results and trends in the development of nanocomposite materials...

VIZ GRAF, Busteni, October 2006 1

RESULTS AND TRENDS RESULTS AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF

NANOCOMPOSITE NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALSMATERIALS

Radu L. OrbanRadu L. Orban

Technical University of ClujTechnical University of Cluj--NapocaNapocaROMANIAROMANIA


Nanocomposite materials Nanocomposite materials iinspired from the naturenspired from the nature

BBiological materials join together:iological materials join together:-- sensingsensing-- actuation actuation -- healinghealing-- other propertiesother properties

built into the primary built into the primary structurestructureof an organismof an organism

Extension to materials design :Extension to materials design :-- mechanicalmechanical-- electricalelectrical-- electronicelectronic-- magneticmagnetic-- optical, etc. optical, etc.

integrated functionsintegrated functions


How to get these integrated functions ?How to get these integrated functions ?combining combining metallic, ceramic, polymericmetallic, ceramic, polymeric materials to a :materials to a :

-- nanometricnanometric-- molecularmolecular-- atomicatomic

| scalescale to work in synergyto work in synergyExpected properties :Expected properties :

beyond those of the sum of individual capabilitiesbeyond those of the sum of individual capabilities

incorporated intelligenceincorporated intelligence high added valuehigh added value

The new, as obtained, The new, as obtained, nanocomposite materialsnanocomposite materials | IntermaterialsIntermaterials


PossibilitiesPossibilitiesto obtain nanocomposite structures to obtain nanocomposite structures Intra-type

High strength and reliability, Excellent HT High strength and reliability, Excellent HT mechanical properties, High toughnessmechanical properties, High toughness

Super tough and strong(at room and high temperatures)

Micro/Nano Hybrid - type Mutual Nano - type

Micro - sized particles,whisker or fibers

Phase A Phase B(A/B + B/A)

New functions:New functions:MachinabilityMachinability

SuperplasticitySuperplasticity

Inter-type Intra/Inter-type Nano/Nano-type

Nano dispersion

Intra-type

K. Niihara, 4th International PM Conference of Turkey, Sakarya 2005


Common Bulk Nanocomposites

Strongly improved mechanical properties

Metal/Ceramic/PolymerMetal/Ceramic/Polymer--Ceramic/Metal Ceramic/Metal

SystemsSystems

Structural MaterialsStructural Materials

Nanoparticles

Micro Matrix

Ceramic-Pores Nanocomposites

Permeability, High Fracture Toughness, Strength

CeramicCeramic--Nanopores SystemsNanopores Systems

Metal/Ceramic-Carbon Nanocomposites

Metal/CeramicMetal/Ceramic––Carbon SystemsCarbon Systems

Hard/Soft Nanocomposites

Mechanical Properties, Machinability

CeramicCeramic--Metal, CeramicMetal, Ceramic--CeramicCeramicSystemsSystems

Micro/Nano Composites

Nano Sized2nd Phase

Matrix

High Fracture Toughness, Strength

MetalMetal--Ceramic, CeramicCeramic, Ceramic--Metal, Metal, CeramicCeramic--Ceramic SystemsCeramic Systems

In-grain toughening

Micro Sized2nd Phase

Carbon Nanotubes/Fullerenes

Matrix

Soft 2nd Phase

Hard Matrix

Novel Nano Processing

Nanopores

Matrix

Grain BoundaryControl Concept

Polymer Based Polymer Based NanocompositesNanocomposites

Metal Based Metal Based NanocompositesNanocomposites

Ceramic based Ceramic based NanocompositesNanocomposites

High Strength, Fracture Toughness

micro/nano

Bulk Nanocomposite MaterialsBulk Nanocomposite Materials


Recent achievements Recent achievements in nanocomposites developmentsin nanocomposites developments

⎪⎪

Common Metal Matrix Nanocomposites (MMNCs)*

Modern method of MMNCs production:

InIn--situ reactive synthesis situ reactive synthesis of reinforcing phases in the metalof reinforcing phases in the metalmatrix melt / powder compactsmatrix melt / powder compacts

-- Reinforcing particles:Reinforcing particles:-- nanometric size nanometric size -- thermodynamically stable, thermodynamically stable, -- uniformly distributeduniformly distributed

-- Cleaner interfacesCleaner interfaces-- Energy savingsEnergy savings

Matrix materials : Matrix materials : Al, Ti, Ni, Cu, Fe, various alloysAl, Ti, Ni, Cu, Fe, various alloys

