Results for:

LUCY

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29 MAY 2015

INSIDE THIS REPORT

We have successfully processed the blood sample for Lucy and summarized our findings in this report. Inside, youwill find information about your dog’s specific genetic markers as well as insights into what kind of breeds make upyour dog’s ancestry.

Your veterinarian will be able to give you more insight into how these findings impact your dog’s health andwellness. Use this report to work closely with your veterinarian to develop an individual health plan.

THIS REPORT INCLUDES:

Genealogy Findings

Breed Characteristics

Genetic Markers / MDR1

Nutritional Considerations

Genetic Ancestry Certification

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GENEALOGY FINDINGS

What breeds make up Lucy?

The ROYAL CANIN® Genetic Health Analysis™ completed over seven million iterations and has typed over 10,000dogs to determine the most likely combination of breeds that best fit the DNA marker pattern observed in yourdog, going back three generations.

LagottoRomagnolo

LagottoRomagnolo

MiniatureAmerican Shepherd

MiniatureAmerican Shepherd

BergerPicard

BergerPicard

MixedBreed

MixedBreed

LagottoRomagnolo

MiniatureAmerican Shepherd

BergerPicard

MixedBreed

Lagotto Romagnolo / MiniatureAmerican Shepherd Cross

BergerPicard Mix

Lucy

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GENEALOGY FINDINGS

What does the Mixed-Breed Ancestry mean for Lucy?

A portion of Lucy’s ancestry was predicted to be mixed beyond three generations. It is difficult to identify strong breedsignals in this mixed portion, so we have listed the genetic breed groups with the strongest statistical likelihood below.The genetic breed groups are listed by the relative strength with the most likely at the top of the list.

Description: The most common ancestral trait of this group is beingused for hunting. Some use acute powers of scent to follow a trailwhile others demonstrate the gift of stamina as they run down aquarry. Beyond these two common traits, however, generalizations abouthounds are hard to come by as the group is comprised of a very diverselot of breeds.Example Breeds:  Basset Hound, Beagle, Treeing Walker Coonhound,Bloodhound

Description: This group consists of dogs generally characterized bytheir smaller size and gentle nature. As their name would imply they arepopular lap dogs and became more and more popular as the concept ofdogs as pets prevailed.Example Breeds:  Bichon Frise, Maltese, Shih Tzu, Pomeranian, AmericanEskimo Dog

Description: The Terrier Group ancestors were bred to hunt and killvermin. They are often characterized as feisty and energetic dogs whosesizes range from fairly small to much larger.Example Breeds:  Russell Terrier, Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier, StandardSchnauzer, Chihuahua, Miniature Pinscher

Description: While this ancient group shares many of thecharacteristics of the Hound Group, their origins, as the name wouldsuggest, are concentrated in Africa and the Middle East unlike the houndgroup that has no true geographic center.Example Breeds: Afghan Hound, Basenji, Saluki, Rhodesian Ridgeback

Description: Dogs of the Guard Group were bred to guard people andproperty. They are often quick to learn and these intelligent, capableanimals make solid companions.Example Breeds: Boston Terrier, Boxer, Great Dane, American StaffordshireTerrier

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BREED CHARACTERISTICS: EXAMPLE

How genetics influence breed appearance and behavior.

This report includes common behavioral and physical traits associated with each of the breeds we’ve detected inyour dog’s DNA. But remember, the link between genes and their expression in specific dogs is complex. It’s likelythat your dog exhibits characteristics of each breed in different ways – some more subtle than others.

An example of breed expression in an individual dog.

We found three primary breeds in our example dog, Frankie. While overall, Frankie is one-of-a-kind, certainaspects of Frankie’s behavior and appearance indicate the influence of each of these breeds.

Shetland Sheepdog Italian Greyhound Parson Russell Terrier

FeatheringThe longer hair on the legs, tailand around the ears, is due todominant modifier genes availablefrom the Shetland Sheepdog.

Black PigmentThis coloring in the nose, eye rims,lips and pads on the feet is due toone copy of the black gene variant,available from all three ancestralbreeds.

White SpottingThis is due to a lack of pigment and is often found inthe extremities (feet, chest, face, etc.), but can alsoextend over more of the body. It can be due to manygenes including those found in the three ancestralbreeds here.

