Environmental Exposure with Biological Responses
Integrated with Bioassays (in vivo and in vitro)
Evaluating whole mixture, real exposures Suitable to mixture
assessment PAHs, PCBs, Pesticides 1,200+ analytes screen Oxygenated PAHs
Layshock et al ETC, 2010
Zebrafish Embryonic Model
Oregon State University
Sources of PAHs in the Environment
Biogenic (minor) Petrogenic
Generated by geological processes NATURAL- seeps, coal
outcrops ANTHROPOGENIC –fossil fuel
release Pyrogenic
Generated by high temperature combustion of organic matter NATURAL –forest fires ANTHROPOGENIC- wood
stoves, car exhaust, coal tar
2010 June Sampling Campaign, FL, tar-ball (photo KA Anderson)
Oregon State University
Oil Spills Context and ComparisonsIt doesn’t take much seep oil to deliver a lot of PAHs
1 kilogram of oil contains as much PAH as a metric ton of coal
Crude oil PAHs vary by crude oil type, 0.2 to 7% PAHs
DW Horizon spill PAH* 5,000– 7,000 m Ton
World Trade Towers PAH 100 – 1,000 m Ton
Oregon State University
RESPONSE: May 1 Planning StartedComplicated Ops, multi-sources, sites, access14,000 wells in GoM, 79 incidents of loss of well control
13
Oregon State University
Ready Response…The FSES Program at OSU is a research program committed to providing the highest quality analytical laboratory research support for:
ESTABLISH background Pre-spill Many sites oil present Quality Control
Trip blanks Field blanks Laboratory QC
Quality Assurance Established protocols Documentation Staff trained
Quality Assurance Program PlanDefensible, Unbiased data
Oregon State University
Respond: establish regional and individual contacts
Florida Pensacola, Gulf Islands National
Seashore Permit required, yes, State of FL
Alabama Mobile, Ben Secour National Wildlife
Refuge Permit required, yes, State of AL
Mississippi Gulf Port, Public Pier
currently closed due to construction
Gulf Port Harbor Master,
Louisiana Grand Isle State Park
Permit required, yes, State of LA16
Image: http://www.nytimes.com
Oregon State University
17 Grand Isle, LA Gulf Breeze, FL
Gulf Shores, ALGulf Port, MS
Response Goals: many fold…Many ideally suited to passive samplers
PRE-spill conditions
Oil trajectory uncertain
Broad geographic areas “at risk”
Time-scale
Defensible, Unbiased data
New technology and capabilities – goals
Bioavailable passive samplers
used for BRIDGES (biological response indicator devices for gauging environmental stressors )
Passive Sampler for aquatic exposures and NEW PSD air sampler
Suitable for chemical mixtures
Both chemical and bio-assays
Quality Control, PRCGrand Isle, LA, Research June 2010 Sampling Campaign (photo: KA Anderson)
Temporal, Spatial PAHs Gulf of MexicoBioavailable Water Concentrations of PAHs (ng/L)
ƩPAH
-Bi
oava
ilabl
e co
ncen
trati
onin
wat
er (n
g/L) Gulf Shores, AL
Sampling Event
P
AH
- B
ioa
va
ila
ble
co
cn
en
tra
tio
n i
n w
ate
r (n
g/L
)
0
10
20
30
Gulf Breeze, FL
Sampling Event
PA
H -
Bio
ava
ila
ble
co
cn
en
tra
tio
n i
n w
ate
r (n
g/L
)
0
10
20
30
2010 2011
Grand Isle, LA
Sampling Event
PA
H -
Bio
ava
ilab
le c
ocn
en
trati
on
in
wa
ter
(ng
/L)
0
50
100
150
200
Gulfport, MS
Sampling Event
PA
H -
Bio
ava
ila
ble
co
cn
en
tra
tio
n i
n w
ate
r (n
g/L
)
0
10
20
30
Gulf Shores, AL
Sampling Event
PA
H - B
io
availab
le co
cn
en
tratio
n in
w
ater (n
g/L
)
0
10
20
30
Gulf Breeze, FL
Sampling Event
PA
H - B
io
availab
le co
cn
en
tratio
n in
w
ater (n
g/L
)
0
10
20
30
2010 2011
Ʃ33
PA
H –
Bio
ava
ila
ble
co
nc
en
tra
tio
n in
wa
ter
(ng
/L)
*
19
Allan, Smith & Anderson, ES&T 2012
2010 day:
131-134
2010 day:
159-162
2010 day:
162-188
2010 day:
188-271
2010 day:
217-252
2010 day:
252-287
2010 day: 287 to 2011 day: 40
2011 day: 40-
74
2011 day: 74-
115
2011 day:
115-119
2011 day:
119-158
012345678
Louisiana
