restoration ecology
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Restoration Ecology. Burning South Prairie – April 2003. A definition. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Restoration Ecology
Burning South Prairie – April 2003
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A definition
Restoration ecology - the full or partial replacement of biological populations and/or their habitats that have been extinguished or diminished; ideally the restoration will return normal ecosystem function to an area and hopefully the project will also have social or economic value to humans
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A (Very) Brief History of Ecological Restoration
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The Man Who Planted Trees
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Environmental Restoration in the American West
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Restoration in London – after the Great Stink of 1858
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Response to the Great Stink – Improve Drainage and Restore Streams
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Improved Drainage Following The Great Stink
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Restoration in Boston - 1879
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Back Bay Fens Today
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Restoration in the Midwest
Nachusa Grasslands
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Aldo Leopold planting at the Shack - 1936
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CCC crewman planting Curtis Prairie - 1936
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CCC crew watering Curtis Prairie – late 1930’s
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University of Wisconsin Arboretum
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The Founders of Green Oaks – Henry Green, George Ward,Alvah Green, and Paul Shepard - 1955
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Green Oaks prior to prairie restoration – South Prairie
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Early prairie establishment at Green Oaks – late 50’s
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Pete Schrammburning thePrairie – 1980’s
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Green Oaks from the Air
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Restoration Projects Can Be Highly Variable
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1996 – Montana Wolf Reintroduction Protest
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Yellowstone Wolf Pack Locations
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Yellowstone Wolf Prey
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A more complexand typicalrestoration
project
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Restoration of a Garbage Dump – Fresh Kills, Staten Island, NY
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Fresh Kills
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Fresh Kills Restoration
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Mine Reclamation – the most difficult restoration project
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Mine reclamation in progress
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Mitigation
• Mitigation is the alleviation of some process
• Mitigation is related to restoration - mitigation is sometimes required when a group wants to develop a wild area such as a wetland and thus destroy the wetland
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Controversies about Mitigation
• Often the success rate for mitigation projects is fairly low
• Many ecologists fear that if mitigation is seen to be successful we will allow many development projects to proceed with the assumption we can easily recreate nature - however there is some question as to how well we can actually restore what is lost or destroyed
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Salt marsh restoration plan in Rhode Island
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Mitigation of ANWR?
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1967 Torrey Canyon Oil spill
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1989 – Exxon Valdez oil spill
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Exxon Valdez oil spill clean efforts
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Tony Bradshaw
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Flavors of Reclamation
• Reclamation is the general process of repairing damaged ecosystems
• Restoration - here we attempt to put back exactly what existed in the ecosystem prior to the disturbance
• Rehabilitation - here we attempt to put back most of what existed in the ecosystem prior to the disturbance, but we don't try to put everything back
• Replacement - no attempt is made to restore what was lost - here we replace the original ecosystem with another one
• Recovery or neglect - here we allow nature to takes it course - depend upon natural processes of seed dispersal and germination to start plants, natural dispersal of animals to repopulate the area
• Enhancement - activity designed to improve the ecosystem, even if the change is fairly minimal
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Walnut Creek NWR – now named Neil Smith NWR
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Neil SmithNationalWildlifeRefuge
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Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie
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Nachusa Grasslands
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Reintroduction of Animals
• Only 16 of 145 reintroductions of captive bred individuals have been successful
• 86% of reintroductions of native game animals have been successful
• 46% of reintroductions of native threatened, endangered or sensitive animals have been successful
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Przewalski’sHorse
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Przewalski’s Horse
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Przewalski’s horse reserves – Mongolia and Uzbekistan
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When reintroducing animals, we have learned that:
1. larger founder populations are more successful
2. habitat suitability is important
3. increased number and sizes of clutches (litters) enhances success of establishment
4. herbivores are more successfully established than carnivores
5. competing species in an area may prevent successful establishment
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Six basic steps for restoring an ecosystem
1. Set a goal
2. Determine a strategy and methods
3. Remove the source of degradation
4. Restore the physical environment
5. Restore the biota
6. Be patient – restoration takes time
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Always Remember:
• As Frank Egler said, “Ecosystems are not only more complex than we think, ecosystems are more complex than we can think.”