re~u i ith ~~mars · cong tac kiem ke di san van boa phi v't th~ iy vi~t nam k~ tir khi lu~t...
TRANSCRIPT
Re~u CLT CIH I ITH
Le ~~MARS 2015l IN
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III II II II 1111/1111111 II IIIII I 0106400021
ENTORY OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN VIETNAM
1. Inventorying ICH in Viet Nam Since VietNam launched the Law on Cultural Heritage in 2001 and amended in
2009, the inventory of the ICH has been as the priority task in the safeguarding and promotion by the cultural management institutions from the central organizations to the local divisions. The inventory on ICH has been carried out in all provinces and cities in the country. The inventory has been carried by a number of institutions such as Viet Nam National Institute of Culture and Arts Studies, Viet Nam Institute of Music, Department of Cultural Heritage (Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism) in collaboration with the provincial Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism, and local communities. Viet Nam National Institute of Culture and Arts Studies with its functions and tasks has carried out a number of the projects on ICH among ethnic groups within the National Target Program on Culture. The products of these projects include reports, films, video footage, photos, and audio that are archived at the Center for the Cultural Heritage Data.
In 2010, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism issued the Circular No 04/2010/TT-BVHTTDL regulating on the inventories and scientific files on the ICH to be inscribed on the National List of the ICH. The Department of Cultural Heritage (Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism) has organized the workshops on the implementation of the Circular to cultural managers and people who involve in the inventory in the whole country. Due to this, the capacity of the I CH managers has been enhanced. According to the Circular No 04 the identification and criteria as well as the methodology on the inventory have been provided as an important tool for the people who involve in the inventory. The researchers, local cultural managers and community members concerned discuss on the specific approaches to the inventory of the ICH depending on the domains and locations of the ICH.
2. The National Inventory of the ICH The inventory of the ICH is the work on the identification, the evaluation and
to provide information on the national inventory according to the Law on Cultural Heritage, Article 4, Paragraph 14 (in 2011, amended in 2009). The objectives of the inventory are to evaluate the roles and functions of the ICH in the contemporary life, identifying components and issues related to the safeguarding ICH.
The requirement for the inventory ofiCH is to ensure to collect the information on the ICH, including:
- Name of the element;
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-Geographical location ofthe element; - Communities-bearers of the element; - The development process of the element - The expressions, the practices, the related buildings, objects and cultural
space related to the practice process. - The current status of the element.
The inventory procedure has the following steps: 1. To study on how to create the data on the ICH; 2. To organize the workshop for the people who take part in the work on the
inventory, especially for local communities;
3. To do fieldwork to collect information and fi ll out the inventory form and make the inventory list of the ICH in the location;
4. To make the inventory report and inventory file. The inventory file is the scientific and legal document on the ICH. This file is
archived by the local cultural divisions. These divisions have their duty to update the information and annually make their inventory reports to Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism on the current status of the ICH in their locations by October 31.
People's committees in all provinces and cities direct the plan and budget for the inventory as being regulated in the law on the state budget for the provincial departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism to carry out the work.
The inventory work is to meet the following requirements: - To identify fully communities and their representatives; - To ensure that only the elements which the communities see as theirs are
inventoried. - To ensure that there is the free, prior and informed consent to the inventory
from the community, group or individuals concerned; - To respect the customary practice governing access to the specific aspects of
the ICH;
The national inventory is divided the ICH into the following domains: - The spoken and written languages of ethnic groups in VietNam; - Folk verbal expressions (epics, folk verses, folk songs, proverbs, riddles, fairy
tales, humorous stories, fables, lullabies, and so on); - Folk performances (folk music, dance, folk play and so on); social customs
(customary laws, etiquette, rituals and other customs); - Traditional festivals;
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- Local knowledge (natural and environment knowledge, folk medicine,
traditional food, costumes, and so on); - Traditional craftsmanship.
3. Management, Use and Updating of the National Inventory of the ICH The Directors of the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism in provinces
and cities have their duty to annually make their report to the Chairman of the People's Committees of the provinces and cities and Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism on the inventory and make it publicity.