phenanthrene1-methylphenanthrene2-methylphenanthrene3,6-dimethylphenanthrene
PA
Hs in n
g/m
³ air
2010 day: 131-
134
2010 day: 159-
162
2010 day: 162-
188
2010 day: 188-
271
2010 day: 217-
252
2010 day: 252-
287
2010 day: 287 to 2011 day: 40
2011 day: 40-
74
2011 day: 74-
115
2011 day: 115-
119
2011 day: 119-
158
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mississippi
phenanthrene1-methylphenanthrene2-methylphenanthrene3,6-dimethylphenanthrene
PA
Hs in n
g/m
³ air
Temporal, Spatial PAHs Gulf of MexicoBioavailable Air Concentrations of a selected PAH (ng/m3)
Temporal, Spatial Surfactants Gulf of MexicoDispersants contain surfactants (detergent like)
Surfactants captured by passive sampling devices
~1.8 million gallons used in DWH (Macondo well explosion)
Effective response to many issues surrounding an oil spill or environmental spill/disaster
Often reference control will be (initially) unknown (e.g. Corexit 9527 and 9500)
First field dispersant used April 20-26
21
S-
O
OO
S-
O
O
O
C16H25O 3S
C16H 25O 3S
Oregon State University
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000C16H25O3SC17H27O3SC18H29O3SC19H31O3S
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000C16H25O3SC17H27O3SC18H29O3SC19H31O3S
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000C16H25O3S
C17H27O3S
C18H29O3S
C19H31O3S
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
C16H25O3SC17H27O3SC18H29O3SC19H31O3S
Analyzing the ‘fingerprint’ in a chemical profile
Oregon State University
Analyzing the chemical ‘fingerprint’ (petrogenic -v- pyrogenic)
PAH Forensic Profile GoM before, during, after
23
Gulf Shores, AL
Sampling Event
May 2010 September May 20110
20
40
60
80
100
C0 NAP C1 NAP C3 NAP
Gulf Breezes, FL
Sampling Event
May 2010 September May 20110
20
40
60
80
100
Grand Isle, LA
Sampling Event
May 2010 June (1) May 20110
20
40
60
80
100
Gulfport, MS
Sampling Event
May 2010 June (1) May 20110
20
40
60
80
100re
lati
ve a
bu
nd
ance
(%
of
tota
l n
aph
thal
ene
com
po
un
ds)
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4
Normalized %
Pyrogenic Petrogenic
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4
Normalized %
Pyrogenic PetrogenicPyrogenic Petrogenic
Principle Component Analysis1-9 = May 2010 through June 2011 water PAHs24
Allan, Smith & Anderson, ES&T 2012 Oregon State University
Hopanes: Used to Determine SourcesMolecular Fossils, Biomarkers
Organic compounds in petroleum whose chemical structure can be unequivocally linked to a naturally occurring sources
Complex, naturally occurring, compounds that are resistant to weathering & biodegradation
Hopanes captured by passive sampling devices (PSD)
PSD conserve forensic profiles Hopane ratio profile changes
25
Oregon State University
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
Ra
tio
Va
lue
Sample Name
Alabama Hopane Ratios
C27Ts/C27m
25norC29αβ/C30αβ
C27ββR/C30ββR
25norC29αβ/C30ββ
C29αβ/25norC29αβ
C29αβ/C30αβ
C30αβ/C30βα
C30βα/C30ββ
C30βα/C30αβ
C29αβ/C30βα
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
Ra
tio
Va
lue
Sample Name
Florida Hopane Ratios
C27Ts/C27m
25norC29αβ/C30αβ
C27ββR/C30ββR
25norC29αβ/C30ββ
C29αβ/25norC29αβ
C29αβ/C30αβ
C30αβ/C30βα
C30βα/C30ββ
C30βα/C30αβ
C29αβ/C30βα
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Ra
tio
Va
lue
Sample Name
Mississippi Hopane Ratios
C27Ts/C27m
25norC29αβ/C30αβ
C27ββR/C30ββR
25norC29αβ/C30ββ
C29αβ/25norC29αβ
C29αβ/C30αβ
C30αβ/C30βα
C30βα/C30ββ
C30βα/C30αβ
C29αβ/C30βα
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
C27Ts/C27m
25norC29αβ/C30αβ
C27ββR/C30ββR
25norC29αβ/C30ββ
C29αβ/25norC29αβ
C29αβ/C30αβ
C30αβ/C30βα
C30βα/C30ββ
C30βα/C30αβ
C29αβ/C30βα
Other Applications
Passive sampling devices capable of capturing a wide range of chemicals suitable for characterizing environmental exposure, and profiling chemicals for source identification
