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RESULTS

Exposure of Cynopterus sphinx to the selected stressors have

induced physiological responses as evidenced by changes in the

parameters investigated.

Glycogen levels in the various tissues of C. sphznx exposed to

heat stress and light stress are given in the Tables 1 & 2 and Figs. 1, 2,

& 3. The data revealed no significant change in the levels of glycogen

in the two muscles (pectoralis major and biceps) during the heat and

light stress periods. However, in liver, there was a significant depletion

from the 3O& day onwards of exposure to heat stress. No prominent change

was discernible in the glycogen concentration during light stress.

Similar pattern of change was found in the total lipid content

of the tissues subjected to heat and light stress (Tables 3 & 4 and Figs.

4, 5 & 6). No marked change occurred in the total lipid levels in the two

muscles, pectorals major and biceps, during both heat and light stress

periods. However, the total lipid content of the liver depleted

significantly from the 1 5Lh day onwards during heat stress, whereas light

stress did not impart a prominent change.

The blood glucose levels showed interesting variations during

stress periods (Tables 5 & 6 and Fig.7). There was an initial shoot up in

the blood glucose level during both the heat stress and light stress conditions

and the elevated level is maintained upto the 1 51h day. Thereafter, it exhibited

a downward trend reaching to a highly significant low level by the 60th

day of heat exposure, whereas during light stress no prominent decrease

in glucose level was observed with respect to the control animals.

Ascorbic acid content in the liver and kidney of the heat stressed

bats decreased significantly from the 10"' day and 15'" day of exposure

respectively, showing highly significant decreased levels (Table 7 and

Fig 8). But under light stress significant reduction was noted only in

liver and that too from the 45& day onwards, while in kidney no marked

variation occurred (Table 8 and Figs. 98~10).

Alkaline phosphatase activity in biceps muscles and liver of

heat and light stressed animals are given in the Tables 9 & 10 and Figs.

11 & 12. In liver, during heat stress, the enzyme activity was accelerated

signficantly from the 1 0"' day. On the other hand, the alkaline phosphatase

activity was not altered during heat stress period in the biceps. In light

stress, significant enhancement in the alkaline phosphatase activity was

noted only from the 45* day onwards in liver, whereas no significant

alteration of the enzyme activity was observed i n the muscle (biceps)

(Fig. 13).

Acid phosphatase activity during heat and light stress in

biceps muscles and liver of C. sphinx are presented in the Tables

11 & 12 and Figs. 14 & 15. During heat stress the hepatic acid phosphatase

activity was significantly increased from the 30* day onwards (P<0.01).

However, heat stress could not produce any significant change in the

enzyme activity in biceps. Regarding light stress, no significant alternation

in the activity of the enzyme was observed in either muscle or liver during

the entire stress period (Fig. 16).

Haemoglobin levels of C. sphinx exposed to heat and light stress

are shown in the Tables 13 & 14 and Fig. 17. The study showed that both

heat and light stress induced significant decline in haemoglobin level

from 45th day onwards (P < 0.01).

Data on myoglobin levels in the various muscles during heat

and light stress (Tables 15 & 16 and Figs. IS & 19) revealed that heat

stress could produce a significant increase in the myoglobin level of the

heart ventricle from 30Lh day on wards. Whereas, no marked alteration

was observed in other muscles during the same stress period. But in the

case of light stress no significant variation was noted in any of the

samples (Fig. 20).

The RBC count, WBC count and Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

are shown in the Tables 17 & 18 and Figs 21, 22 & 23. The data show

that during heat stress, RBC count exhibited a significant elevation

between 5& and 15* days of exposure followed by a gradual decrease

reaching a significant low level by the 60&day. In the case of light stressed

animals also a gradual increase in the count with a significant change by

the 1 51h day followed by a gradual decrease was seen.

Regarding WBC count the heat stress could effect a significant

reduction in the count from 1 5& day of exposure onwards. However, during

light stress, though a s~milar pattern of reduction is observed, the change

is significant only by 45& day.

Packed cell volume (PCV) was also elevated in a significant

level between 5* and 1 5& days of exposure followed by a gradual reduction

reaching a significant low level by the 60& day during heat stress. However,

light stress could not effect any marked change in the PCV during the

entire exposure period. Mean Cell Haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

(Table 19 and Fig. 24) exhibited a significant reduction from the 30Lhday ,

of light exposure while no significant change was observed during heat

stress period.

WBC differential count of the bats subjected to heat and light

stress are presented in the Tables 20 & 21. A significant increase is

observed in neutrophil count from 30th day onwards, whereas the

lymphocyte count was found to be decreased by 151h day during heat

stress. With respect to other leukocytes no significant change was noted.