The Department of Cultural Heritage has the software program and website on the management of the data on the ICH including the inventory and the other institutions convemed and provincial Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism have their access to the website for their use and updating of the data on the inventory. Besides this, the Vietnam National Institute of Culture and Arts Studies also has created the Cultural Heritage Data and its inventory on the ICH that is based on the
products from the projects funded by the National Target Program on Culture. The Institute has collaborated with the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism to provide more data for the natonal inventory, especially on the heritage on the Representative List of the ICH and the List of the ICH in Need of Urgent Safeguarding.
Since the Circular No 04 (2010) on the ICH has been implemented, 60 from 63 provinces and cities have made the updated reports to the Minsitry of Culture, Sports and Tourism on the ivnentory of the ICH in their relative locations. Up to March, 2015, 17 from 63 provinces and cities have made the reports on the 5 year inventorying work and the total is made up to 39,366 ICH elements. For 5 year, 95 ICH elements from 51 provinces and cities have been inscribed on the Natisonal List
of the I CH. (See the inventory and report on the inventory of the Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of the Three Realms by Viet Nam National Institute of Culture and Arts Studies on its website: http://vicas.org.vn/inventory/viet-beliefs-in-the-mothergodnesses-of-three-realms.html; http://vicas.org.vn/Home/images/Tinkhoahoc/goddesses.pdf, and the national inventory by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism at http:/ I dsvhpvt.dsvh.gov. vn/HeritageLocal.aspx).
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KIEM KE DI s AN VAN HOA PHI v~T THE avi~T NAM
1. Cong tac kiem ke di san van boa phi v't th~ iY Vi~t Nam K~ tir khi Lu~t di san van h6a ra dai (200 1) va d~c bi~t tir khi sira d6i (2009),
cac C(J quan quan ly van h6a tir Trung uang d~n dia phuang da bu&c dclu xac dinh duqc
chi~n luge va cac hinh thuc tri~n khai cong tac ki~m ke di san van h6a v~t th~ (DSVHPVT), d6ng thai tri~n khai C\1 th~ vi~c ki~m ke & cac tinh thanh tren ph:;tm vi ca
nu&c. Ki~m ke DSVHPVT duqc m(>t s6 ca quan & Vi~t Nam ti~n hanh nhu Vi~n Van
h6a Ngh~ thu~t qu6c gia Vi~t Nam, Vi~n Am nh~c Vi~t Nam, Cl,lc Di san Van h6a (89 Van h6a, Th~ thao va Du ljch). Vi~n Van h6a Ngh~ thu~t qu6c gia Vi~t Nam c6 nhi~m V\1 ti~n hanh cac dl! an v~ DSVHPVT trong Chuang trinh ml,lc tieu qu6c gia v~ van h6a. Cac san phfrm cua dlJ an bao g6m bao cao, phim, video, anh va am thanh duqc luu tru t~i Trung tam Du li~u di san van h6a cua Vi~n.
Nam 2010, B(> VHTTDL ban hanh Thong tu 04/201 0/TT-BVHTTDL quy djnh
v~ ki~m ke va l~p h6 sa khoa hQc DSVHPVT d~ dua vao Danh ml,lc di san van h6a phi v~t th~ qu6c gia. Cl,lc DSVH da t6 chuc ph6 bi~n va t~p huAn cho toan nganh di san
van h6a tren ca nu&c. Nha d6, nh~n thuc va nang lvc cua can b(> di san van h6a cac cAp va c(>ng d6ng dia phuang da duqc nang len dang k~. Theo Thong tu 04 cua B(>
VHTTDL, khai ni~m va tieu chi cfing nhu phuang phap ki~m ke duqc dua ra, phl,lc vv nhu Ia m<)t cong C\1 cho nhung nguai him cong tac ki~m ke. Cac can b(> nghien ctru, cac
nha quan ly van h6a & dia phuang va c<)ng d6ng lien quan thao lu~n nhung each ti~p c~n cv th~ v~ ki~m ke DSVHPVT phv thu<)c vao lo~i hinh va dja di~m nai c6 di san.