Temporary increase in bioavailable PAHs Associated with more petrogenic PAH assemblage and
characteristic change in chemical profile Pre-oiling levels at all sites by March, 2011 Elevated concentrations in AL in April and May,
2011
APPLICABLE to other environmental disasters, Superfund sites, remediation assessment examples…
PSD: Bioavailable PAHs Before and After Remediation High Spatial Resolution Possible with PSDsMcCormick and Baxter Superfund Site, OR; before max ~800, post <50 ng/L
27
Oregon State University
Monitoring design options PSD Integrated Seamlessly with Bioassays in vivo and in vitro embryonic zebrafish model, Ames test
Assessment of field deployed LFT's mutagenicity in the Ames assay using test strain TA-98 with
metabolic activation (S9+) (mean +/- SE; n = 3)
Dose of LFT extract (uL/plate)
+ CTRL - CTRL 5 25 50
His
+ r
ever
tant
s/pl
ate
0
25
50
75
LFT - RPH09-0232 g of 2AADMSO (50 L)
Realistic MixturesPH Superfund RM =3.5W
Relevant MixturesPH Superfund RM = 7W
28
Allan, SE, Smith, BW, Tanguay, RL, and Anderson KA, Environ Tox & Chem, in press 2012 Oregon State University
Site-specific Biological Responses
6 of 18 biological responses were significantly different in exposed embryos compared to controls
MLR, likelihood ratio, p<0.05;
n = 941
Hillwalker, Allan, Tanguay, and Anderson Chemosphere, 2010,
BRIDGES
M30
1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80
M126
1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80126 hpf mortality
Stubby
1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80stubby body
Tail
1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80bent tail
YSE
1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80yolk sac edema
Notochord 126 hpf
1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80wavy notochord
% In
cid
en
ce
Control Embryos
RM 1
RM 3.5
RM 7E
RM 7W
RM 17
Downriver Superfund Upriver
30 hpf mortality
X
X
X
X
Hillwalker, Allan, Tanguay, & Anderson Chemo. 2010
Estimating exposure (risk) using PSDs as biological surrogates in human health risk models
Apply PSD data in a Public Health Framework PSDs may be used as a biological
surrogate Added spatial and temporal
variations in potential human health estimate of exposures
Method Calculating Exposure PSDs were substituted for fish
tissue
Exposure from resident organisms Tissue contaminant data
Difficult to obtain fish/shellfish Destructive sampling Inherent biological/physiological
variability Limited spatial/temporal
information Not responsive quickly
enough for assessment to immediate changes
30
Allan, Sower & Anderson, Chemo. 2011
Comparison of PSD as a surrogate and fish tissue31
RM 3-7 RM 8-13 RM 15-18
bio
ava
ila
be
DD
Ts (
pg
/L)
0
200
400
600
800
bioavailable concentrations by PSD
X Data
RM 3.5 - 7 RM 8 - 13 RM 15 - 18
bio
availa
ble
PC
Bs (
pg/L
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
PCBs
RM 3 - 6 RM 8 - 11 RM 14 - 16
P
CB
s in
fis
h (
ng/g
)0
100
200
300
400
500
600
PCBs
RM 3-7 RM 8-13 RM 15-18
bio
ava
ila
ble
die
ldri
n (
pg
/L)
0
20
40
60
80
dieldrin
RM 3-6 RM 8-11 RM 14-16
die
ldri
n in
fis
h (
ng
/g)
0
1
2
3
4
5
dieldrin
RM 3-6. RM 8-11 RM 14-16
D
DT
s in
fis
h (
ng
/g)
0
100
200
300
400
concentrations in fish
Sethajintanin et al. 2004, Villeneuve, et al, ES&T, 2005
DDTs SDDTs
Paired PSDs deployed with crayfish cages, PAHs… to date, outstanding fit with measured and modeled
[NA
P] W
-PS
D (
ng/L
)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
[NA
P] C
F (
ng/g
)
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
[AN
T] W
-PS
D (n
g/L
)
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
[AN
T] C
F (n
g/g
)
-20
0
20
4050
100
150
200
250
[BA
A] W
-PS
D (n
g/L
)
0
20
40
60
80
[BA
A] C
F (n
g/g
)
0
10
20
100
200
300
400
18.5 17 13 8
7e -
South
7e -
Centra
l
7e -
North 7w 3.