During light stress also the neutrophil count ~ncreased significantly from

45"' day onwards and the lymphocyte count showed a prominent decrease

during the same period. The eosinophil count also exhibited a significant

decrease from 45"' day of light exposure. However, basophil and monocyte

counts were not altered during the light stress. Fig. 25 shows the comparative

levels of neutrophil, eosinophil and lymphocyte counts of heat and light

stressed C. sphinx.

Relative adrenal and spleen weights of C. sphinx during heat

and light stress are given the Tables 22 & 23 and Fig. 26. Adrenal weight

has been enhanced significantly by the 10" day onwards during heat

stress. Light stress, on the other hand, imparted a significant increase

in the relative adrenal weight from the 1 5"' day of exposure. In the case

of spleen, there observed significant reduction in the relative weights

from 4"' and 10" day of heat and light stress respectively.

Histological responses of the adrenal gland to the two

stressors are indicated by the changes in the shape of cells and increase

in sinusoidal blood spaces (Plate I - Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5) .

Definite changes are noticed in the histology of the testis of

C . sphinx subjected to prolonged heat stress above 45 days (Plates I1 - Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9 and Plate 111 - Figs. 10 & I I). However, the changes are

not so prominent in the case of light stressed bats (Plate 111 - Figs. 12 & 13).

Table 1

Glycogen levels ( mg1100 mg wet tissue ) in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to heat stress

Values are the mean (n = 5) f SE CD = Critical Dilference VR = Variance Ratio

**Si&cance at P<0.01 (one way analysis ofvariance)

Day 5

0.42

f 0.042

0.67

f0.0623

4.51

+ 0.304

Day 10

0.40

f 0.037

0.66

f 0.044

4.31

f 0.290

Tissue

Pectoralis

major

Biceps

Liver

Day 30

0.40

f 0.032

0.60

f 0.068

3.52

f 0.271

Day 15

0.41

f 0.031

0.62

f 0.057

4.21

_+ 0.398

Day 2

0.42

f 0.035

0.67

f 0.052

4.56

f 0.349

Control

0.4 1

t 0.033

0.67

f 0.058

1.65

f 0.354

Day 45

0.39

f 0.037

0.55

f 0.058

3.27

_+ 0.280

Day 3

0.41

f 0.040

0.69

f 0.067

4.51

f 0.386

Day 1

0.43

f 0.031

0.66

f 0.044

4.69

f 0.339

Day 4

0.43

f 0.037

0.68

f 0.061

4.49

f 0.449

Day 60

037

f 0.034

0'51

f 0,062

2'40

f 0.162

CD

010

0.17

0.95

VR

0.24

- 0.96

4.80"

Table 2

Glycogen levels ( mgI100 mg wet tissue ) in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to light sbess

Values are the mean (n = 5) + SE

CD = Critical Difference V R = Variance Ratio

Day 30

0.39

+ 0.045

0.62

+ 0.055

4.16

f 0.405

Day 4

0.41

f 0 022

0.65

f 0.041

4.50

+ 0.408

Day 3

0.43

t 0.044

0.68

+ 0.066

4.51

3z 0.323

Day 45

0.38

+ 0.034

0.58

f 0.059

3.81

f 0.234

Day 2

0.4 1

f 0.027

0.67

f 0.053

4.60

k 0.363

Day 5

0.42

+ 0.037

0.66

t 0.052

4.42

f 0.350

Day I

0.42

f 0.039

0.68

f 0.063

4.58

f 0.430

%sue

Pectoralis major

Biceps

Liver

Day 60

03 '

+ 0.028

O S 2

f 0.047

3'67

f 0.268

Control

0.4 1

C 0.033

0.67

+ 0.058

4.65

f 0.354

Day 10

0.41

f 0.042

0.64

f 0.057

4.38

+ 0.439

Day 15

0.40

f 0.0280

0 65

f 0 041

4.25

f 0.334

CD

0 1 0

0.16

1.03

- VR

0.23

0 78

0.95

Fig .1 Glycogen levels in the various tissues of Cynopte rus sphinz subjected to heat stress

Days

m Pectorolis major A Biceps A Liver

4.0

al

U)

al 3

3.5 . - * + 3.0

m 7.5

E g 2.0 7 '. (r 1 . 5 - E

I

Fig. 2 Glycogen levels in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to light stress

Pectorolis major A Biceps

1

Fig. 3 Glycogen level in the liver of Cynopterus sphinx subjected t o heat stress and light stress

Table 3

Total lipid (mg1100 mg wet tissue) in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to heat stress

