RESTRUCTURING THE POSTWAR WORLD

CHAPTER 17

1945- Present

THE COLD WAR

SECTION 1 SUPERPOWERS FACE OFF

United Nations iron curtain Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Cold War NATO Warsaw Pact brinkmanship

ALLIES BECOME ENEMIES

Yalta Conference

1. Feb. 1945 Allied leaders meet at Yalta

2. Divide Germany

3. Reparations

4. Soviets declare war on Japan

5. Stalin promises free elections in E. Eur.

ALLIES BECOME ENEMIES II

United Nations

1. June 1945- 50 nations

2. General Assembly

3. Security Council

4. 5 permanent members- G.B., China, France, U.S., Soviet Union

DIFFERING GOALS

Why did the United States and the Soviet Union split after the war?

STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR

SOVIETS BUILD A BUFFER

Soviets fear invasion from the WestStalin ignores Yalta agreementCommunist governments established in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia

POST WWII COMMUNIST NATIONS

SOVIETS BUILD A BUFFER II

July 1945 meeting at Potsdam, Ger.Stalin refuses to allow elections in E. Eur.Stalin declares that communism and capitalism cannot exist in same world

AN IRON CURTAIN DIVIDES EAST AND WEST

1.Germany split

2.Soviets control East including East Berlin

3.U.S., France, G.B. control West

4.Churchill coins the phrase “iron curtain”

UNITED STATES TRIESTO CONTAIN SOVIETS

Containment- policy of blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism.

U.S. CONTAINS SOVIETS II

Truman DoctrineSupport for countries that reject communism1947 Congress sends $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece

U.S. CONTAINS SOVIETS III

Marshall Plan Secretary of State George Marshall proposes that U.S. provides aid to European nations

U.S. CONTAINS SOVIETS IV

Berlin AirliftSoviet Union cuts off all supplies to West Berlin. Why? What did Stalin hope to accomplish?How did the United States respond?U.S. and British flew food and supplies into West Berlin for 11 monthsMay 1949 Soviets lift the blockade

BERLIN AIRLIFT

COLD WAR DIVIDES WORLD

Cold War- a struggle over political differences carried on by means short of war Examples- spying, propaganda, diplomacy

STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR

SUPERPOWERS FORMRIVAL ALLIANCES

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

THREAT OF NUCLEAR WAR United States and Soviet Union develop H- Bombs

THREAT OF NUCLEAR WAR II

BrinkmanshipWillingness to go to the “edge”

of war

President Eisenhower

Secretary of State

John F. Dulles

COLD WAR IN THE SKIES

August 1957- Soviets develop ICBM’s Oct. 1957- Soviets launch Sputnik

COLD WAR IN THE SKIES II

May 1960 Soviets shot down U-2 spy plane and pilot Francis Powers was captured

STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR

SECTION 2 COMMUNISTS

TAKE POWER IN CHINA

Mao Zedong Jiang JieshiCommune Red GuardsCultural Revolution

COMMUNISTS VS. NATIONALISTS

World War II in ChinaMao and Communists control most of northern China and use guerrilla warfare against JapanJiang and Nationalists dominate southwestern China. Receive aid from U.S.

COMMUNISTS VS. NATIONALISTS

CIVIL WAR RESUMESCivil War lasted from 1946 to 1949Nationalists have more soldiers and moneySoldiers desert to Communist Party1949 Nationalists flee to Taiwan

SUPERPOWERS REACT

U.S. helps Jiang set up Nationalist government in TaiwanSoviets give aid to Communist China

CHINA EXPANDS UNDER COMMUNISTS

1950 China attacks TibetDalai Lama flees to India

MAO’S BRAND OF MARXIST SOCIALISM

1950 Agrarian Reform Law – seized land from the rich and distributed to peasantsBusinesses are nationalized1953- 5 year plan sets industrial goals

“THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD”

Communes- large collective farms (1958)Peasants work land together, live in dormitories, profit goes to the state1961 communes ended due to famine

STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR

NEW POLICIES AND MAO’S RESPONSE

China’s problems- failure of Great Leap Forward, disputes with Soviet UnionChina moves away from strict socialismFarmers allowed to sell crops, people can own homes

Mao wants to revive the revolution- creates Red Guards from students

CULTURAL REVOLUTION 1966

Red Guards lead a Cultural Revolution The goal was to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal.Intellectual and artistic activity considered dangerous1968 Mao orders the revolution stopped

SECTION 3 WARS IN KOREA AND

VIETNAM

38th parallel Douglas MacArthurHo Chi Minh domino theoryNgo Dinh Diem VietcongVietnamization Khmer Rouge

SETTING THE STAGE

Korea divided at 38th parallelNorth- Japanese surrender to Soviets and becomes CommunistSouth- Japanese surrender to Americans and becomes Democratic

38th parallel

WAR IN KOREA

Soviets provide N. Korea with military aidJune 25, 1950 North attacks SouthUnited Nations sends troops to Korea under command of Douglas MacArthurWhy didn’t the Soviets use their veto power?