2. Danh m1Jc ki~m ke di san van boa phi v't th~ quBc gia Ki~m ke di san van h6a Ia ho~t d<)ng nh~n di~n, xac djnh gia trj va l~p danh ml,lc
di san van h6a (Khoan 14, Di~u 4 Lu~t di san van h6a nam 2001 duqc sira d6i, b6 sung
nam 2009). Mvc tieu cua ki~m ke nhim xac dinh va danh gia gia tri lich str, van h6a, khoa hQc va vai tro, y nghia cua di san van h6a phi v~t th~ trong dai s6ng duang d~i, xac dinh cac y~u t6, cac vAn d~ lien quan d~ bao v~ di san.
Yeu d.u cua ki~m ke di san van h6a phi v~t th~ dam bao thu th~p duqc nhfrng thong tin ca ban v~ di san, bao g6m:
-Ten gQi cua di san;
- Dia di~m c6 di san; - Chu th~ cua di san;
- Qua trinh ra dai, t6n t~i cua di san;
- Hinh thuc bi~u hi~n, quy trinh thvc hanh, cac cong trinh, d6 v~t va khong gian van h6a lien quan cimg v&i cac san phfrm v~t chAt, tinh thcln duqc t~o ra trong qua trinh thvc hanh di san van h6a phi v~t th~;
- Hi~n tr~ng di san.
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Quy trinlz kiim ke hao gam cac buO'c sau: 1. Nghien c(ru xay dlJng CCY s& dfr li~u V~ di san; 2. T~p hufin cho ngm'ri tham gia ki~m ke, di;ic bi~t luu y d~n t~p hufin cho c()ng
dbng;
3. Khao sat thu th~p thong tin va l~p cac phi~u, danh ffil)C ki~m ke; 4. Xay dl!llg bao cao va l~p hf> sa ki~m ke.
H6 SCY ki~m ke la tai li~u khoa hQC va phap ly cua di san van h6a phi v~t th~. H6 SCY nay se duqc CCY quan quan ly di san van h6a phi V~t th~ cua dja phuang luu gifr.
Hang nam, ca quan nay c6 nhi~m V\1 c~p nh~t thong tin va bao cao B9 Van h6a, Th~ thao va Du ljch v~ k~t qua ki~m ke va hi~n tqmg di san van h6a phi v~t th~ t~i dja
phuang truoc ngay 31 thang 10 hang nam. Uy ban nhan dan cac tinh va thanh ph6 tn,rc thu9c trung uang chi d~o xay dl!llg
k~ ho~ch, phe duy~t k~ ho~ch va kinh phi ki~m ke di san van h6a phi v~t th~ theo quy djnh cua Lu~t Ngan sach d~ cac S& VHTTDL tri~n khai.
Qua trinlz kiim ke cOn iliim biio cac yeu cflu sau:
- Nh~n di~n d§y du cac c()ng d6ng hoi;ic nh6m ngm'ri va cac d~i di~n cua hQ;
- Dam bao r~ng chi c6 di san van h6a phi v~t th~ duqc c()ng d6ng cong nh~n m6i duqc ki~m ke;
- Dam bao c6 SlJ d6ng thu~n, hoan toan tl! nguy~n va c6 hi~u bi~t cua cac c()ng d6ng hoi;ic nh6m ngueri d6i v6i vi~c ki~m ke di san cua hQ;
- Ton tn.mg cac lu~t tl)C truy~n th6ng lien quan d~n vi~c ti~p c~n cac di san van h6a phi v~t th~;
Dan It m(lc kiim ke quae gia i/u!fc pit lin cltia tit eo cac lo{li /tin It nltu sau:
- Ti~ng n6i, chfr vi~t cua cac dan t()c Vi~t Nam; - Ngfr van dan gian (si'r thi, ca dao, dan ca, tl)c ngfr, ho, ve, cau d6, truy~n c6
tich, truy~n tr~ng, truy~n cuai, truy~n ngl) ngon, hat ru va cac bi~u d~t khac duqc chuy~n tai b~ng leri n6i hoi;ic ghi chep b~ng chfr vi~t);
- Ngh~ thu~t trinh di~n dan gian (am nh~c, mua, san khfiu va cac hinh thuc trinh di~n dan gian khac ); t~p quan xa h()i (lu~t tl)C, huang UOC, nghi ~~ va cac phong tl)c khac);
- T~p quan xa h()i, bao gbm lu~t tl)c, huang u6c, chufin muc d~o due, nghi l~ va cac phong tl)c khac.