Brindle Coat ColorThe black and tan striping in Frankie’s coat isa dominant trait coming from one copy of thebrindle gene variant. This is available fromthe Italian Greyhound, Parson Russell Terrierand Shetland Sheepdog.

Short HairThis is due to one copy of the genevariant from the Italian Greyhoundor the Parson Russell Terrier that isdominant over the long coat genefrom the Shetland Sheepdog.

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BREED CHARACTERISTICS: LUCY

Height:21 - 26 in

Weight (Show):51 - 71 lb

Weight (Pet):51 - 71 lb 

Breed Detected:

Berger Picard

Ears: Muzzle: Tail:

The Berger Picard or Picardy Shepherd is a French breed that is believed to be the oldest of the French Sheepdogs, having been brought to Northern France bythe Franks during the ninth century. It is named after the Picardy region in north eastern France. Whilst some experts believe the breed to be related to theBriard and Beauceron, and indeed the first Berger Picards were shown together in the same class with Beaucerons and Briards in 1863, others think that thebreed is more closely related to the Dutch and Belgian Shepherds. Many pictures of dogs resembling this breed can be found in Middle Age tapestries, woodcarvings and engravings. More recently, this breed has been publicised by the films: Because of Winn-Dixie, Daniel and the Superdogs and Are We Done Yet?However, the breed does not appear to have gained popularity due to its mixed-breed, scruffy appearance. Berger Picards nearly reached extinction duringboth World Wars and still remain a rare breed. The breed became fully recognized in the herding group by the American Kennel Club in 2015.

Berger Picard coat colors include light and dark fawn, grey, grey with black highlights, blue grey, red grey, and brindle. Although a small white patch isallowed by the AKC on the chest or tips of the toes, it is not desirable.

Do you recognize any of these Berger Picard traits in Lucy?

Lively, energetic, alert dogs with a quiet confidence.Devoted and loyal with a protective nature and good guardinginstincts.

May herd pets or small children.Intelligent, respond well to obedience training, but may exhibit astubborn streak.

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BREED CHARACTERISTICS: LUCY

Height:16 - 19 in

Weight (Show):24 - 35 lb

Weight (Pet):26 - 37 lb 

Breed Detected:

Lagotto Romagnolo

Ears: Muzzle: Tail:

Lagotto Romagnolo means “lake dog from Romagna” and refers to the breed’s original working function as a water retriever. It is believed to be the foundingbreed from which all subsequent water dogs have been derived. Pictures depicting dogs resembling this ancient, Italian breed have been found in thenecropolis of the Etruscan city Spina. The breed has been widely recognized, since the sixteenth century in the marshlands of North Eastern Italy, with theSwedish Naturalist, Linneus, describing a similar dog as being widespread throughout the Mediterranean coastal areas. Since the 1800s, with the drainageof marshlands and decline in waterfowl populations, the breed has been used to search for truffles in the countryside of Romagna, utilizing the dog’s keensense of smell and inherent searching skill. It is the only breed in the world that is recognized as a specialised truffle searcher. The Lagotto Romagnolowas first recorded in the Foundation Stock Service in 2001 and was assigned to the Sporting group by the American Kennel Club in 2015.

The breed comes in various shades of brown, with or without white, orange, with or without white, off-white, white with brown or orange patches, and brownroan. Some individuals have a brown to dark brown mask and dogs may have tan markings, of different shades. As the dog ages, the coat color has atendency to fade so that an originally brown coat can end up as a silver/grey roan coloration.

Do you recognize any of these Lagotto Romagnolo traits in Lucy?

Lively, agile, adaptable dogs with a particular marked sense ofhumor.

Affectionate, devoted companion with good guarding instincts.

Highly intelligent and have an aptitude for learning. Respond well to training.

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BREED CHARACTERISTICS: LUCY

Height:14 - 18 in

Weight (Show):20 - 35 lb

Weight (Pet):51 - 71 lb 

Breed Detected:

Miniature American Shepherd

Ears: Muzzle: Tail:

Developed in the late 1960s in the United States, smaller sized unregistered Australian Shepherds were selectively bred resulting in a small, energetic,herding dog with high intelligence, agility, strong guardian instincts and the motivation to please their owner. The breed has been used to herd sheep andgoats, although it will also take on the challenge of larger livestock. These dogs also proved to be popular with equestrians attending shows, providing loyalsupport and companionship during the journey. The Miniature Australian Shepherd as they were originally known, were officially recognized in May 2011 bythe American Kennel Club Foundation Stock Service and took on the new name of Miniature American Shepherd. This working breed is placed in the Herdinggroup in the American Kennel Club and the Pastoral group in the Kennel Club.