Values are the mean (n = 5) f SE

CD =Critical Difference

VR = Vaiance Ratio

**Sigruficance at P<0.01 (one way analysis ofvariance)

VR

0.47

1.57

4.87**

CD

2.05

0.55

1.09

Day 60

7.09 k0.635

1.80

fl.178

3.01

M.254

Tissue

Pectoralis major

Biceps

Liver

Day 30

7.83 9 . 6 3 2

1.93

M I 8 9

3.61

M.261

Day 45

7.40 kO553

1.82

H 153

3.35

M.270

Control

8.47 L0.567

2.30

k0.215

518

k0.365

Day 1

8.39 M.808

2.47

k0.203

5.24

M.411

Day 15

8.20 M.750

2.09

M.170

4.07

M.332

Day2

8.52 M.783

2.41

f 0.162

5.14

33.374

Day3

8.61 M.899

2.26

f 0.221

5.07

M.498

Day 4

8.43 Mi505

2.42

M.199

5.20

M.417

Day 5

8.30 M.814

2.31

M.222

5.04

M.426

Day 10

8.09 M.742

2.15

M.183

4.48

M.480

Table 4

Total lipid (mg1100 mg wet weight) in the various tissues of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to light stress

Values are the mean (n = 5 ) + SE CD = Critical Difference

V R = Variance Ratio

CD

192

191

12.2

Day 60

7 7 7 + O 616

2 0 2 0 7

1 0 2

f O 3 1 6

Tissue

Pectoralis major

Biceps

Liver

VR

0 1 6

0 5 1

1 1 3

Control

8 47 + O 567

2 30

f 0 2 1 5

5 18

f O 3 6 5

Day 45

7 92 + O 709

Day 1

8 64 f 0 5 3 5

235

f O 2 3 3

5 06

t o 3 8 5

Day 2

8 42 k0.641

2 4 8

f . 0221

5 27

f 0 4 4 2

Day 3

8 55 k O 693

2 20

2 0 1 7 1

5 25

f O 5 0 2

Day 30

8 20 + o 540

Day 4

8 51 + O 558

2 44

kO151

5 02

f O 3 7 5

Day 5

8 45 + O 767

2 2 7 1 2 ' 3 fO23G fO16.l

? 39

+O185

5 10

+O449

Day 10

8 39 + o 794

4 52

+O473

Day 15

8 28 f o 804

421

i O 4 7 5

2 32 f O 1 6 4

5 01

k 0 5 1 2

2 28

f O 1 5 5

1 75

2 0 1 1 3

Fig 4 Total lipid in the various tissues of C y n o p t a r u s sphinz subjected to heat stress

10 I Pectoralis major A Biceps A Liver

- - - - 7 -

D a y s

Fig. 5 Total lipid in the various tissues of Cynoptesus sphinz subjected t o light stress

Pectorolis major A Biceps A Liver

Fig. 6 Total lipid levels in the liver of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress and light stress

Heat stress v Light stress

Table 5

Blood glucose levels (mg/l00ml) of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to heat stress

Values are the mean [n = 5) f SE CD = Critical Ditrerence V R = Variance Ratio **S~gruficance at P<O 01 (one way analysls of vanance)

7

VR

12.90**

CD

27.55

Day45

64.83

f 4.729

Control

84.97

f 6.180

Day60

5369

f 3.689

Day 3

126.87

f 11.172

Day 1

138.04

+ 11.234

Day 4

138.91

f 11.154

Day 2

132.11

f 10.035

Day 5

144.33

f 13.035

Day 10

139.90

f 10.494

Day 15

134.80

f 12.883

Day 30

76.31

+ 5.150

Table 6

Blood glucose levels (mg11 Wml) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress

Values are the mean (n = 5) f SE CD = Critical Difference VR = Variance Ratio "Significance at P<O.Ol (one way analysis of variance)

VR

9.38**

CD

26.88

Day 60

74.65

f 5.74

Day 30

109.47

f 8.192

Day 45

80.14

T 7,188

Day 3

142.00

i 10,594

Day 2 Control Day I Day 4

129.95

f ll.Odl

84.97

k6.180

14010 134.19

t I033 i 11.846

Day 5

143.81

t 11,827

Day 10

137.31

& 9,256

Day 15

128.19

t 10,762

Fig. 7 Blood glucose levels of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress and light stress


40 ' I 1 1 I 1 1 I I I I I I

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Days

Table 7

Ascorbic acid levels (mg1100gm) in Liver and Kidney of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat Stress


CD = Critical Merence

VR = Variance Ratio

**Significance at P<0.01 (one way analysis of variance)

VR

8 . 6 9 ~ ~

3.79**

Day 60

20.35 + 1.5025

I2'O3 k 0.755

Tissue

Liver

Kidney

CD

5.98

2.71

Day 30

24.87

+ 1.9209

13.02 i 0 . 8 0 3

Day 45

23.22

f 1.5727

11.96 f 0.851

Control

38.03

f 2.0680

17.28

f 0.857

Day 1

37.09

+ 2.7631

17.02

i 1.212

Day 2

36.96

+ 2.2139

16.26

f 1.004

Day 3

35.07

f 2.4640

15.91

f 1.100

Day 4

34.92

_+ 2.2512

14.96 f 0.809

Day 5

34.31

+ 2.4595

15.19

f 1.082

Day 10

31.19

f 1.5575

15.03 k0.815

Day 15

28.95

+ 1.8294

13.98

k 1.033

Fig. 8 Ascorbic acid levels in t h e liver and kidney of Cynopterus sph inx subjectetl t o h e a t s t r e s s

