restoration of power system after blackout and synchro ... · pdf filerestoration of power...
TRANSCRIPT
Restoration of Power System after Blackout and Synchro-Check Relays Setting in Transmission System
ŽANETA ELESCHOVÁ, ANTON BELÁŇ, MAREK PÍPA, ATTILA KMENT
Department of Power Engineering Slovak University of Technology Ilkovičova 3, 812 19 Bratislava
SLOVAK REPUBLIC [email protected] http://www.kee.fei.stuba.sk
Abstract: - Connection of power lines in transmission system is activated after defined conditions are met in the setting of synchro-check relays; namely ∆V – difference in voltage amplitudes, ∆f – frequency difference, and ∆α – difference in phase angles. The aim of this contribution was experimental verification of the connection condition focused on transient phenomena course on connected line, the transient stability of generators, and the analysis of their influence on power system. As the past critical situations (state of an imminent blackout threat) in transmission system has shown, inability to connect line into the power system because the connection conditions are not met (blocking of a power switch) could have severe negative influence on the continual operation of the power network. Setting of synchro-check relays as connection conditions can influence also the process of electric power system restoration after collapse. Thus, this paper discusses also the actual state of synchro-check relays setting in transmission system. Key-Words: - Transmission system, Connection of power line, Voltage phase shifts, Synchro-check relay. 1 Introduction Blackout, resp. splitting of the power system is serious situation in the operation of power systems. Restoration of its operation can be realized in two basic ways: restoration of the network by handing in of voltage from other systems abroad, or by the restoration of domestic power plants.
In the second way of power system restoration are progressively established larger islands around the power plants, which are then interconnected into single network. Reconnection of the islands is realized by the connection of particular transmission line. However, before the connection of the line, conditions of the power lines connection must be met.
Our contribution deals with one of those conditions – the difference in voltage phase angles on connected bus bars of substations. Severe phase shift could occur during the splitting of the network, and so our paper analyzes influence of the voltage phase shift value on the transient phenomena after connection of the transmission line, mainly considering dynamic stability of individual generators in the connected islands.
This paper is summing up the results of simulation experiments of island reconnection after splitting of power system with various voltage phase shifts at power substations, where the connection to
an island is realized. We can define the conditions of power lines connection, i.e. synchro-check relays setting or verification of their correct setting, mainly considering preservation of generators’ dynamic stability.
Currently, the threshold value for circuit connection of lines is set on the 30-degree level (voltage phase shift as one of the conditions of circuit connection of lines).
Experiments have been realized for 3 values of phase shift: 10°, about 30°, and about 60°.
Results that are stated: • curves of power, voltage and revolutions of
particular generators, • curves of current (RMS value) and power flow
on line connecting the island, • curves of voltage (RMS value) in power
substations, where the connection of islands is realized.
The experiments should demonstrate particularly the influence of island connection with various conditions of individual generators’ stability.
Simulations have verified: • Connection of the island with 420 MW capacity
(3 generators in HPP (hydro power plant), one in IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) and one in NPP (nuclear power plant)) and the
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 172 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010
island with single 110 MW generator in TPP (thermal power plant).
• Connection of two same (small) islands with 100 MW capacity (1 generator in TPP (thermal power plant)). The line connecting of islands was relatively long.
2 Simulation Experiments of Island Reconnection after Splitting of Power System Transient event during the islands connection (course of voltage in substations, or “swinging” of generators) is positively correlated with voltage phase shift in power substations.
Simulations proved that even with phase shift 60° are generators capable to maintain its stability. Realized simulations verified one of the conditions of power line connection, i.e. voltage phase shift during the connection of islands in power system (during the restoration of power system operation) mainly considering preservation of generators’ dynamic stability.