The Miniature American Shepherd has a medium lengthen, double, weather resistant coat, which varies from straight to wavy. The four registered colors areblack, blue merle, red and red merle. Dogs may also display tan points and/or white markings.

Do you recognize any of these Miniature American Shepherd traits in Lucy?

Lively, alert dogs with a quiet confidence. Highly intelligent and respond well to obedience training.

May herd pets or small children.Loyal, devoted and protective companion with an eagerness toplease their owner.

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MDR1 TEST RESULTS

MDR1 Genetic Screening Results

CONDITION GENE MODE OF INHERITANCE TEST RESULTS

Multi-Drug Sensitivity MDR1 Dominant Mutant/Normal

Please be sure to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to discuss these results;they can help answer any questions you may have regarding the health of your pet.

Test Results Analysis

MDR1 Mutant/Normal - Your dog has one copy of the MDR1 mutation and one copy of the normal MDR1 gene. If you breed your dog, then they may passon the mutant gene to their offspring (50% chance). Your dog is at increased risk for experiencing side effects from certain medications. Prior to givingyour dog any prescription or over the counter drugs please contact your veterinarian.

If your dog has either MDR1 Mutant/Normal or MDR1 Mutant/Mutant it is extremely important that you talk to your veterinarian before giving your pet anymedications. Your veterinarian can explain the important considerations involved in giving medications to MDR1 Mutant/Normal and MDR1 Mutant/Mutantdogs.

About MDR1

MDR1, or Multi-Drug Resistance-1 is a genetic mutation found in herding breeds, sighthound breeds and some mixed-breed dogs. All dogs have twocopies of this gene, and dogs with mutations in both copies may have side effects or adverse reactions to certain drugs. Even dogs with only one copy ofthe mutation are more likely to experience side effects or adverse reactions than dogs with two normal MDR1 genes. Therefore, it is critically important totalk about these results with your veterinarian.

Origins of the Test

The discovery of the mutation of the multi-drug resistant gene (MDR1) and its effects on multidrug sensitivity in dogs, was made by Washington StateUniversity. It is a patent-protected diagnostic test offered by Washington State University that has been licensed to Mars Veterinary for use in the ROYALCANIN® Canine Genetic Analysis™ tests.

Additional Testing

In addition to the MDR1 genetic mutation screen, Lucy was also tested for more than 140 other genetic health indicators. We have reported all the geneticmarker findings including these MDR1 results to your veterinarian. If you have not already consulted with him or her, please be sure to schedule anappointment to find out more information regarding any potential health conditions and any additional health screenings that may be recommended.

Please keep in mind that this test is not designed to diagnose any medical conditions beyond what is noted here and in your veterinarian's report, but toalert you and your veterinarian of a predisposition your dog may have to certain health issues. The main goal of the Genetic Health Analysis™ is to helpyou and your veterinarian create a customized health and wellness plan for your dog based on the genetic markers of your dog.

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GENETIC MARKERS

Lucy’s Health Blueprint

Beyond understanding how your dog’s ancestors influence appearance and behavior, the ROYAL CANIN®

Genetic Health Analysis™ also identifies genetic markers specific to your dog that can predict the

possibility of certain health conditions based on:

• Breed History

• Individual Genetic Makeup

If any of these markers were found, we would have alerted your veterinarian. If you have not already

consulted with your veterinarian, be sure to schedule an appointment to find out more information

regarding any potential health conditions and any health screenings that may be recommended.

Please keep in mind that this test is not designed to detect diseases, but to alert you and your veterinarian

of a predisposition your dog may have to certain diseases and health issues. The main goal of the Genetic

Health Analysis™ is to help your and your veterinarian create a custom health and wellness plan for

your dog.

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NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

ROYAL CANIN® has spent over 40 years researching the science of pet nutrition. And now, with the wealth of information fromthe Genetic Health Analysis™, we’re able to use our expertise to provide you with precise nutritional recommendations based onyour dog’s genetics.