Reinforcing phases : Reinforcing phases : oxides, carbides, borides, nitridesoxides, carbides, borides, nitrides


Possible reactions ofPossible reactions ofMMNCs Reactive Processing* MMNCs Reactive Processing*

Synthesis reactionsSynthesis reactionskM + mR + nC kM + RmC n (1)(m+p)R +nC pR + RmCn (1’)

Displacement reactionsDisplacement reactions

MMkkTT nn + mR + mR kM + RkM + RmmTTnn (2)(2)

kM + MkM + MppTTnn+mR +mR (k+p)M +R(k+p)M +RmmTTnn (2(2’’))

kM + mR + XkM + mR + XttTTn+qn+q kM + RkM + RmmTTnn + X+ XttTTq q (3)(3)

Thermodynamic condition:Thermodynamic condition: ΔΔGG00f/rf/r < 0< 0* R.L. Orban, Proceedings RoPM 2000, Cluj-Napoca


Thermodynamic possibilities Thermodynamic possibilities of reactive processing of MMNCs*of reactive processing of MMNCs*

Oxide RCs inOxide RCs in--situ synthesissitu synthesis Carbides/Borides RCsCarbides/Borides RCsinin--situ synthesissitu synthesis

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Temperature, T [K]

Stan

dard

Gib

bs F

ree

Ener

gy o

f For

mat

ion,

ΔG

0f [k

J/m

ol]

Al + 2/3Al2O3 + Zr = 7/3Al + ZrO2Ti + 2Al + 1.5TiO2 = 2.5Ti + Al2O3Ti + Zr + TiO2 = 2Ti + ZrO2Ti + 3Al = TiAl3Ni + 2Al + 3NiO = 4Ni + Al2O3Ni + Zr + 2NiO = 3Ni + ZrO22Ni + 3Al = Ni2Al3Cu + 2Al + 3CuO = 4Cu + Al2O3Cu + Zr + 2CuO = 3Cu + ZrO2Fe + 2Al + Fe2O3 = 3Fe + Al2O3Fe + Zr +2/3 Fe2O3 = 7/3Fe + ZrO2

-350

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Temperature, T [K]

Stan

dard

Gib

bs F

ree

Ener

gy o

f For

mat

ion,

ΔG

0 r [k

J/m

ol]

Ti + C = TiC2Ta + C = Ta2CNb + C = NbCV + C = VC4B + C = B4C4Al + 3C = Al4C33Fe + C = Fe3C3Ni + C = Ni3C3Al + Ti = Al3Ti3Ni + Ti = Ni3TiTi + 2B = TiB2Zr + 2B = ZrB2Al + 12B = AlB12Fe + B = FeB4Ni + 3B = Ni4B3


Bulk metalsBulk metalsmultifunctionalisationmultifunctionalisationCu/Ni (~500Cu/Ni (~500 nm) + nm) + (3.3(3.3÷÷5.6) wt.% Al5.6) wt.% Al22OO33 (20 nm)(20 nm)

-- Higher mechanical strength than Cu/Ni (~1.5 x)Higher mechanical strength than Cu/Ni (~1.5 x)

-- Higher hardness / wear resistance, Higher hardness / wear resistance, endurance limit (4endurance limit (4÷÷6 x)6 x)

-- The same electrical conductivity/ The same electrical conductivity/ magnetic properties / corrosion magnetic properties / corrosion resistance as resistance as Cu / Ni pure metalsCu / Ni pure metals

Applications : Applications : -- heavy duty electrical contacts heavy duty electrical contacts -- magnetic cores for hostile environments etc.magnetic cores for hostile environments etc.


WW--Cu nanocompositesCu nanocomposites- higher strength than similar

crystalline materials fabricated by liquid phase sintering / infiltration

- lower thermal expansion coefficient

Applications :- heavy duty heavy duty electrical contactselectrical contacts-- electrodes for electroelectrodes for electro--dischargedischarge

machining, shape charge linersmachining, shape charge linersNanocrystalline Cemented Nanocrystalline Cemented carbidescarbides very thin tools, e.g. drilling tools very thin tools, e.g. drilling tools

ØØ < 0.5 mm< 0.5 mm

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3

Cu content, [wt. fraction]

CTE

, [pp

m /

K]