Liver v Kidney

I I I I I I I ! 10 1 ' I 1 1 1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5 0 55 60

Days

Table 8

Ascorbic acid levels (mg1100gm) in Liver and Kidney of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to light stress


CD = Critical DifTerence

VR = Variance Ratio

*Significance at P<0.05 (one way analysis of variance)

Fig. 9 Ascorbic acid levels in the liver and kidney of C y n o p t e r u s sphinz subjected to light s tress

Liver v Kidney

Fig.10 Ascorbic acid levels in liver and kidney of C y n o p t e r u s s p h i n z subjected to

heat stress and light stress

Days

0 1-iver (hea t s t ress ) K idney (heat s t ress )

v Liver ( l igh t s t r e s s ) r Kidney ( l i gh t s t ress )

Table 9

Alkaline phosphatase activity (mg phenolllhrlgm tissue) in muscle (Biceps) and Liver of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to heat stress

Values are the mean (n = 5) t SE CD = Critical Ditference

VR = Variance Ratio

"Significance at P<0.01 (one way analysis of variance)

Tissue

Muscle (Biceps)

Liver

Day 5

4.82 + 0.259

13 6 3 + 0.835

Control

5.21 t 0.192

12.79

I t 0.407

Day 1

5.06 t 0.210

12.71

Day 10

5.23 + 0.310

15.44 + 0.536 f 0.566

Day 15

4.76 + 0.283

15.51

f 0.492

Day 2

4.98 f 0.346

12.59

Day 30

5.40 + 0.187

16.19

f 0.567 c 0.503

Day 45

4.65 + 0.302

17.14 t 0.956

Day60

4.77 + 0.272

I7.O7

f 0.711

Day3

5.26 f 0.305

13.09

Day4

5.30 f 0.239

12.90 f 0.749

CD

0.77

1.87 + 0.661

VR

0.95

7.79**

Table 10

Alkaline phosphatase activity (mg phenolllhrlgm tissue) in muscle (Biceps)

and Liver of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to light stress


CD = Critical Difference

VR = Variance Ratio

*Sigmficance at P<0.05 (one way analysis ofvariance)

V'R

0.41

2.07'

-

CD

0.73

2.00

Day 60

5.08 f 0.284

15.22 f 0.667

Day 30

4.76 if. 0.323

14.62

+ 0.731

Tissue Control Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 45

4.98 f 0.181

15.10

+ 0.579

Day 4

5.11 f 0.264

13.40

f 0.656

Muscle (Biceps)

Liver

5.21 f 0.192

12.79 f 0.407

Day 15

- - - - 5.24

f 0.214

14.52

f 0.987

Day 5

4.90 f 0.343

13.31

f 0.510

Day 10

5.03 f 0.255

13.80

f 0.847

5.05 f 0163

12.82

f 0.514

5.32 + 0.320

12.75

f 0.547

5.20 f 0.165

13.12

f 0.968

Fig. 1 1 Alkaline Phosphatese activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of Cynopterus s p h i n z subjected t o heat s tress

v Liver Muscle

20

1 8

W 16 3 in in .-

E + rn 1 2 \ L

r 10

~

T T

fl 14:d'

Fig. 12 Alkaline Phosphatase activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of C y o p t e r u s sphinz subjected to light s tress

Days

2 0

18

0, 1 6 2 V)

(0 .-

E m 12 \ L r

10 r

\ - 0 8 C a,

v Liver Muscle

-

F-f I T

l4;&Y -

-

E 4 --

Fig 13 Alkaline Phosphatase activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to

heat s tress and light stress

Days

o Muscle-biceps (heat stress) Liver (heot stress)

v Muscle-biceps ( l ight s t ress) r Liver ( l ight stress)

Table 11

Acid phosphatase activity (mg phenol11 hrlgm tissue) in muscle (Biceps) and Liver of Cynopterussphinxsubjected to heat stress



VR = Variance Ratio

**Significance at P<O.OI (cne way analysis of variance)

Day4

3.97 f 0.240

13.91 + 0.852

Day 30

3.96 f 0.206

17.31

t 0.719

T~ssue

Musde (Biceps)