- L~ h()i truy~n th6ng;
- Tri thuc dan gian, bao gbm: tri thfrc v~ thien nhien, y, duqc c6 truy~n, fim th\fc, trang phl)C va CaC tri thtrc dan gian khac.
- Ngh~ thu cong truy~n th6ng;
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3. Qmin ly, sfr dl}ng, c~p nh~t danh IDI}C di san van boa phi v~t th~ quAe gia Giam d6c S6 VHTTDL cac tinh va thanh ph6 tl1!c thu<)c TU c6 trach nhi~m bao
cao Chu tich Uy ban nhan dan cfrp tinh va B9 VHTTDL k~t qua ki~m ke va cong b6 k~t qua ki€m ke.
Cl,lc Di san van h6a da xay d\fng phin m~m quan ly dfr li~u di san van h6a phi v~t th€ d€ Cl,lc va S6 Van h6a, Th€ thao va Du lich cac dja phuang c6 th€ quan ly, sfr
dl,lng, c~p nh~t ca s6 dfr li~u di san van h6a phi v~t th~ tren ph~m vi toan qu6c. Ben
c~nh d6, Vi~n Van h6a Ngh~ thu~t qu6c gia Vi~t Nam cling da xay d\fng ca s6 dfr li~u va danh tn\lC ki~m ke DSVHPVT d\fa vao cac san phdm cua cac d\1' an trong Chuang
trinh ml,lc tieu qu6c gia v~ van h6a. Vi~n da hqp tac v6i Cl,lc Di san van h6a cung cfrp
them thong tin, s6 l i~u v~ cac di san trong Danh sach DSVHPVT d~i di~n cua nhan lo~i va Danh sach DSVHPVT cAn bao v~ khdn cftp.
Ttr khi th\fC hi~n va tri€n khai Thong tu nay, cho d~n nay, da c6 60/63 tinh,
thanh ph6 da c6 Bao cao va c~p nh~t bao cao ki€m ke di san van h6a phi v~t th~ tren dia ban tinhlthanh ph6 va gui v~ B<) VHTTDL. Theo th6ng ke, d~n thang 3 nam 2015,
da c6 17/63 tinh, thanh ph6 da tbng hqp bao cao 5 nam th\fc hi~n cong tac ki~m ke,
th6ng ke duqc 39.366 DSVHPVT. Sau 5 nam, da c6 95 DSVHPVT cua 51 tinhlthanh
ph6 dap ung cac tieu chi quy djnh t~i Thong tu 04 va duqc xet dua vao Danh ffi\lC
DSVHPVT qu6c gia . (Xem Danh tn\lC va Bao cao Ki~m ke cua Vi~n Van h6a Ngh~ thu~t qu6c gia Vi~t Nam tren trang website:http://vicas.org.vn/danh-muc-kiem-ke/tinnguong-tho-mau-tam
phu.html;http://vicas.org.vn/Home/images/Tinkhoahoc/thomau.pdf, va xem danh tnl,lC
kiem ke qu6c gia cua B<) Van h6a, Th€ thao va Du ljch tren trang website
http://dsvhpvt.dsvh.gov.vn/HeritageLocal.aspx).
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GENERAL REPORT ON SCIENTIFIC INVENTORY OF vn::T BELIEFS IN THE MOTHER GODDESSES OF THREE REALMS
Vietnam National Institute of Culture and Arts Studies
Research Survey Timeline + Phase 1- from December 25 to December 30,2013 + Phase 2- from February 11 to February 22, 2014
A. Elements Surveyed and inventoried 1. Name of the element: - The Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses; - Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses; - Mother Goddess Religion 2. Area surveyed:
Recu CLT I CIH I iTH I .. :l I Le 2 3 MARS 2015 1 \
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a. Specific characteristics of the residential areas and belief and festival activities associated with Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms:
- The practise of rituals and festivals associated with the Beliefs of Mother Goddess in Nam Dinh extends across nearly the entire province, spreads through hundreds of villages/hamlets of 230 communes/towns/wards in 10 districts/towns and is particularly concentrated in two central areas of the V\1 Ban and Y Yen districts.