NanocompositeComposite by infiltration 1Composite by sinteringComposite by infiltration 2


Nanocomposites Nanocomposites (Intra&Intergranular)(Intra&Intergranular)

Notable enhancement of:Notable enhancement of:-- Mechanical Mechanical and thermal propertiesand thermal properties

-- Homogeneity atHomogeneity atthe nanoscalethe nanoscale

-- Physical andPhysical andchemical propertieschemical properties

Addition of new functionsAddition of new functionsGradual components Gradual components dispersion dispersion FGMFGM

Monolithic and/or Monolithic and/or MicroMicro--compositescomposites

- Mechanical properties are notenough high e.g. toughness

- Inhomogeneity ofmicrostructure, mechanical,physical properties

Bulk nanocrystalline ceramicsBulk nanocrystalline ceramicsNecessity of further Necessity of further improvements / improvements / multifunctionalisationmultifunctionalisationStructure control at nanoStructure control at nano--scalescale

G.B. modification (Intergranular N.Cs.)

VVery small additions ery small additions of secondary phase(s)of secondary phase(s)

Homogeneity in nano and/or molecular-scalePhysical properties enhancementAddition of new functions: electric, optical, etc.Reliability enhancement

K. Niihara, Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 161-163 (1999), pp. 527-534.


CeramicCeramic--metal nanocompositesmetal nanocompositesAl2O3 - (W, Mo, Ti, Ni, Co, Fe, FeNi)ZrO2 - (Mo, Ni. Co)MgO - (Fe, Ni)Mullite - (Ni, Co, FeCo)SiC – (Al, AlSi, AlZn, AlMg)

CeramicCeramic--ceramic ceramic

SHSSpark PlasmaSintering Two-stepsinteringElectrophoresisInfiltration

Al2O3 - (SiC, ZrO2 , TiC, TiN, TiB2, BN) MgO - SiC Si3N4 - (SiC, TiN, BN, ZrO2 ) B4C - SiC, B4C – SiC+ TiB2

IntermetallicIntermetallic--ceramic ceramic NiAl NiAl –– AlAl22OO33 –– TiBTiB2 2 * * SHS under pressure SHS under pressure

* R.L. Orban, M. Lucaci,, 16th International Plansee Seminar, Reutte, Austria 2005 High Performance PM Metals, vol. 1, p. 1170- 1180


AlAl22OO3 3 -- SiC nanocompositeSiC nanocompositeAl2O3 monolith

Al2O3/5vol%-SiC Nanocomposite

Typical SEM Microstructure Intragranular SiC dispersion

K. Niihara, 4th International PM Conference of Turkey, Sakarya 2005


SiSi33NN44 (SiC, Al(SiC, Al22OO33, ZrO, ZrO22) ) –– SiNSiNnanocompositenanocompositeTo improve machinability, To improve machinability,

toughnesstoughnessSi3N4/SiC/ZrO2/Al2O3 (powder)

+H3BO3

+CO(NH2)2 (urea)

Ball Milling

H2Reduction

Si3N4 nanopowder + BN precursor coating

(t-BN)

HPSintering

Si3N4//SiC/ZrO2/Al2O3 -hBN

NanocompositeK. Niihara, 4th International PM Conference of Turkey, Sakarya 2005


4mm4mm4mm

SiSi33NN44 (SiC, Al(SiC, Al22OO33, ZrO, ZrO22) ) –– SiN SiN nanocompositenanocompositeMultifunctinality realised :

-- High strength at room and elevated temperaturesHigh strength at room and elevated temperatures

-- Higher toughnessHigher toughness-- Lower hardness and Young's ModulusLower hardness and Young's Modulus

-- QuasiQuasi--plasticityplasticity- Good machinability (>15vol%hGood machinability (>15vol%h--BNBN))-- Excellent thermal shock resistanceExcellent thermal shock resistance- Good corrosion resistance to molten metals

SiSi33NN44 –– SiC nanocompositeSiC nanocompositesuperplasticitysuperplasticity

Properties : - mutual C-CNCsStrength: 1.2 GPa (RT); 1.0 GPa (1000 oC)KIC : 8 MPam 1/2


Bulk polymer nanocompositesBulk polymer nanocomposites

Polymer – metal nanocompositesPolymers Polymers –– metallic nanopowders (Ag, Cu, Ni, Fe, magneticmetallic nanopowders (Ag, Cu, Ni, Fe, magneticalloys) alloys) mechanical / electrical / magnetic / decorativemechanical / electrical / magnetic / decorativemultifunctionalisationmultifunctionalisation