Liver

CD

0.67

2.2

Control

4.09 f 0.206

14.23

k0.536

VR

0.20

5.48**

Day 5

4.05 f 0.219

14.06

f 0.741

Day 45

3.99 f 0176

17.92 k 0.863

Day3

4.22 + 0.189

13.70

f 0.602

D3p I

3.97 + 0.282

13.81

c0.656

Day 60

3.90 f 0.272

18.51

f 1.026

Day 2

4.10 f 0.229

14.04

f 0.928

Day 10

3.82 k 0.222

15.02

k 0.604

Day 15

4.02 + 0.308

1612

f 0.8451

Table 12

Acid phosphatase activity (mg phenolllhrlgm tissue) in muscle (Biceps) and Liver of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress


CD = Critical Difference VR = Variance Ratio

\rR - 0.30

0.69

CD

0.70

2 36

Tissue

Muscle ( B i c ~ s )

Liver

Day 45

4.21 f 0 187

1512

f 1,0974

Day 60

4 2 4 +_ 0.275

16.08

?r 0.8079

Control

4.09 + 0.206

14.23

f 0.5365

Day 30

4.19 f 0175

14.98

f 0.54%

Day 1

4.25 + 0.221

14 00

i 0.8654

Day 15

4 08 f 0 311

14.57

f 1.0661

Day 2

4 1 8 + 0. 203

13.78

it 0.6733

Day 3

3.97 + 0.270

13.92

f 0.9488

Day 4

4.15 f 0.346

14.13

f0.5733

Day 5

3 91 + 0.212

13.97

+ 1.0322

Day 10

3 8 6 f 0,241

14.43

+ 0.6651

Fig. 14 Acid Phosphatase activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of Cynoptervs sphinz subjected to heat stress

v Liver

Fig. 15 Acid Phosphatase activity in muscle (biceps) and liver of C y n o p t e r u s sphinz subjected to light stress

v Liver Muscle

Fig. 16 Acid Phosphatase acivity in muscle(biceps) and liver of Cynoptetus sphinz subjected to


Days

0 Muscle-b iceps ( h e a t s t ress ) L iver (heat s t ress )

v Musc le -b i ceps ( l i g h t s t ress ) r Liver ( l igh t s t r e s s )

Table 13

Haemoglobin (Hb) levels (gm11Wml) o f Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress

Values are the mean (n = 5) f SE CD = Critical Difference

VR = Variance Ratio

**Sigruficance at PcO.0 1 (one way analysis of variance)

Day 10

12.47

+ 0.341

Day 5

12.25

f 0.559

Control

11.80

f0.431

Day 15

12.62

f 0.403

Day 3

12.26

f 0.472

Day 4

12.02

k 0.401

Day 1

1 1 9 3

f 0.329

Day 30

10.79

f 0.412

Day 2

12.16

f 0.274

Day 45

1001

+ 0.441

Day 60

9.08

f 0.285

CD

1.20

VR

8.22;'

Table 14

Haemoglobin (Hb) levels (gm/IOOml)

of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light sbess

Values are the mean (11 5) f SE

CD = Critical Difference VR = Variance Ratio

**Sipficance at P<0.01 (one way analysis of variance)

Day 5

12.32 + 0.313

Day 4

12.21 + 0.263

Day 3

12.40 + 0.553

Control

11.80 f 0.431

Day 10

1 1 4 5 + 0.502

Day 1

12.25 + 0.499

Day 15

11.84 + 0.337

Day 2

12.44 + 0.360

Day 30

10.24 f 0.334

Day 45

9 1 8 + 0.414

Day 60

8 71 f 0.325

CD

1.91

- VR

7 02**

Fig. 17 Haemoglobin ( ~ b ) levels of Cynopterus s p h i n z subjected t o h e a t s t r e s s and light s t r e s s


Days

Table I S

Myoglobin levels (mglgm wet tissue) in the various muscles of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to heat stress


C D = Critical Difference


lissue

Pectoralis major

Biceps

Heart (Ventricle)

*Sigmficance at PC? 05 (one way analysis of variance)

Control

6.67

LO153

4.02

f 01313

712 f 0 320

Day 1

6.78

f0.288

3.89

k0.1958

7.21 + 0.268

Day 2

6.65

f 0 . 1 7 8

3.98

k 0.1898

7.20 + 0.293

Day 3

6.77

k0.217

4.09

f0 .1348

7.03 f 0.306

Day 4

6.61

k0.232

4.11

k O2OlO

7.15 f 0 348

Day 5

6.71

f0 .226

4.16

kO.1605

7.25 f 0.287

Day 10

6.75

f 0 . 2 1 5

4 1 8

k0.1063

7.74 f 0.356

Day 15

6 79

f 0.243

3.90

kO 1615

7.63 f 0.297

Day 30

6.69

k 0.231

4 1 4

kO.1014

8.69 f 0.249

Day 45

6.59

f 0.259

4 03

kO0830

8.60 f 0.265

Day 60

34

f 0 266

3 8 7

+O 1890

857 f 0.305

CD

0.67

0.44

1.43

VR

0.31

0.52

269*

Table 46

Myoglobin levels (rnglgrn wet tissue) in the various muscles of Cynoprerus sphinxsubjected to light stress