- Places of worship (communal houses, temples, pagodas, shrines, palaces, hermitages, joss-houses, temples of Confucius and worship halls) in the 10 districts of Nam Dinh province are for a diversity of legendary figures such as the Hung kings, Man Nuong, mythical gods, or historical figures who became deified for founding villages and fighting foreign invaders. Traditionally a shrine or other place of worship would be maintained for each spirit, but due to historical upheavals and acculturation in the region, certain figures have become grouped together, making ceremonies more complex and cultural activities more lavish.
The elements inventoried from villages with temples, pagodas, palaces, sanctuaries are the faith in the Mother Goddesses and forms of ritual practice, singers of Songs for the Spirits (hat van) and spirit possession ritual (len d6ng) and participants in the activity centers of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in the districts ofV\1 Bim andY Yen; the other people will be considered as reference to identifY the scale in the same cultural and spiritual spaces.
3. Criteria for selecting a village to be inventoried: - Villages with a location for worshipping the Mother Goddesses or having
ceremony leaders who are practised in the activities of singing Songs for the Spirits or spirit possession ritual;
- Villages without a current location for the Mother Goddesses worship but its people have participated in Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in other localities, especially singing Songs for the Spirits or mediums in ritual activities;
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- Previously known places of worship (1975 and earlier), which no longer have
relics or are becoming ruins, yet are still identified as a cultural and spiritual space for Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms.
The villages/residential areas surveyed and inventoried were for the most part limited to the central space areas of the Vv Bfm and Y Yen districts. The remaining
areas in Nam Dinh Province were only generally surveyed (from statistical perspective
the relics associated with Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms and list of
practitioners). The data collected will be the important scientific and practical basis for the following comprehensive inventory.
B. Results of survey - inventory:
Based on the advantages and overcoming these difficulties, the research team has
obtained certain results. Resources of data and information provided by the group representing the community through questi01maires had been collected and shown that:
These are relatively rich resources with new information and system of Vi~t Beliefs in
the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in history and contemporary time.
a. Locations of religious practice: The locations for practising Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms
primarily occur in temples, pagodas, palaces and sanctuaries .. Mother Goddess altars are also found in communal houses or shrines due to unsatisfactory physical conditions
of the dedicated temples, palaces or pagodas. Following is a listing of places which
are considered centers of Mother Goddess worship in Vv Bfm and Y Yen districts of
Nam Djnh province:
-In Vv Bfm district: Van Cat palace, Long Van pagoda, T6 Van Cat palace (Van
Cat village, Kim Thai commune), Tien Huong palace, Ba Ch~u D~ T(r Kham Sai
palace, T6 Tien Huong palace, Tien Huong pagoda, Due vua Tien Huong temple
(Tien Huong village, Kim Thai commune), Bong palace (hamlet 3, Kim Thai
commune), Quan 16n temple (hamlet 4, Kim Thai commune), M~u Dong Cuong
temple (hamlet 3, Kim Thai commune), Gi~ng - M~u Thmli temple (hamlet 3, Kim
Thai commune), M~u Thuqng Ngan temple (hamlet 2, Kim Thai commune), Cong
D6ng temple (hamlet 2, Kim Thai commune), Cay Da Bong temple (Ti~n village, Kim