Adult weight:42 - 47 lbs

Size Category:Medium

Age untilAdulthood:

< 12 months

Age untilSeniority:

< 7 years

Lucy’s Nutritional NeedsAs an Adult: Many medium-sized dogs have sporting breeds in their ancestry that were bred to be active. The number of calorieswithin their daily diet should be adapted to their exercise level in order to maintain a healthy weight.

Your medium dog may put a lot of stress on his joints while at play. A diet with glucosamine, chondroitin and rich in omega-3fatty acids can improve his joint health.

In addition to size and life stage, Genetic Health Analysis™ also identifies breeds within your dog’s family tree. Understandingnutritional needs within the breed makeup could help you and your veterinarian gain insight into selecting the optimal diet foryour pet’s overall wellness.Please remember that the nutritional considerations in this report are only a guide. Every dog is unique and hasnutritional needs based on multiple factors including medical history, environment, lifestyle, and life stage. It isvery important that you consult your veterinarian for a precise diet recommendation.

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ANALYSIS SUMMARY

How Genetic Health Analysis worksThe process started when you sent a sample to our laboratory, where the DNA was extracted from the cells and examinedfor over 3000 markers that are used in the test. The results for these markers were sent to a computer that evaluated themusing a program designed to consider all of the pedigree trees that are possible in the last three generations. The treesconsidered include a simple pedigree with a single breed (a likely pure breed dog), two different breeds at the parentallevel (a first-generation cross), all the way up to a complex tree with eight different great-grandparent breeds allowed.

Our computer used information for over 250 breeds, varieties, and types from our breed database to fill these potentialpedigrees. For each of the millions of combinations of ancestry trees built and considered, the computer gave each a scorerepresenting how well that selected combination of breeds matched to your dog’s data. The pedigree with the overall bestscore is the one which is shown on the ancestry chart. Only breeds that reached our set confidence threshold for reportingare reported in the ancestry chart.

Each dog is unique and their physical and behavioral traits will be theresult of multiple factors, including genetics, training, handling, andenvironment. ROYAL CANIN®’s proprietary Genetic Health Analysis™provides insight into the behavioral traits in breeds that have beenidentified in your dog, the predicted genetic adult weight range andbreed-related risks of developing certain genetic diseases. A dog’sweight range can vary significantly depending on age, diet and exercise.Genetic Health Analysis™ is not intended to diagnose diseases orpredict behavior in any particular dog.

In the unlikely event that it is not possible to determine breed history,predicted adult weight range or breed-related health risks, or if an errorin the analysis occurs, liability by ROYAL CANIN® or related companiesand individuals is disclaimed and damages in any event are limitedto the payment actually received by ROYAL CANIN® for the individualspecified analysis at issue.

Genetic Health Analysis™ is designed and intended to be used solely toidentify the genetic history of your dog’s recent ancestry and no otherpurpose is intended, authorized or permitted.

Many countries and provinces have breed-specific ordinances and lawsthat may require special handling or prohibit the ownership of somedogs with a particular breed in their genetic background. Genetic HealthAnalysis™ is not intended to be used by regulatory or animal controlofficials to determine whether a particular breed is legislated or bannedin a particular community. Nor is Genetic Health Analysis™ intended tobe used in any judicial proceedings. Rather, it is intended to be usedas a tool or resource in determining a dog’s genetic history. NeitherROYAL CANIN® nor any related company is responsible for complianceor notification regarding these matters.

ROYAL CANIN® continues to study the complexities of the caninegenome, with the goal of continuing to add breeds and the ability todetect additional breed-related disease conditions to Genetic HealthAnalysis™ in the future.

If you have any questions about the results, please contact Technical Services at1.800.592.6687.

WE HEREBY CERTIFY THAT

LUCYIS GENETICALLY COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOW

ING CANINE BREEDS:

Berger PicardLagotto Romagnolo

Miniature American ShepherdMixed Breed

AS DETERMINED BY A ROYAL CANIN® GENETIC ANALYSIS OF OVER 3000 UNIQUE DNA

MARKERS AND A PROPRIETARY BREED DETECTION ALGORITHM EXAMINING THE LASTTHREE GENERATIONS OF ANCESTRY.

SIGNED:DR. Cynthia Cole, R D Director DVM, PhD, DACVCP

ON THIS 29TH DAY OF MAY IN THE YEAR 2015