VR = Variance Ratio

Day 5

6.65 f 0.278

4.03

f 0.135

7.22

f 0.269

Day 3

6.57 f 0.299

4.19

f 0.146

7.17

f 0.294

Tissue

Pectoralis major

Biceps

Heart

(V&cle)

Day 4

6.73 f 0.170

3.92

fO.138

7.06

f 0.366

Day 1

6.63 f 0.208

3.90 f 0.184

7.04

f 0.298

Control

6.67 5 0 183

3.02

f 0.131

7.12

f 0.320

Day 10

6.70 f 0.225

4.10

f 0.310

7.48

it 0.239

Day 2

6.77 f 0.303

3.84

f 0.173

7.14

f 0.325

Day 30

6.70 5 0.220

3.87

f 0.199

7.55

f 0.250

Day 15

6.66 f 0.165

4.18

f0.298

7.60

f 0.277

Day 45

6.50 f 0.201

3.94

f 0.190

7.62 '

f 0.31 1

Day 60

6 4 0 f 0.234

3 7 4

f0.169

7.46 f 0.273

CD

0.66

0.57

0,84

VR

0.22

0.52

o.58

Fig. 18 Myoglobin levels in the various muscles of Cynopterus sphinx subjected t o heat stress

Pectorolis major A Biceps A Heart (ventricle)

Fig. 19 Myoglobin levels in the various muscles of

Cynoptarus sphinz subjected to light stress

Pectora l is m a j o r A Biceps A Heart (ventr ic le)

Fig. 20 Myoglobin levels in the heart muscle (ventricular myocardium) of Cynopterus sphinz

subjected to heat stress and light stress


Days

Table 17

RBC Count (RBCx104/rnrn'), WBC Count (VVBCxlO-'lmm')

and PCV (YO) of Cynopierus sphinxsubjected to heat stress

Values are the mean (n = 5) f SE CD = Critical Difference VR = Variance Ratio

**Significance at P<0.01 (one way analysis ofvariance)

VR

4.608*

6.22.'

5.28**

Day 60

"01

f 0.512

4 2 3

f 0.282

36.08

f 1.176

CD

2.35

1.12

5.00

Day 30

10.46

f 0.913

5.10

f 0.319

44.71

f 2.038

Paramaer

RBC

WBC

PCV

Day 45

7.39

f 0.758

4.76

f 0.225

39.20

f 1.478

Day 2

9.13

f 0.901

6.87

+ 0.443

43.33

f1 .577

Control

8.66

+ 0.781

6.73

f 0.452

42.47 k1.822

Day 3

10.3

f 0.883

6.93

f 0.335

44.57

f1.912

Day 1

9.02

k0.783

6.95

+ 0.488

43.01

11.802

Day 4

10.87

f 0.882

6.78

f 0.486

45.90

f1.548

Day 5

11 2 3

+ 0.760

6.50

f 0.405

48.30

f1 .837

Day 10

11.39

f 0.832

5.89

f 0.366

48.53

f 2 . 2 3 6

Day 15

11.78

+ 0.936

5.61

f 0.414

50.53

f2.447

Table 18

RBC Count (RBCx104/mm*), WBC Count (WBCx104/mm')

and PCV (%) of Cynopierus sphinxsubjected to light stress




'Sigificauce at P<O.O5 (oue way analysis ofvariance)

Day 10

10.93

k0.972

6.65

+ 0.443

44.69

+ 1.881

Day 1

10.20

f0.831

6.77

k 0.576

44.29

f 2105

Parameter

RBC

WBC

PCV

Day 2

11.12

f1 .141

7.01

f 0.529

44.80

k 1.826

Control

8.66

f0 .781

6.73

k 0.452

42.47

k 1.822

Day 4

11.10

f 1 1 4 8

6.67

f 0.376

44.50

f 1.963

Day 15

11 9 2

f 1 . 1 8 3

6.41

+ 0.361

44.64

f 1.452

Day 3

10.93

k0.934

7.15

+ 0.525

44.60

f 1.613

Day 5

11.19

f1 .046

6.71

f 0.560

44.79

f 1.518

Day 30

10.70

f 0 . 9 1 5

5.81

f 0.402

43.82

f 1.937

Day 45

8 1 7

k0.745

5.39

f 0.377

43.10

f 1.810

Day 60

7 0 1

kO661

'.05

f 0.309

44.40

f 1.472

CD

2.73

1.30

5,07

VR

2 56'

2.22'

o.19

Fig. 21 RBC count of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to heat stress and light stress


4 l I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I 1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Days

Fig. 22 WBC count of Cynopterus sph inx subjected to heat stress and light stress


