restoration and

8/2/2019 Restoration And

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Restoration and

RebellionLeticia Marie C. Blancaflor

2011-55046BSA- I


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Trauma of 1926

Post- war American policy was essentially a

reflection of the continuing concern of

American business and its spokesmanship in

government to avoid a rpetition of the

traumatic economic depression of 1929


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Toward World Hegemony

Implicit in all these policy maneuvers was a

long-range global planin US hegemony over

the world

End result was to expand US political control

and facilitate economic penetration

Hegemony- its goal required that the United

States defend and Sustain capitalism

everywhere.


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From Containment to Liberation

American paranoia intensified and the policy

of containment was transformed into one of

itervntion.

The policy of containment had been based on

the thinking that the Soviet Union would in

due time collapse of its own weight


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From Colony to Neocolony

US objective after the war was to ttransform

the Philippines from a colony to a neocolony

This meant

continued domination of economy

its retention as a market for American goods

its being an open field of Americaninvestments

its being a source of raw materials


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Confluence of Interests

Filipino leaders became pawns in Americas

power game and for other sectors of the elite

They competed with each other in

demonstrating their loyalty to the US

The only opposition to the restoration of the

status quo came from the peasants of Central

Luzon


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Options of Roxas

Roxas assumed office at a time when conditionswere probatious for starting the economy off ona new basis

Ties that bound Roxas to accpept AmericanSolutions for Philippine Rehabilitation:

MacArthurs sponsorship

the assistance of local conservative forces,

hacenderos and business magnates,Commissioner McNutt, and Americanbusinessmen


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Roxas Solutions

Everything depended on Ameerican financial

assistance which Roxas wanted urgently and in

massive doses

He used US grants or loans to finance the

reactivation of private corporations


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The Gray Eminence

Roxas redoubled his efforts to enlist the

support of who might be able to help him

He rrevealed the influence of Edelstein

Edelstein- writer and confidant, functioned as

liaison between the Malcanang and the US

embrassy


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Bell Trade Act

It was passed as a precondition for receiving warrehabilitation grants from the United States. It exacerbatedthe dependency by further tying the economies of the twocountries. Provisions:

The Philippine peso was to be pegged to the US dollar.

The Act required that the Philippine constitution be revisedto grant U.S. citizens and corporations equal access toPhilippine minerals, forests and other natural resources.

The Act stipulated that free trade be continued until 1954;

thereafter, tariffs would be increased 5 percent annuallyuntil full amounts were reached in 1974.

The Act allowed the U.S. to import whateverproducts/goods it wanted with no import duties.


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Parity

Most onerous provision was the the Equal

Rights or parity amendment which obliged the

Philippines to grant US citizens and

corporations the same rights as Filipinos in theexploitation of Philippine naatural resources


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War Damage Blackmail

One more obstacle had tobe hurdled: The

Trade Relations Act had to be approved by the

Philippine Congress

Offered a great sum of money for the

compenstation of property losses, and

damages suffered by filipinos, americans,

citizens of friendly nations, and religious andprivate organizatiions


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Constitutional Amendment

The Philippine constitution provided that

Filipinos should own sixty percent share in all

corporations

The constitution was amensded to facilitate

parity


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The Maneuvers

Get the liberal majorities in both houses to

permit three Nacionalista senators and eight

congressmen, seven from the Democratic

Alliance, to take seats pending investigation ofcharges of alleged frauds and terrorism in

their election

Use personal persuasion and offered porbarrel fund in exchange for an affirmative vote


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The Plebiscite

The parity amendment still had to be

approved by the people in plebiscite and once

again, Roxas vigousously took that campaign

trial


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The Military Aspect

The Philippines signed a military base

agreement with the US

It gave the US free use of 23 base sites

Largest and active bases:

Clark Air Fiels

US Seventh Fleet Base


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Terror Unleashed

Roxas entered into negotiations with leaders

of the Huks and the PKM in an attempt to get

them to surrender their arms

But the terror unleashed on the peasants by

the central and the provincial governments

doomed the negotiations from the start


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Landlords and Loopholes

The commission submitted its report which

recommended a 70-30 crop sharing

Landlords, backed by their civilian guards,

coerced their tenant into signing 50-50

agreements


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The New Response


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The New Response

A partial surrender of arms

People must prepare for armed struggle

Assemble the Huk squadrons and reconstitute

the GHQ of the Hukbalhap


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Two- pronged Moves

The PKM memorandum of June 10 offered a

program for agrarian reforms and real

independence

The government promises to enforce the laws

and the constitution: the people are bitter


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Question of Firearms

The crux negotiations were the surrender of

arms: the principal objective of the

government


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Towards a break

The Huks leaders notice a disquieting

intensification of activity by military Police and

civilian guards

MPs began shelling barrios and conductiing

mass raids on suspected Huk strongholds


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The Battle Ground

Central Luzon became a Battle zone as the

government declared war on the Huks

Central Luzon= Japanese Occupation

Terrorism demoralized large sections of the

Central Luzon Populations

Government wanted to isolate the Huks from

the masses

Government-offensive; Huks-deffensive


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Huk Expansion

Huks expanded to other regions outsid Central

Luzon

Huks directed propaganda appeals to the

Constabulary soldier not to fight against his

own countrymen but against their common

oppressors

Huks develop and expand its mass bases


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Huk Demans

They continued to demand agrarian reforms

and democratic peace

The government responde by by mounting a

huge military campaign onvolving thousands

of MPs under the personal direction of

General Mariano Castaneda


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The Labor Front

PKP leaders were busy with the organization

of urban workers

Concentrating on peasant organizatiion

A Trade Union Division was created


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Economic Deterioration

Rapid growth of trade nationalism under the

CLO was mainly due to the deteriorating

economic conditions which directly

threatened the economic security of theworkers


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Prevalence of Corruption

The economy was further undermined by

factional politics, elite self interest, and

corruption

There were numerous froms of corruption


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Assumption of Quirino

Roxas died of a heart attack

Vice President Elpidio Quirino assumed

presidency

He promised to restore the peoples faith in

the government


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The Battlefronts

Now both Central and Southern Luzon were

battle zones

Repression was far worse than before

Negotiations with Quirino collapsed

PKMs were convinced they neded to

overthrow the government

Hukbalahap bcomes Hukbong Mapagpalaya

ng Bayan (HMB)or Army of National Liberation


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From Hukbalahap to HMB

As the HMB army grew in size, a more orderly

organizational structure became necessary

The rebel force grew rapidly between 1946

and 1948

So many wanted to join but there were simply

not enough weapons


52/55

From Parliamentary to Armed Struggle

Nationalist articulation began to be taken over

by Claro M. Recto and Jose P. Laurel- they

criticized American policy

HMB entered into a confidential

understanding with the Nacionalista Party to

give critical support to Laurel and his ticket


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The Revolutionary Situation

In 1946, the United States insisted on a policy

of suppression and had exerted pressure onthe Philippine government not to allow PKP-

led organizatioins any democratic

participation


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