Polymers (Polymers (thermoplastics) / Elastomers thermoplastics) / Elastomers ––metallic/ceramic nanopowders / nanotubesmetallic/ceramic nanopowders / nanotubes-- nanopowders/nanotubes nanopowders/nanotubes high specific surface area high specific surface area

difficulties in incorporation into polymer matrix difficulties in incorporation into polymer matrix surfactantssurfactants

Polymer – ceramic nanocompositesPolymers Polymers –– ceramic nanopowders (SiOceramic nanopowders (SiO22, Al, Al22OO33, clay etc.) , clay etc.) mechanical / electrical /electronic / opticalmechanical / electrical /electronic / optical multifunctionalisationmultifunctionalisation


Polymer (pPolymer (polypropylene, nylon etc.olypropylene, nylon etc.) ) ––clay nanocompositesclay nanocomposites

Clay (Clay (montmorillonite)montmorillonite)a multilayer aluminoa multilayer alumino--silicatesilicate

-- interinter--layer layer spacing in the nanometric range spacing in the nanometric range organophobicorganophobic vs. vs. organic compounds organic compounds surfactants surfactants

organoclay organoclay delaminated delaminated layers layers ~ 1 nm thickness / high aspect ratios (10 ~ 1 nm thickness / high aspect ratios (10 ÷÷100)100)

Two types of composites Two types of composites

delaminated (exfoliated) delaminated (exfoliated) montmorillonite montmorillonite layered crystal structurelayered crystal structure

intercalatedintercalated

Properties (Nylon+5wt.% Clay)

- 68 % higher E; 126 % higher G- 60 % higher σfl; tdistorsion: 65 152 0C


Mechanical multifunctionalisation Mechanical multifunctionalisation through Carbon nanotubesthrough Carbon nanotubes

a) Single wall SWCNT

b) Multi-wallMWCNT

7.89.00.8207Steel

2.716.00.569Aluminium

4.515.00.9103Titanium

1.61.22.1152Graphite fibre

1.81.52.71260MWCNT

1.44.065.01210SWCNT

Density(g/cm3)

Fracture Strain(%)

Yield Strength(GPa)

Elastic Modulus(GPa)Material

Mechanical properties of CNTs/common engineering materialsMechanical properties of CNTs/common engineering materials

ØØ = 2 = 2 ÷÷ 20 nm20 nmℓℓ < ~ 10 < ~ 10 μμmm


Metal Metal –– Nanotubes nanocompositesNanotubes nanocomposites

Ceramic Ceramic –– Nanotubes NCsNanotubes NCs

Polymer Polymer –– NanotubesNanotubes NCsNCs

Nanotubes fabricationNanotubes fabrication (Ni, Fe, Co etc. catalysts) (Ni, Fe, Co) oxides + CNTs (MO-CNTs) nanocomposite powders

Ni/Fe/Co + (MO-CNTs NP) (Me + MeO + CNTs) NCs- Properties: Properties: UTS UTS 34 34 ÷÷ 37 % higher 37 % higher GearsGears

SiOSiO22 (quartz) + MWCNTs (quartz) + MWCNTs CMNCsCMNCs ((133 133 ÷÷ 146 %146 %higher toughness, preserving clarity, corrosion resistance etc.)

CNTs CNTs high flexibility high flexibility bend during bend during processing processing CNTsCNTs network interpenetrating network interpenetrating the polymer matrix the polymer matrix High mechanical resistanceHigh mechanical resistance


Mechanical multifunctionalisationMechanical multifunctionalisationthrough through nanocomposite coatingsnanocomposite coatingsNanostructuredNanostructured coating layerscoating layers (NSCLs)(NSCLs)

Nanosized hard compounds (SiC,TiC,TiN)+Me (Al, Ni) NSCLs low friction coefficient, very high wear resistance

Nanostructured Diamond/DLC/TiN filmsNanostructured Diamond/DLC/TiN films

CrystallineCrystalline NanocrystallineNanocrystalline

Can be obtained by:Can be obtained by:- Microwave plasma enhanced CVD- Laser ablation of graphite

Results: spsp33 hybridisationhybridisation øø10 10 ÷÷ 50 nm nodules of 50 nm nodules of diamond diamond nanocrystalline filmsnanocrystalline films smoother surfacesmoother surface11÷÷3 3 μμm thick, 80 GPa hardness, low friction coefficientm thick, 80 GPa hardness, low friction coefficient


