retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and ...pol_nor.sggw.pl/norw/jedlnia-atle.pdf ·...
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Retention of soil particles, phosphorus, nitrogen and pesticides in small constructed wetlands in agricultural watersheds
Atle HaugeNorwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research
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What is the problem?
Soil and Phosphorus leak to the river and lakes –algae growth
JOVA yearly lost from agriculture
Soil particles: 10 – 300 kg/daa
Fosfor: 50 - 950 g/daa
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Bent C. BraskerudNVE
Atle HaugeBioforsk, jord og miljø
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A typical Norwegian constructed wetland:
bInlet
Outlet
a
c d
Components used in Norwegian constructed wetlands:
(a)sedimentation pond, (b) vegetation filter, (c) overflow
zone covered with vegetation or stones and (d) outlet basin.
Often low dams separate CW-components.
Depths were originally 1 m in a, 0.5 m in b and d, 0 m in c.
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Particles in sediment
Sedimentationbasin (s)
Wetland filter (f)Threshold with V-notchDelta (d)
1 2 3
4 5 6
#
Inlet Outlet
#
s. 14
0
100
200
300
400
Sed
imen
t (k
g/m
2)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Meter fra innløpet
Grus: > 2.0 mm
Sand: 0.06-2.0 mm
Silt: 0.002-0.06 mm
Leir: < 0.002 mm
Particle size - Meter from inlet
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Vegetation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120V
eget
asjo
nsd
ekn
ing
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Alder (år)
D
C
B
A
Vegetation cover in 4 constructed wetlands6 first years.
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Vegetation filter and depth
0
20
40
60
80
Til
bak
ehold
t f
osf
or
(%)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Anleggets andel av nedbørfeltets areal (%)
Dype våtmarker/dammer
Grunne våtmarker
Shallow wetlands hold back more Phosphoruss. 15
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Name of pond: Grautholen
Svært lite sed.kammer
1-2 m dyp
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Vegetation prevent resuspension
s. 6
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Important for phosphorus retention
• Constructed wetlands work best in polluted creeks, with high amount of particles
• Near to pollution source
• Do not mix with clean water
Constructed wetlands should have
• Deep sedimentation pond in the start
• Shallow vegetation zone
• Vegetation cover
• 0,1 % of watershed size
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Partikkeltransport i bekker
0
100
200
300
400
Van
nfø
rin
g (
l/s/
km
2)
0
50
100
150
Jord
par
tik
ler
(mg
/L)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75
Timer
Vannføring
Partikler i utløp
Partikler i bekk
Figur 2. Partikkelkonsentrasjonen i bekken endrer seg ofte raskt med tida.
First flush Hysterese
Erosjonsrate fra 0,4 til 2,7 tonn, tilbakeholdt fra 40 til 95 %
Erosjonsraten var: 1,5 tonn, tilbakeholdingen: 50 %
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Algetilgjengelig fosfor
Berg (A) Kinn (C) Flatabekken (F)
Grautholen (G)
+
+
= Løst reaktivt fosfor
= Totalt reaktivt fosfor
= Partikkelbundet fosfor
Symbolforklaring
Alge-P
s. 9
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AQ
Hydraulisk belastning: QA-1
0
5
10
15
20
Hy
dra
uli
c lo
ad
(m d
-1)
200 509 818
Wetland BERG
1998 1999 2000 2001
Snitt Q/A: 2.3 m d-1. Oppholdstid: 4.3 timers. 11
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-20
0
20
40
60
80
TP
ret
enti
on
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4
Hydraulic load (m d-1)
y = 6.4x + 21.3; r2 = 0.09; P<0.004
Mod1
CW-G2
CW-G1
CW-F
CW-C
CW-A
Legend
Hvor mye fosfor holdes tilbake?
Best når det gjelder
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Aggregater gjør at leire oppfører seg som silt og sand
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0
20
40
60
80
Til
bak
ehold
t fo
sfor
(%)
0 1 2 3 4
Hydraulisk belastning (m/d)
Løst fosfor
Partikkelbundet fosfor
Figur 7. Tilbakeholding av fosfor i fangdammer s. 12
Hvor mye fosfor holdes tilbake?