Considering the results, we can conclude that actual threshold value of voltage phase shift set on synchro-checks (30° for circuit connection of lines) is satisfactory for the restoration of power system operation during connection of the island considering preservation of generators’ dynamic stability. 2.1 Connection of the island with 420 MW capacity and the island with single 110 MW generator In simulation experiments was connecting of the island with 420 MW capacity (3 generators in HPP (hydro power plant), one in IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) and one in NPP (nuclear power plant)) and the island with single 110 MW generator in TPP (thermal power plant) with various conditions (various values of voltage phase shift). 2.1.1 The 1st experiment Voltage in substations before power line connection: Sub1 235,7 kV ∠-6,4° Sub2 229,3 kV ∠-2,9° at the end of line 230,1 kV ∠-2,9° voltage phase shifts: 3,5° Results of the simulation for this relatively small difference in voltage phase shifts did not demonstrate
any problems with maintaining dynamic stability of individual generators. Generators in all types of power plants can cope with the transient phenomena. Not even the connected 220 kV power line faced any current surge.
0 10 20 30 40 50105
110
115
120
Pg [M
W]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5015.74
15.76
15.78
15.8
Vt [k
V]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5038
40
42
44
Qg [M
Var
]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.99
50
50.01
50.02
f [H
z]
Fig. 1 Generator in NPP
0 10 20 30 40 5095
100
105
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5010.5
10.51
10.52
Vt [
kV]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 50-17
-16
-15
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.98
50
50.02
f [H
z]
Fig. 2 Generator in IGCC
0 10 20 30 40 5070
72
74
76
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5015.74
15.76
15.78
Vt [
kV]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5014.5
15
15.5
16
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.98
50
50.02
f [H
z]
Fig. 3 Generator in HPP
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 173 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010
0 10 20 30 40 5060
80
100
120
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5013.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
Vt [k
V]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 500
5
10
15
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.9
50
50.1
50.2
f [H
z]
Fig. 4 Generator in TPP
0 50 100 150 200-20
0
20
t [s]
P [
MW
]
0 50 100 150 200-40
-20
0
t [s]
Q [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
0.2
0.4
t [s]
I [p
.u.]
Fig. 5 Power flow on line
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45231
231.5
232
232.5
233
233.5
234
234.5
235
235.5
236
t [s]
V [
kV]
Fig.6 Voltage in substation 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45229.2
229.4
229.6
229.8
230
230.2
230.4
t [s]
V [
kV]
Fig. 7 Voltage in substation 2
2.1.2 The 2nd experiment Voltage in substations before power line connection: Sub1 235,7 kV ∠23,6° Sub2 229,3 kV ∠-2,9° at the end of line 230,1 kV ∠-2,9° voltage phase shifts: 26,5°
Difference in voltage phase angles in this
simulation resembles the value set in currently used synchro-checks. Not even for this large voltage phase shift occurred any problem involving dynamic stability on the examined generators. However, generator swinging is more important than in previous example.
0 10 20 30 40 5080
100
120
140
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5015.6
15.8
16
Vt [
kV
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5030
40
50
60Q
g [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.9
50
50.1
f [H
z]
Fig. 8 Generator in NPP
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 174 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010
When we are evaluating correct setting of synchro-checks, we can state that current value 30° is not too high, because even with this high difference in voltage phase angles would be the connection of the islands (after splitting of the power system) successful (as the generators would not fell out of synchronism) and that is the prerequisite for a successful restoration of transmission power system using the local sources.
0 10 20 30 40 5080
85
90
95
100
105110
Pg [M
W]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5010.4
10.45
10.5
10.55
Vt [k
V]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 50-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10-8
Qg [M
Var
]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.95
50
50.05
50.1f [
Hz]
Fig. 9 Generator in IGCC
0 10 20 30 40 5060
80
100
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5015.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
Vt [k
V]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5010
15
20
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.9
50
50.1
50.2
f [H
z]
Fig. 10 Generator in HPP
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500
50
100
150
200
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5013
13.5
14
Vt [k
V]
t [s]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50-10
0
10
20
30
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5049
50
51
f [H
z]
Fig. 11 Generator in TPP
0 10 20 30 40 50-200
0
200
t [s]
P [
MW
]
0 10 20 30 40 50-50
0
50
t [s]
Q [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
1
2
t [s]
I [p
.u.]