5
[BK
F] W
-PS
D (n
g/L
)
0
5
10
15
20
[BK
F] C
F (n
g/g
)
0
5
20
40
60
80
Naphthalene Anthracene
Benz[a]anthracene Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Figure 4. Comparisons between PAH levels measured in paired passive sampling devices ( ) and crayfish ( ) from within and outside of the Portland Harbor Superfund site. Data are the mean and standard deviations of replicate samples.
PAHs in PSDs vs. Crayfish
Model Fitting DiagnosticsM
easu
red
in C
rayfi
sh
Predicted in Crayfish
Naphthalene Anthracene Benz[a]anthracene Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Response design options Comparison of PSDs and fish tissue
Although not enough side-by-side studies Currently side-by-side in progress (n=75 crayfish : PSD) at our
laboratory
PSDs as biological surrogates may provide a reasonable and conservative estimate of exposure Another data set contributing to protection of human health Does not appear to significantly overestimate risk Quickly assess environmental disasters before resident
organisms respond Magnitude, range and variability assets of the technique
33
≈Allan, Sower & Anderson, Chemo. 2011
Other types of passive sampling devicesResponder’s Exposure….
TBS NIOHS- Feb 5 Interdisciplinary Co-PIs Laurel Kincl (CPHHS) &
K.A.Anderson, co-I’s Tanguay, Sudakin, Kile
Wristband Preliminary Data: PAHs from Roofers for 8 and 40 hrs
Funding: Environmental Integrated Organic Monitor of Exposure (Einome)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3
ng/m
L
Sum PAHs
Einome: 40 hrs
Lapels
Double WBs
WBs
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
PAH Sum
WB 1 - day
WB 2 - day
WB 3 - day
WB 1 - week
WB 2 - week
WB 3 - week
Community Outreach and Engagement StrategiesGoal: Provide pertinent PAH health information to be delivered using novel methods via the web.
Develop and deliver educational materials at gulf sampling locations (e.g. printed brochure)
Develop local partnerships to identify educational needs NIEHS SRP at Louisiana State University State and local organizations, including non-
governmental organizations located in Gulf states
Develop novel outreach methods for public education
Please see web sites and videos Oregon State University
Anticipated IMPACT
RESPOND
Easy deployed
time-integrate
d sampling devices
RECOVERY
1,200 bioavailabl
e contamina
nts monitoring
RESILENCE
Characteri
ze and updated
information
Next Health
Assessment:
Surrogate fish/shell
fish
36
Acknowledgements37
Funding:P42 ES016465 (PI Williams, Project Leader Anderson, Analytical Core leader Anderson)P30 ES000210 (PI Beckman)R21 ES020120 (PI Anderson)UN FAO GEF, (Co-PIs: Jepson, Anderson, Jenkins)
Collaborators:Oregon State UniversityProfessor Robert Tanguay, SRP Co-IProfessor Anna Harding, Co-IProfessor Dashwood, Linus Pauling Institute, CCP Core, David Yu, PhD. (Ames)
Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryKatrina Waters, PhD
Collaborators:
Swinomish Indian Tribal CommunityConfederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
Oregon Dept of Environmental QualityKevin Parrot and Sott Manzano
Grand Isle State Park, LA, T. Augustine
MS Gulf Port Harbor Master, DJ Ziggler
Mobile AL Ben Secour National Refugre, J. Issacs
Pensacola FL Gulf Islands National Seashore, R. Hoggard
Acknowledgements
http://fses.oregonstate.edu GULF Outreach
http://oregonstate.edu/superfund/oilspill
38
Kevin HobbieTed HaighMelissa McCartneyGlenn WilsonJennifer PrzybylaSarah Allan, PhDNorm ForsbergSteven O’ConnellLane TidwellPhil JanneyRicky Scott
Nick Hamilton Jorge PadillaKristin PierreNathan RooneyKyle TidwellBrian Smith, PhD
Not pictured: Jeremy Riggle, PhDJulie Layshock, PhD. Hillwalker, W., PhD
Greg Sower, PhDAngie Perez, PhDLucas Quarles, MSSolysa VisalliMargarett Corvi, MSO. Krissanakriang, PhDD. Sethajintanin, PhD
Oregon State University