Multifunctionalisation Multifunctionalisation through nanoporesthrough nanopores

Nanopore creationNanopore creation new properties, keeping / new properties, keeping / enhancing the initial ones enhancing the initial ones multifunctionalisationmultifunctionalisationCore material+nanoporesCore material+nanopores nanostructured nanostructured

materialmaterialNanopores creation :Nanopores creation :-- nanoporous Carbon structuresnanoporous Carbon structures-- ceramic nanoporous materialsceramic nanoporous materials

Nanoporous Nanoporous Carbon Carbon

structuresstructuresNanoporous carbon + Metal particles Nanoporous carbon + Metal particles catalyst materials*catalyst materials*

*L. Gray et al., Wiley, 2005.


BCNs infiltrationBCNs infiltration bulk nanocomposite materialsbulk nanocomposite materialsProcessed by solProcessed by sol--gel method in the gel method in the ““aeroaero--gelgel”” variantvariant

Ceramic nanoporous materialsCeramic nanoporous materialsBlock ceramic materials (BCNs) Block ceramic materials (BCNs)

Nanostructured ceramic membranes (NCMs)Nanostructured ceramic membranes (NCMs)Commonly made from SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2

- pores diameter: 3÷ 5 nm

Processing by Aerogel methodProcessing by Aerogel methodlike block nanoporous ceramicslike block nanoporous ceramics

Producing by SelfProducing by Self--assembly assembly method method templatetemplate--assisted assisted selfself--assemblyassembly like biological systemslike biological systems


SuperconductiveSuperconductiveceramicsceramics

Ionic conductive ceramicsIonic conductive ceramics

Ionic carriers transport Ionic carriers transport by diffusionby diffusionNernst Nernst –– Einstein equation:Einstein equation:

σi = Di . Ni . Qi / k . T- σi electrical conductivity- Di diffusion coefficient of “ i ” specie- Qi electrical charge- Ni charge carrier concentration- k Boltzman constant

- T absolute temperature

σi = ƒ(Di)


Electrical SuperconductiveElectrical SuperconductiveCeramics by Grain Boundary ControlCeramics by Grain Boundary ControlDigb>> Div σigb >> σiv

Ionic superconductive ceramicsIonic superconductive ceramicsSi3N4 / E2O - Al2O3- SiO2

(E = Na, Li, K, etc) MgO / Na2O - Al2O3- SiO2

Electronic superconductive ceramicsElectronic superconductive ceramicsZrO2 / V2O5 - Bi2O3 - CuO AlN / YN, etc.

GB conduction

mainly at hightemperature

GB + latticeconduction

at roomtemperature


Ionic superconductiveIonic superconductiveceramicsceramics

~ 5 x 102 at 1000 0C107Mullite / Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2

~ 102 at 1000˚C106~107 at 100˚CDMgO / Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2

~ 5 x 101 at 1000 0C107~ 108 at 100 0C1010Si3N4 / Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2

~ 8 x 101 at 1000 0C107~ 107 at 100 0C1010Si3N4 / Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2

Resistivity [Ω.cm-1]NanocompositeMonolithMaterial

Ionic conductive


ConductivPass-way

Electronic grain boundary Electronic grain boundary conduction in ceramicsconduction in ceramics

500nm

AlN

AlN

Grain boundary phase

AlN

Grain boundary phaseAlN

Electronic conductivity through pass-way of grain boundaries

Schematic model of conduction in Schematic model of conduction in AlN/Y2O3AlN/Y2O3--CeO2CeO2nanoconanocompositesmposites


Electronic superconductiveElectronic superconductiveceramicsceramics

~10-1 at T1014Y-TZP/CNT

~108 at R T1012Al2O3 / TZP+CNT Hybrid

~ 10-1 at RT (AC) 1010Si3N4 / V2O5 System

~ 2 x10-1 at RT1011AlN / YN System

~ 102 at RT1014Y-TZP / Organic System

~ 102 at RT1014Y-TZP / Bi2O3-CuO-V2O5

Resistivity [Ω.cm-1]NanocompositeMonolithMaterial

Electronic conductive


Polymer electricalPolymer electricalmultifunctionalisationmultifunctionalisation

Purpose :Purpose :To get higher conductivity than common To get higher conductivity than common

conductive polymers & higher strengthconductive polymers & higher strength-- by high conductive metal particles by high conductive metal particles