Fig. 12 Power flow on line
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 175 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010
0 10 20 30 40 50222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
t [s]
V [
kV]
Fig. 13 Voltage in substation 1
0 10 20 30 40 50224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
t [s]
V [k
V]
Fig. 14 Voltage in substation 2
2.1.3 The 3rd Experiment Voltage in substations before power line connection: Sub1 235,7 kV ∠23,6° Sub2 229,3 kV ∠-32,8° at the end of line 230,1 kV ∠-32,8° voltage phase shifts: 56,4°
The third experiment was conducted for value of
voltage phase shift above the current setting of synchro-checks.
The test verified that even for such high values of voltage phase shift are generators able to sustain their dynamic stability and that the setting of synchro-checks could be even higher. Remaining question is, if this setting could be considered as condition of circuit connection of lines in normal operating state of power system, resp. if it is technically possible to change setting of the synchro-checks remotely according to the actual situation.
0 10 20 30 40 5060
80
100
120
140
160180
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5015.215.4
15.6
15.8
16
16.2
16.4
Vt [
kV]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5020
30
40
50
60
7080
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.9
49.95
50
50.05
50.1
50.1550.2
f [H
z]
Fig. 15 Generator in NPP
0 10 20 30 40 5060
80
100
120P
g [M
W]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5010.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
Vt [
kV]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 50-40
-20
0
20
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.9
50
50.1
50.2
f [H
z]
Fig. 16 Generator in IGCC
0 10 20 30 40 5050
60
70
80
90
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5015.215.4
15.6
15.8
16
16.2
16.4
Vt [
kV
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5010
15
20
25
30Q
g [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.8549.9
49.95
50
50.05
50.1
50.15
f [H
z]
Fig. 17 Generator in HPP
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 176 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010
0 10 20 30 40 50-100
0
100
200
300
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5010
12
14
16
Vt [
kV]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 500
20
40
60
80
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5048
49
50
51
f [H
z]
Fig. 18 Generator in TPP
0 50 100 150 200-200
0
200
t [s]
P [
MW
]
0 50 100 150 200-200
0
200
t [s]
Q [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
2
4
t [s]
I [p
.u.]
Fig. 19 Power flow on line
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
t [s]
V [
kV]
Fig. 20 Voltage in substation 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45210
215
220
225
230
235
t [s]
V [
kV]
Fig. 21 Voltage in substation 2
2.2 Connection of two same (small) islands with 100 MW capacity
In simulation experiments was connecting of two same (small) islands with 100 MW capacity (1 generator in TPP (thermal power plant)) with various conditions (various values of voltage phase shift). The line connecting of islands was relatively long. 2.2.1 The 1st experiment Voltage in substations before power line connection: Sub1 235,7 kV ∠-6,4° Sub2 237,5 kV ∠-14,3° at the end of line 238 kV ∠-14,3° voltage phase shifts: 7,9°
0 10 20 30 40 5085
90
95
100
105
110115
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5013.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
Vt [
kV]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5014
15
16
17
18
1920
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.9
50
50.1
50.2
f [H
z]
Fig. 22 The 1st generator
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 177 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010
0 10 20 30 40 5080
90
100
110
120
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 5013.7
13.8
13.9
14
Vt [
kV]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 50-3
-2
-1
0
1
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 5049.9
49.95
50
50.05
f [H
z]
Fig. 23 The 2nd generator
0 10 20 30 40 50-20
0
20
t [s]
P [
MW
]
0 10 20 30 40 50-15
-10
-5
t [s]
Q [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
0.1
0.2
t [s]
I [p
.u.]
Fig. 24 Power flow on line
0 10 20 30 40 50233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
t [s]
V [
kV]
Fig.25 Voltage in substation 1
0 10 20 30 40 50233
234
235
236
237
238
239
t [s]
V [
kV
]
Fig. 26 Voltage in substation 2
2.2.2 The 2nd experiment Voltage in substations before power line connection: Sub1 235,7 kV ∠13,6° Sub2 237,5 kV ∠-14,3° at the end of line 238 kV ∠-14,3° voltage phase shifts: 27,9°
0 10 20 30 40 500
20406080
100120140160
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]0 10 20 30 40 50
0510152025303540
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
5
10
15
Vt [k
V]
t [s]0 10 20 30 40 50
0
20
40
60
f [H
z]
Fig. 27 The 1st generator
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 178 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010
0 10 20 30 40 500
50
100
150
200
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 500
5
10
15
Vt [k
V]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 50-5
0
5
10
15
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
20
40
60
f [H
z]
Fig. 28 The 2ndt generator
0 10 20 30 40 50-100
0
100
t [s]
P [
MW
]
0 10 20 30 40 50-50
0
50
t [s]
Q [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
0.5
1
t [s]
I [p
.u.]
