Results from combustion

tests and energy balances

Dr. Lutz Bühle

University of Kassel

Combustion tests

Fuel types

Gornja

Radgorna

Kysucký Lieskovec

Ascha Zlin

Poznan

Mantova

Irnfritz

GödöllőDonners-kirchen

Combustion tests

Fuel types

Gornja

Radgorna

Kysucký Lieskovec

Ascha Zlin

Poznan

Mantova

Irnfritz

GödöllőDonners-kirchen

biolib.cz

Combustion tests

Fuel types

biolib.cz

Origin Dominant species

Fuel type I Slovakia Agrostis capillaris,

Holcus lanatus,

Achillea millefolium

Fuel type II Germany Carex disticha

Phragmites australis

Holcus lanatus

Fuel type III Poland Phalaris arundinacea

Carex acutiformis

Carex gracilis

Combustion tests

Production of briquettes

Combustion tests

Briquette quality

Fuel type I Fuel type II Fuel type III

Dry matter of silage:55 %

Dry matter of silage:62 %

Dry matter of silage:40 %

Combustion tests

Firing system:

ÖKOTHERM® -Compact C1L boiler (120 kW)

Combustion tests

Experimental design

Parameters of investigation

• Technical evaluation (inflammability, flying sparks, slagging, ash removal)

• Emissions (Particulate matter, CO, NOx, SO2)

Operation modes

• Heat-up phase

• Partial load (50% of nominal output)

• Full load (100% of nominal output)

Combustion tests

Technical evaluation

• Fast ignition

• Full and bright flame

• Flying sparks observed without influence on PM in the flue gas

• Light slagging

• Unhampered air flow

• Ash was crushed by ash slide

• Unhampered discharge ofthe ash

• Full power of 120 kW waspermanently achieved

Combustion tests

Emissions

PM CO NOx SO2

mg/m3 (reference: 11% O2)

Fuel type I Minimum 52,7 5,0 267,0 0,0

Maximum 61,6 584,0 473,0 87,0

Average 55,4 36,2 357,2 34,9

Fuel type II Minimum 42,3 19,0 362,0 0,0

Maximum 57,9 822,0 556,0 91,0

Average 49,6 173,9 467,7 40,7

Fuel type III Minimum 25,0 4,0 187,0 0,0

Maximum 38,4 933,0 492,0 173,0

Average 30,3 94,6 349,5 70,8

Combustion tests

Emissions

PM CO NOx SO2

mg/m3 (reference: 11% O2)

Fuel type I Minimum 52,7 5,0 267,0 0,0

Maximum 61,6 584,0 473,0 87,0

Average 55,4 36,2 357,2 34,9

Fuel type II Minimum 42,3 19,0 362,0 0,0

Maximum 57,9 822,0 556,0 91,0

Average 49,6 173,9 467,7 40,7

Fuel type III Minimum 25,0 4,0 187,0 0,0

Maximum 38,4 933,0 492,0 173,0

Average 30,3 94,6 349,5 70,8

Limit (Germany) 50 250 500 -

Combustion tests

Emissions

PM CO NOx SO2

mg/m3 (reference: 11% O2)

Fuel type I Minimum 52,7 5,0 267,0 0,0

Maximum 61,6 584,0 473,0 87,0

Average 55,4 36,2 357,2 34,9

Fuel type II Minimum 42,3 19,0 362,0 0,0

Maximum 57,9 822,0 556,0 91,0

Average 49,6 173,9 467,7 40,7

Fuel type III Minimum 25,0 4,0 187,0 0,0

Maximum 38,4 933,0 492,0 173,0

Average 30,3 94,6 349,5 70,8

Limit (Germany) 50 250 500 -

Combustion tests

Emissions: Reduction of air flow

Combustion tests

Emissions

PM CO NOx SO2

mg/m3 (reference: 11% O2)

Fuel type I Minimum 52,7 5,0 267,0 0,0

Maximum 61,6 584,0 473,0 87,0

Average 55,4 36,2 357,2 34,9

Fuel type II Minimum 42,3 19,0 362,0 0,0

Maximum 57,9 822,0 556,0 91,0

Average 49,6 173,9 467,7 40,7

Fuel type III Minimum 25,0 4,0 187,0 0,0

Maximum 38,4 933,0 492,0 173,0

Average 30,3 94,6 349,5 70,8

Softening Flow

Obs

erve

d te

mpe

ratu

re [°

C]

0

1050

1100

1150

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400 SilagePress cake

Characteristic temperature

Combustion tests

Ash melting behaviour

Energy balances

Energy balances

Methodology

Energy balances

Methodology

Gross saving of CO2 equivalent by the substitution of fossil based energy supply (= credit)

[GWh/year]

Emissions of CO2 equivalent by the operation of bioenergy plant

Net CO2equivalent saving

0

Gross saving of primary energy by the substitution of fossil energy carriers

Consumption of primary energy by the operation of the bioenergy plant

Net saving of primary energy

Energy balances

Biomass feedstock

Project region in … Grassland Green cut Leaves Total Briquetteproduction

t DM/year t DM/year t DM/year t DM/year t FM/year

Austria (Waldviertel) 400,00 350,00 750,00 703,00

Italy 1165,45 192,50 1357,95 1272,98

Slovakia 424,50 32,80 10,00 467,30 438,57

Slovenia 3000,00 3000,00 2811,57

Austria (Lake Neusiedel) 8000,00 8000,00 7497,52

Czech Republic 295,99 10,00 305,99 286,80

Poland 5000,00 5000,00 4685,95

Energy balances

Transport distances

Project region in … Transport distance (km)

Grassland Green cut and leaves Briquettes

Austria (Waldviertel) 10,00

20 30

Italy 15,00

Slovakia 15,00

Slovenia 20,00

Austria (Lake Neusiedel) 10,00

Czech Republic 15,00

Poland 15,00

Energy balances

Input data

Electrical units kWh/t TM

Dosing I, Defibration (QZ)and bale press 109,07

Dosing II 2,78

Mashing 26,25

Screw press 41,00

Drying 47,26

Briquetting 117,64

Others 10,00

Sum 353,99

Thermal capacity oM [kJ/(kg K)] 2,10

Thermal capacity ash [kJ/(kg K)] 0,75

Thermal capacity biomass [kJ/(kg K)] 1,99

Thermal capacity water [kJ/(kg K)] 4,19

Mashing temperature [°C] 40,00

Silage temperature [°C] 8,00

Mash liquid temperature [°C] 25,00

Heat demand [kWh/kg biomass] 0,10

Heat demand [kWh/t biomass] 101,22

Heat demand mashing [kWh/t DM] 337,39

Heat demand drying [kWh/kg water] 1,10

Electricity Heat

Energy balances

Fossil reference data

Project region in … Primary energy demand

Heat(national mix)

Electricity(national mix)

TJ/TJ heat TJ/TJ electricity

Austria 1,49 2,39

Italy 1,41 2,41

Slovakia 1,44 2,84

Slovenia 1,50 2,47

Austria 1,49 2,39

Czech Republic 1,46 3,01

Poland 1,24 2,71

Energy balances

[GWh]

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10

Poland

Czech Republic

Austria (Lake Neusiedel)

Slovenia

Slovakia

Italy

Austria (Waldviertel)

Heat creditElectricity creditDiesel inputHeat inputElectricity inputNet saving

Project region in ...

Conclusions

Combustion tests:

•Very good technical performance

•Emissions are below thresholds, but additional filter required

Energy balances:

•Mainly dependent on local biomass availability

•Fossil energy consumption of up to 3000 inhabitants per project region could be replaced by renewables

Thank you very much

for your attention!