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Tilbakeholding av jord og fosfor
Tabell 2. Gjennomsnittlig tilbakeholding av jordpartikler og fosfor i fire fangdammer
Q/A Jord partikler Total fosfor
Nr (m/d) Relativ
(%)
Spesifikk
(kg/m2/år)
Relativ
(%)
Spesifikk
(g/m2/år)
A 1,7 66 83 42 51
C 1,9 45 89 27 58
F 1,8 62 36 23 37
G 0,8 68 22 42 46
Q/A – hydraulisk belastning.
s. 11
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0
200
400
600
800
Red
ox
i v
ann
(m
V)
0
100
200
300
400
Van
nfø
rin
g (
l/s)
0
31
62
93
12
4
15
5
18
6
21
7
24
8
27
9
31
0
34
1
A 2001
Redox
Vannføring
J F M A M J J A S O N D
O2
Mn(IV) NO3100
300
Fe(III)-100
P P Ps. 12
Avrenning og tap av alge-fosfor
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0
10
20
30
40
50
Res
usp
ensj
on
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Alder (år)
Vegetasjonen hindrer utspyling (resuspensjon)
0
25
50
75
100
Til
bak
eho
ldt
par
tik
ler
(%)
0 25 50 75 100 125
Vegetasjon (%)
Figur 12. Tilbakeholdingen av jordpartikler økte med vegetasjonsdekning i fangdammene
Figur 14. Resuspensjonen av sediment avtok drastisk med økt vegetasjonsdekning
s. 15s. 16
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Vegetasjonen hindrer resuspensjon
0
2
4
6
8
10
Sed
imen
tasj
on
(cm
/år)
A B C D
22 cm
Figur 13. Årlig sedimentasjon i vegetasjonsfiltrene i fangdam A-D over 10 år. Sedimentveksten økte de fire første åra. Deretter var det andre forhold som bestemte tilbakeholdingen s. 16
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Forbedring av fangdammkonseptet:Forsøksanlegget i Lier
Forbedre tilbakeholdingen av Løst P og N, samt pesticider
Filter 1= Grus og sand;
2= Algefilter;
3= Div. filtertyper: Leca, torv, skjellsand, bark, sand;
4= Vegertasjonsfilter (dybde 0.4-0.5 m), STANDARD FANGDAM;
5= Grunt vegetasjonsfilter (dybde 0.05 m);
6= Skiferheller (IKKE veg. dybde 0-0.05 m);
7= Dypt vegetasjonsfilter (dybde 0.6-0.7 m);
8= Bygghalm. s. 11
PPP
P
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Terskler
s. 19
0.5 m
Steindekke
Plastikk
Jord
Fiberduk
Vannspeil
A
Fiber duk Grus/småstein
B
Jordterskel
Hoppeterskel
Er det fisk som vandrer?
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Tersklenes akilleshæl
s. 19
0.5 m
Steindekke
Plastikk
Jord
Fiberduk
Vannspeil
Fiberduk mellom jord og stein
Stor nok stein til overdekning
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Plassering og dimensjoneringav anlegget
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Størrelse avhenger av tilførsler
Fra dyrka mark og bekk
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Beregning av partikkelfjerning
0
20
40
60
80
100
Til
bak
ehold
ing (
%)
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
A / Q (m2 /m3 s)
2 µm
0.6 µm
60 µ
m 6 µm20
µm
Fin silt
Middel
silt
Grov leir
s. 25
Ikke planert
Planert
Figur 21. Tilbakeholding av partikler med ulik størrelse i fangdammer avhengig av invers hydraulisk belastning (A/Q).
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Hvor stor skal fangdammen være?
Hva er optimalt?
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
TP
ret
enti
on
(%
)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Ratio A /catchment area (%)
y = 31.714x0.166
r2 = 0.102
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
spec
ific
TP
ret
enti
on
(g
m-2
yr-1
)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Ratio A /catchment area (%)
y = 2.3x(-0.83)
r2 = 0.41
?
<1 % ?
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Kortslutningsstrømmer – hydraulisk effektivitet
1 2 3
26 % 76 % 61 %
4
76 %
90 % 5
= Vannretning 76 % = Hydraulisk effektivitet
Fig. 22. Hydraulisk effektivitet for fem dammer med dybde 1,5 m
(Etter Persson m.fl., 1999).
s. 27
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Sedimentet i fangdammer er matjord
0
1
2
Fo
sfo
r i
sed
imen
tet
(g/k
g)
0 1 2
Fosfor i matjordlaget (g/kg)
G
F
AC
1:1
linje
Figur 26. Fosfor i sedimentet i fangdammeneer ofte høyere enn innholdet i dyrka mark.
s. 31
Figur 20. Aggregater
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Hva er viktigst å huske på?
Nedbørfeltene påvirker virkningsgraden
• Ta vare på aggregatene; kort veg fra jorde til tiltak
• Tilbakeholdingen øker med tilførslene; virker best ved høye tap
• Unngå vann fra utmark; reint vann fortynner
Fangdammer skal
• ha sedimentasjonskammer; forlenge levetida
• være grunne; kort sedimentasjonsveg
• ha vegetasjon; hindre utspyling, sprevannet
• være minst 0,1 % av nedbørfeltets størrelse, gjerne 1 %!
Store fangdammer fanger mest og varer lengst!
Fra huskeliste for fangdambyggere s. 33