Fig. 29 Power flow on line
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45220
225
230
235
240
245
t [s]
V [
kV]
Fig. 30 Voltage in substation 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45220
225
230
235
240
245
t [s]
V [
kV]
Fig. 31 Voltage in substation 2 2.2.3 The 3rd Experiment Voltage in substations before power line connection: Sub1 235,7 kV ∠43,6° Sub2 237,5 kV ∠-14,3° at the end of line 238 kV ∠-14,3° voltage phase shifts: 57,9°
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 179 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010
0 10 20 30 40 500
50
100
150
200
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 500
5
10
15
Vt [
kV
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 50-20
0
20
40
60
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
20
40
60
f [H
z]
Fig. 32 The 1st generator
0 10 20 30 40 500
100
200
300
Pg [
MW
]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 500
10
20
Vt [
kV]
t [s]
0 10 20 30 40 50-50
0
50
100
Qg [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
50
100
f [H
z]
Fig. 33 The 2nd generator
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70-200
0
200
t [s]
P [
MW
]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70-50
0
50
t [s]
Q [
MV
ar]
0 10 20 30 40 500
1
2
t [s]
I [p
.u.]
Fig. 34 Power flow on line
0 10 20 30 40 50200
210
220
230
240
250
260
t [s]
V [
kV
]
Fig. 35 Voltage in substation 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
t [s]
V [
kV
]
Fig. 36 Voltage in substation 2 3 Conclusion Realized simulations verified one of the conditions of power line connection, i.e. voltage phase shift during the connection of islands in power system (during the restoration of power system operation) mainly considering preservation of generators’ dynamic stability.
Considering the results, we can conclude that actual threshold value of voltage phase shift set on synchro-checks (30° for circuit connection of lines) is satisfactory for the restoration of power system operation during connection of the island considering preservation of generators’ dynamic stability.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 180 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010
In normal operation of power system to set the threshold value of power lines – maximal voltage phase shift can be chosen as criterion – maximal value of steady-state current on power line after the transient event fades away.
In accordance with criterion “n-1” is the value set as 60% of allow current Iallow. For the 400 kV power line with Iallow = 2000 A it is about 1200 A.
Criterion was chosen due to the following reasons:
• transmission power lines are not protected by current protections, and so current surge after power line connection would not cause its disconnection.
• course of impedance is out of the scope of distance protections protecting the line.
Simulation results of the power lines connection are showing that in the case of parallel synchro-checks setting to 30°, the steady-state current in the lines of transmission system eventually would exceed 60% Iallow after the fading of transient event. With the knowledge of real steady-states in transmission system of Slovak Republic is safe to establish that voltage phase shifts in transmission system are significantly lower than 30°. Thus it is safe to assume, that during standard (failure-free) operation should
not occur any problem with circuit connection of power lines. References: [1] KUNDUR, P.: Power System Stability and Control. USA, EPRI 1994. [2] ANDERSON, P.M., FOUAD, A.A.: Power System Control and Stability. USA, IEEE Press 1994. [3] JANÍČEK, F., CHLADNÝ, V., BELÁŇ, A., ELESCHOVÁ, Ž.: Digitálne ochrany v elektrizačnej sústave. Vydavateľstvo STU, Bratislava 2004. s. 360 ISBN 80 227 2135 2 [4] KHERADMANDI, M., EHSAN, M.: Dynamic analysis of transmission line connection in restoration of interconnected power systems. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2004. Canadian Conference on Volume 3, Issue , 2-5 May 2004 Page(s): 1621 - 1624 Vol.3 [5] www.ucte.org [6] www.sespas.sk
Acknowledge This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-0337-07.
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Zaneta Eleschova, Anton Belan, Marek Pipa, Attila Kment
ISSN: 1790-5060 181 Issue 3, Volume 5, July 2010