(Cu, Ag, Au) fillers (Cu, Ag, Au) fillers percolation threshold percolation threshold controlled / unidirectional conductioncontrolled / unidirectional conduction

To get special properties To get special properties magnetic (e.g. nano Ni filler), magnetic (e.g. nano Ni filler), electronic, optical,electronic, optical,shape memory effectsshape memory effects


Shape memory effect inShape memory effect innanocomposite polymersnanocomposite polymers(artificial muscles(artificial muscles))

Ionic PolymerIonic Polymer-- metal nanocompositesmetal nanocomposites- Elecyroactive polymers per fluorinated ionomers Polyperfluoroethilenesulfonate, e.g. Nafion, Fluolon etc.

-- Applied electric field Applied electric field generation generation of cations of cations migration toward cathod migration toward cathod

pressure pressure reversible bending reversible bending 10 x higher than shape memory 10 x higher than shape memory alloys (e.g. Nialon)alloys (e.g. Nialon)

Mechanism :Mechanism :

Applications:Applications: actuators, medical devices etc.


ElectricalElectricalmultifunctionalisation multifunctionalisation of materials with CNTsof materials with CNTs

Electrical/electronic properties of CNTsElectrical/electronic properties of CNTs- One dimensionalityOne dimensionality 1 D space 1 D space electrons confined electrons confined

in one direction in one direction ideal 1 D conductors / semiconductors ideal 1 D conductors / semiconductors ƒƒ (cyrality (cyrality –– atom disposal in the hexagonal ray)atom disposal in the hexagonal ray)

-- BendingBending atom disposal changes cylarity change metal to semiconductor transitions nanojunctionsnanojunctions

Field Emission Transistors

- Monochromatic electron beams, emitters, nanoconnectors etc.


ElectronicElectronicmultifunctionalisation multifunctionalisation by nanostructured coatingsby nanostructured coatingsNanocrystalline diamond coatings

Fotoluminiscence Fotoluminiscence propertiesproperties

Colors depending on Colors depending on the electron beam the electron beam intensity intensity easy to be easy to be changedchanged

High resolution, high High resolution, high dimensions displayersdimensions displayers


OpticalOpticalmultifunctionalisationmultifunctionalisation

Strong transparent Si3N4Control the chemical composition and structure of G.B.Control the chemical composition and structure of G.B.Able to fabricate by common sintering processAble to fabricate by common sintering processHigh strength and toughnessHigh strength and toughness

400 mm 500 mm 600 mmApplications: Spatial vehicles windows


Future trendsFuture trends

Nanocomposites

Strongly improvedmechanical properties

Ceramic/Ceramic SystemsCeramic/Ceramic Systems

Structural Materials

Nano Particle

Micro Matrix

Molecular Composites

Modified Lattice

Matrix Atom

Extremely low fraction of 2nd phases

(5 vol%, 0,01 − 0,1 vol%)Ceramic/Ceramic, Organic/Ceramic/ Ceramic/Ceramic, Organic/Ceramic/

Systems

Multifunctional Materials

Layer by LayerLayer by LayerLattices CompositesLattices Composites

≈ 1 nm(Insulators)

1 μm

Bulk multilayer structure materialCeramic/Ceramic SystemsCeramic/Ceramic Systems

Core/Shell NanoclusterComposites

Core

20 nm

Shell

Novel magnetic/electric properties

Metal/Metal, Metal/CeramicSystems

Magnetic/Optic/Electric Devices

Nanoporous Composites

2nd Phase

20 nm

MatrixNanopore

Large surface area, Improved thermal shock

resistance

Ceramic/Metal SystemsCeramic/Metal Systems

Catalysts, Coating Materials

NanoParticles

FullereneDispersed

NanoComposites

Nano Tubes

Self-Organized

NanoComposites

In-grain toughening

5 ÷ 10 nm(Ferroelectrics)


ConclusionsConclusionsNanocomposite Nanocomposite materials open materials open

an enormous potential for :an enormous potential for :- existing materials multifunctionalisation- enhancing natural performances of

existing materials- creation of new multifunctional materialsmaterials designmaterials design- development of functionally-graded

materials - broad and exciting research area


Thank you for your attention !Thank you for your attention !

results and trends in the development of nanocomposite materials...

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