WAR IN KOREA II

Sept. 1950 North Korea controls most of the SouthSurprise attack at InchonPincers strategy

WAR IN KOREA IIIUnited Nations forces pursue retreating North Korean soldiersChinese send 300,000 soldiers into North KoreaJan. 1951 Chinese push back UN forces into South Korea and capture SeoulTruman fires MacArthur

Bomb theChinese!

NO!You’re fired!!

WAR IN KOREA IV

1952- UN regains control of S. KoreaJuly 1953- cease fired signed4 million deaths

DMZ

AFTERMATH OF KOREAN WAR

North Korea

Kim Il Sung - collective farms and military build up

Kim Jong Il - nuclear weapons

South Korea

Democratic

Focus on technology

Kim Jong-un

VIETNAM WAR IHo Chi Minh starts Vietminh Independence LeagueJapanese leave in 1945 and Ho expects independence from France

VIETNAM WAR II

Vietminh fight French forces1954 French suffer defeat at Dien Bien Phu and surrender to Ho

VIETNAM WAR III

President Eisenhower and the Domino theory

VIETNAM WAR III

International conference at GenevaVietnam divided at 17th parallelNorth- communist under Ho Chi MinhSouth- dictatorship under Ngo Dinh Diem supported by U.S. and France

17th

VIETNAM WAR IVVietcong- communist guerrillas in South Vietnam who oppose Diem1963 Diem assassinated

VIETNAM WAR V

U.S. Troops Enter FightAug. 1964- Pres. Johnson says U.S. ships attacked in Gulf of Tonkin1968- 500, 000 Americans in Vietnam

VIETNAM WAR VI

U.S. Difficulties

1. Guerrilla warfare in the jungle

2. Lack of support for S. Vietnamese government

3. Vietcong supported by Ho, Soviets, China

VIETNAM WAR VIIU.S. turns to bombing forest and farms to destroy enemy hideoutsU.S. loses peasant support

VIETNAM WAR VIII

Protests rise against Vietnam War in U.S.Vietnamization- Nixon allows gradual withdrawal of troopsS. Vietnamese increase their role

VIETNAM WAR VIXNixon orders bombing of North Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos to destroy Vietcong hideoutsLast U.S. troops leave in 19731975 North Vietnam captures South Vietnam

CAMBODIA1975- Khmer

Rouge set up communist govt. under Pol Pot2 million die1978 Vietnam invades and overthrows Pol PotVietnamese leave in 1989

VIETNAM AFTER THE WAR

“reeducation camps”NationalizationSaigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City1.5 million people flee Vietnam

SECTION 4 COLD WARDIVIDES THE WORLD

Third World nonaligned nationsFidel Castro Anastasio SomozaDaniel OrtegaAyatollah Ruholla Khomeini

SETTING THE STAGE

Nations grouped into 1 of 3 “worlds”

1. Industrialized capitalists- U.S.

2. Communist- U.S.S.R.

3. Third World – developing nations, “nonaligned” with U.S. or U.S.S.R.

FIGHTING FOR 3RD WORLD

Latin America, Africa, AsiaPoor, politically unstableFormer European colonyEthnic conflicts, lack of technology, educationWhich world would they choose?

COLD WAR STRATEGIES (PAGE 549)

1. Foreign Aid

2. Espionage (CIA, KGB)

3. Multinational Alliances

4. Propaganda

5. Brinkmanship

6. Surrogate Wars

ASSOCIATION OF NONALIGNED NATIONS

Not all 3rd World nations wanted to be involved in the Cold War

1955 Bandung Conference , nonaligned nations led by India and Indonesia

STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WARBandung

CONFRONTATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

Issues- population growth, gap between rich and poor, unstable governmentsAmerican businesses support leaders who protect their investments Communist revolutions supported by SovietsConsequently, U.S. supports anti-Communist dictators

Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?U.S.?

1. Cuba was a colony of Spain since colonial times.

2. Cuba became independent from Spain after the Spanish-American War in 1898.

3. After their independence, Cuba was ruled by dictators, who were supported by the U.S. because of the U.S. business interests in Cuba.4. Many Cubans hated the dictators and the poor conditions that existed in Cuba.

I. Background of Cuban History

Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?U.S.?

II. Fidel Castro and events leading up to the “Revolution”?

2. For almost 10 years, Castro and his revolutionary forces lived and fought against the dictator Batista from the jungles of Cuba.

1.Castro organized a revolution against the Cuban dictators.