Fig. 23 PCV of Cynopterus sphinx

subjected to heat stress and light stress


Days

Table 19

Mean cell haemogolobin concentration (MCHC) of Cynopterus sphinx

subjected to stress

Values are the mean (n = 5) f SE CD = Critical Difference VR = Variance Ratio **Significance at P<0.01 (one way analysis of variance)

VR

0,95

4.93**

Stress

Heat stress

Light stress

Control

28.09

1.903

28.09

1.903

Day 2

28.18

1.012

28.02

1.649

Day 60

25.18 0.359

1960

0.879

Day 1

28.02 1.979

27.82

1.369

CD

4,38

3.84

Day 3

27.86

2.259

28.03

1.843

Day 4

26.32 1.376

27.70

0.821

Day 15

25.23 1.525

26.05

0.899

Day 5

25.47 1.269

27.62

1119

Day 30 .

23.70

1.595

23.52

1.074

Day 10

27.08

0.787

26.86

1.385

Day 45

25.76

1.833

21.43

1.368

Fig. 24 Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) of Cynopterus sphinz subjected to heat stress

and light stress


Days

Table 20

WBC differential count of Cynopterussphinx subjected to heat stress



VR = Variance Ratio **Significance at P<0.01 (one way analysis of variance)

-

VR

9.00**

1.08

1.48

1674**

0.76

WBC

Neutraphil

Basophil

Eosioophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Day 1

42.8

f 1.562

0.8 f 0.374

3.2 f 0.374

50.6 f 1.600

2.6

f 0.678

Control

43.8

f 1.655

0.6 ir0.244

3.4 f 0.509

50.8 f 1.714

1.4

f 0.509

7

Day 60

6 3 6

f 2.712

+ 0.244

2 2 f 0.489

30'2 f0.860

2 4

? 0.678

Day 45

58.2

f 2.853

1.8 f 0,583

2.00 f0 .447

35.00 f 1.414

3.00

f 0.632

Day 2

44.6

ir 1.964

1.4 f0 .600

3.8 f 0.860

48.4 f 1.630

1.8

f 0.374

CD

6.78

1.35

1.67

4.93

1.78

Day 3

45.4

ir 1.805

1 .00 f 0.447

3.6 f 0.400

48.6 f 2158

1.4

f 0.509

Day 4

44.8

ir 2.497

0.6 + 0.244

3.2 f 0.374

49.2 f 2.200

2.2

f 0.489

Day 5

45.6

f 2.249

0.6 f 0.400

3.6 f 0.509

47 8 f 1.655

2.4

f 0.509

Day 10

47.4

f 2.357

1.4 f 0,509

2.6 f 0.748

46 f 1.949

2.6

f 0.678

Day I5

49.8

f 2.746

1.8 f 0,663

2.4 f 0.509

43.4 + 1 326

2.6

f 0.509

Day 30

55.4

it 2.249

1.00 f 0.447

2.00 f 0.707

39.00 f 1.483

2 6

f 0.871

Table 21

WBC differential count of Cynopterussphinx subjected to light s tress



VR = Variance Ratio Significance at P<0.05 (one way analysis of variance)

**Significance at P<O.O1 (one way analysis of variance)

WBC

Neutrophil

Basophil

Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Control

43.8

f 1.655

0.6 f 0.244

3.4

f 0.509

50.8

f1.714

1.4 f 0.509

Day 2

42.4

f 1.630

1.2 f 0.374

3.2

+ 0.663

51.4

t 1 . 9 3 9

1.8 f 0.800

Day I

43.2

f 1.392

1 .OO f 0.316

3.6

+ 0.400

50.2

t1 .240

2.00 f 0.707

Day 3

44.2

f 1.240

0.4 f 0.244

2.8

f 0.447

50.6

f 1 . 2 0 8

2.00 f 0.374

Day 4

43.8

f 1.959

0.8 f 0.374

3.2 f0.374

50.4

22.249

1.8 f 0.663

Day5

44.4

f 1.503

0.4 f 0.244

2.8

f 0.374

50.2

f 1 . 3 1 9

2.2 f 0.374

Day15

44.6

f 1.503

1.2 f 0.200

3 4

f 0.678

48.4

f 1 . 8 8 6

2.4 + 0.509

Day10

44.6

f 1.630

1.2 f 0.489

3.6

f 0.509

48.00

f1 .923

2.6 f 0.678

Day30

48.2

f 1529

0.8 f 0.374

2.6

f0 .509

46.4

f1 .503

2.00 f 0.547

Day60

5 3 2 _+ 2154

O 6 + 0.244

l 6

_+ 0.509

42

+ I 4 6 2

' + 0.583

Day45

51.8

f 2517

0.6 f 0.400

1.2

f 0.583

45.2

f1 .496

1.2 f 0.374

CD

4 %

1.78

0.98

4.94

1.53

VR

5.25"

0 SS

2.39'

273*

0 5 0

Fig. 25 Neutrophil , Lymphocyte and Eosinophil count of Cynopterus sphinz subjected t o h e a t

stress and light s t r e s s

Days

Neutrophi l (heat stress) o Neutrophi l ( l ight stress) r Lymphocyte ( h r o t stress) A Lyrnphocytr ( I ,ht stress)

v Eosinophil (heat stress) Eosinophil ( l iqht s t ress)

Table 22

Relative adrenal and spleen weights (gm1100gm body weight)

of Cynopterus sphinxsubjected to heat stress

Values are the mean (n = 5) i SE

CD = Critical Dierence

VR = Variance Ratio

**Sigruficance at P<0.01 (one way analysis of variance)

Organ

Adrenal glands

Spleen

Control

00235

fOC031*7

0283

&OW352

Day1

00228 kOCC061

0 280

* O m %

\' R

2505**

1062**

Day2

00238

f00r)88

0 278

k O 0 1

b y 4

00239 &OK1357

0 260

&OW33

Day3

00241

k O W 6

0 273

k O W

CD

00322

00146

Day5

0 0246

k003392

0 257

fOC0120

Day 10

00273

k00X)6g

0 249

foal352

Daq 15

00285

k003360

0 242

+OW528

Day30

0 0321

kOQXIS9

0 235

kOUH31

Day45

00318

kOCC068

0 232

k003519

Day60

00327

iOC0103

0233

iOC0321

Table 23

Relative adrenal and spleen weights (gm1100grn body weight) of Cynopterus sphinx subjected to light stress

Values are the mean (n = i I + SE

CD = Critical DiEerence VR = Variauce Ratio **Sigruficance at P<0.01 (one way analysis of variance)

VR -

7 563**

2 90"

CD

00022

0 02

organ

Adrenal glands

Spleen

Contrd

0 0235

f O W

0 283

i 0 0 3 5 2

Day 1

0 0241

+OW55

0 281

f0K653

Day 2

0 0240 f000083

0 277 *OW33

Day 3

0 0239

fOCK67

0 278

+000928

Day60

0 0298

f 0 0 1 0 3

Day 4

00245

k00037)

0 259 248

Day45

0 0284

+OW375

Day 5

0 0242

+00C095

Day 10

00256

f003083

Day 15

0 0262

+OW57

Dav 30

0 0278

f003387

Fig. 26 Relative adrerlal and spleen weights of Cynoptetus sphinz subjected to


D a y s

0 Adrenal glands (heat stress) 0 Spleen (heat stress) v Adrenal glands ( l ight stress) r Spleen (l ight stress)

Table 24

Correlation analysis between heat stress and light stress o f different parameters

Parameters Correlation coefficient

Glycogen in liver

Total lipid in liver

Blood glucose

Ascorbic acid

Alkaline phosphatase

Acid phosphatase

Haemoglobin

Myoglobin

RBC count

WBC count

PCV

Neutrophil count

Lymphocyte count

PLATE I

Fig. 1. Cross section of the adrenal gland of the control C. sphinx showing

G- Zona glomerulosa, F. Zona fasciculata. R- Zona reticularis. M. medulla (X 140)

Fig. 2 Magnified view of zona fasciculata of Fig. 1 (X 400)

Fig. 3. Cross section of adrenal gland of C. sphinx exposed to 60 days of heat stress (X 80)

Fig. 4. Magnified view of the zona fasciculata of Fig. 3 (X 400). Note the change in shape of cells and the enlarged sinusoidal blood space.

Fig. 5. Cross section of zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland of C. sphinx exposed to 60 days light stress (X 260). Note that the changes are of lesser magnitude than that of heat stress.

PLA" '

PLATE II

Fig. 6. Cross section of the testis of control C. sphinx, showing seminiferous tubules (X 60)

Fig. 7. Magnified view of the seminiferous tubules of Fig. 6 (X 220)

Fig. 8. Cross section of the testis of C. sphinx exposed to 45 days of heat stress (X 60). Note the shrinkage and disruption of the seminiferous tubules.

Fig. 9. Magnified view of Fig. 8 (X 220)

PLATE II

PLATE Ill

Fig. 10 Cross section of the testis of C. sphinx exposed to 60 days of heat stress (x 60). Note that the changes are more intense than that

exposed to 45 days of heat stress (Fig. 8)

Fig. 11 Magnified view of Fig. 10 (X 220). Note the disruption of the

spermatogonial cells.

Fig. 12 Cross section of the testis of C. sphinx exposed to 60 days of light stress (X 40). Note that the histological changes are not prominent.

Fig. 13 Magnified view of Fig. 12 (X 220)

PLATE Ill

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