FIDEL CASTRO ANDCUBAN REVOLUTION

1950’s Cuba ruled by dictator Fulgencio Batista

1959 Fidel Castro leads revolutionSuspends elections, controls press, jails opponentsNationalized industriesU.S. loses businessesCastro turns to Soviets for aid

BAY OF PIGS INVASION

1960- CIA trains anti-Castro exilesApril 1961- they invade CubaCuba defends themselves

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

July 1962 – Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev builds missiles in CubaOct. 1962- President Kennedy demands their removal and begins naval blockade

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS II

Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles in exchange for U.S. promise not to invade CubaCuba dependent on Soviet aid

STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR

CIVIL WAR IN NICARAGUA

U.S. supports dictator Anastasio Somoza1979 Communist Sandinista rebels take controlDaniel Ortega receives aid from both U.S. and Soviet Union

CIVIL WAR IN NICARAGUA II

Sandinistas provide aid to Communist rebels in El SalvadorU.S. then supports Contras1990 Nicaragua holds free elections

RUHOLLA KHOMEINI

1. What is an ayatollah?

2. How did The Republic affect him?

3. Why did he dislike the Shah?

4. What did Khomeini ban during his rule of Iran?

CONFRONTATIONS IN MIDDLE EAST

Religious and Secular Values Clash in IranAfter WWII Shah Mohammed Pahlavi welcomes Western oil companiesIranian nationalists unite under Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq1953 Shah Pahlavi fleesU.S. helps Shah to return

U.S. SUPPORTS SECULAR RULE

Shah continues to westernize IranConservative Muslim leaders led by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini overthrows Shah in 1979

KHOMEINI’S ANTI-U.S. POLICIES

1979 U.S. embassy in Tehran seizedAmericans taken hostage for 444 daysKhomeini encourages Muslim radicals to overthrow secular governments

IRAN AND IRAQ

1980- 1989 Iran and Iraq go to war

AFGHANISTAN

1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan to protect against Muslim revoltU.S. sends weapons to mujahideen to fight Soviets

AFGHANISTAN II Why did the U.S. arm the

mujahideen?

1. Stop Communism

2. Protect oil of the Middle East Soviet President Gorbachev

gradually withdraws troops until 1989

Nikita Khrushchev détenteLeonid Brezhnev Richard M. NixonJohn F. Kennedy SALTLyndon Johnson Ronald Reagan

SECTION 5 COLD WAR THAWS

SETTING THE STAGESoviet Union controls its satellite countriesPoland, Czech., Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, E. Germany

SOVIET POLICY IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CHINA

1950s and 60’s protests in Eastern Europe threatened Soviet powerTension with China

DESTALINIZATION

1956 – Nikita Khrushchev initiates destalinizationEliminate Stalin’s memory“peaceful competition”

RUMBLINGS OF PROTESTOctober 1956-

Hungarian army and protesters overthrow governmentImre Nagy promises free elections and demands that Soviet soldiers leaveNovember 1956- Soviets invade take control of government and execute Nagy

STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR

REVOLT IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA

1964- Leonid Brezhnev replaces Khrushchev1968- Alexander Dubcek desire socialism with “a human face”Prague SpringAug. 20, 1968- Warsaw Pact nations invadeBrezhnev Doctrine

SOVIET-CHINESE SPLIT

1959- Khrushchev refuses to share nuclear secrets and ends aid to China

Yellow- China Red- Soviet Union Black- non-aligned

BRINKMANSHIP BREAKS DOWN NUCLEAR WAR!!!!

STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR

U.S. TURNS TO DETENTE

President Nixon replaces brinkmanship with détente

1972- 1st president to visit China

SALT I treaty signed by Nixon and Brezhnev limiting # of ICBM’s

COLLAPSE OF DETENTE

1979 President Carter and Brezhnev sign SALT IICongress does not ratify agreement due to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

REAGAN TAKES ANTI-COMMUNIST STANCE

President Reagan- increases defense spending1983 – Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

CHAPTER 19

Section 3The Collapse of the Soviet Union

A YOUNGER LEADER

Mikhail Gorbachev Glasnost – “openness”

1. Churches reopen

2. Political prisoners released

3. Freedom of speech

GORBACHEV MOVES TOWARD DEMOCRACY

Politburo- ruling committee of Communist party

Censorship, restrict freedom of speech

REFORMING ECONOMY AND POLITICS

Issues

1. Inefficient system of central planning

2. No motivation

Perestroika – economic restructuring

Small businesses allowed

DEMOCRATIZATION OPENS POLITICAL SYSTEMDemocratization – gradual opening of the political systemElection of a new legislative body

FOREIGN POLICY Dec. 1987 – Gorbachev and Reagan sign INF treaty.

SOVIET UNION FACES TURMOIL

Glasnost, Perestroika, and Democratization reform leads to Soviet Union Break upMinority groups demand self-rule

LITHUANIA DEFIES GORBACHEV

March 1990 Lithuania declares independence Jan. 1991 Soviets attack

YELTSIN DENOUNCES GORBACHEV

June 1991 Boris Yeltsin elected president of Russia“Hardliners” upset

August Coup

Aug. 18, 1991- hardliners demand Gorbachev resign

END OF SOVIET UNION

Gorbachev resigns on Dec. 25, 1991The Soviet Union collapsesRepublics declare independence

Changes in Central Europe

CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4

GERMANY REUNIFIES Fall of the Berlin Wall

1989 East Germany completely closes borders

Protestors demand free travel and elections

STANDARD 10. 9 ANALYZE THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR

Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this

wall!

BERLIN WALL OPENS November 9, 1989 Egon Krenz opens Berlin Wall

REUNIFICATION

Fear of a united GermanyHelmut Kohl assures world leaders of a democratic nationOctober 3, 1990