Thai commune), Linh Son pagoda (Kim Thai commune), Due vua Van Cat temple
(Tr<.1i hamlet, Kim Thai commune), Giap Nhclt temple (Giap Nhclt village, Quang
Trung commune), Giap Ba palace (Phu hamlet, Quang Trung commune), Doai
communal house (Nhclt village, Quang Trung commune), Thong Khe palace (Thong
Khe village, C9ng Hoa commune), B6i La communal house ( B6i La village, Cl)ng
Hoa commune), Vong c6 temple (Vong c6 village, D<.1i An commune), Trung Linh temple (Trung Linh village, D<.!i An commune),Thi~n Dang temple (Thi~n An village,
D~i Th~ng commune), Thi Li~u temple (Thai Hung village, D<.1i Th~ng commune), Vii
H~u temple (Tien hamlet, D~i Th~ng commune), H6 Sen temple (H6 Sen village,
Vlnh Hao commune), Vlnh L~i temple (Vlnh L~i village, Vlnh Hao commune), Tr?ng Luemg - Luong Th~ Vinh temple (Cao Phuong village, Lien Bao commune), H6 Son
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pagoda (H6 Son village, Lien Minh commune), Huang Nghla communal house (Huang Nghla village, Minh Thu~n commune), Van Chi communal house (Phu Thu village, Tam Thanh commune), Ph~m communal house (Ph~m village, Trung Thanh commune), H~u Nha pagoda (H~u Nha village, HiSn Khanh commnue), Vv Nit temple (Vv Nit village, Hgp Hung commune), Dong temple (Qua Linh village, Thanh Lqi commune, Bach C6c temple, C6c Thanh village, Thanh Lqi commune, An Nhan temple, An Nhan village, Thanh Lqi commune.
- In Y Yen district: Quang Cung palace (Ti€n Th~ng village, Yen D6ng commune), Ng~n temple (La Ng~n I village, Yen D6ng commune), D6i temple ( D6i village, Yen D6ng commune), 6ng C~u temple (hamlet 28, Yen D6ng commune), Su palace, Lil Phong village, Yen Ninh commune, Ninh Xa temple, (Ninh Xa village, Yen Ninh commune), Trgc My palace (Trgc My village, Yen Cubng commune), T6ng Xa
palace (T6ng xa village, Yen Cubng commune), Mdu palace (Nhan Ly village, Yen Cubng commune), N9i Thon pagoda (N9i village, Yen Phong commune), Kim Trang
pagoda (Trang Khu village, Yen Phong commune), Phuc Lam pagoda, Yen Phong commune), Ninh Thon pagoda (Ninh Thon village, Yen Phong commune), Luu Ly pagoda (Phu Gi&i village, Yen Phong commune), B6ng Quy pagoda (B6ng village, Yen Phong commune), Bich Phuc pagoda (Hung Xa village, Yen Phong commune), Phu Giap communal house (Phu Giap village, Yen Phong commune), Uy Bac palace (Uy Bac village, Yen Khang commune), Hoa Cv palace ( Hoa Cv village, Yen Khang commune), Quang M~nh palace (Quang M~nh village, Yen Khang commune), Cat D&ng palace, Cat D&ng village, Yen Ti€n commune), D&ng Chuong palace ( D&ng Chuong village, Yen Ti~n commune), Van Ti€n palace (Van Ti€n village, Yen Ti~n commune), C<)ng Hoa palace, C<)ng Hoa village, Yen Ti€n commune), Dong temple (Dong Hung village, Yen Ti~n commune), Mdu palace (Thanh Khe village, Yen Lqi commune), V~n DiSm pagoda (ward D, Lam town), Thanh Lich pagoda (Ward E, Lam town).
Synthesis of the above listing indicates that, in Vv Ban district, people have been practising Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in 5 pagodas, 19 temples, 5 communal houses, 3 sanctuaries and 8 palaces; in Y Yen district, people have been practising Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in 9 pagodas, 12 temples, 1 communal house, 26 palaces and 2 shrines.
Survey results for locations of remaining districts of Nam Dinh province are as follows: In Nam Dinh city, 4 communes/wards have four temples and one communal house practising the Mother Goddess worship;
For the following districts, Beliefs of the Mother Goddesses is practiced in the following places:
In My L<)c district, three communes have seven palaces, five temples and two communal houses; In Nam Trgc district, there are 18 communes/ towns have 71 palaces, 5 temples, 2 shrines and 3 pagodas ; In Trgc Ninh district, there are 4 communes have 7 palaces and one temple; In Xuan Trubng district, there are 10 communes/towns where 5 palaces, 3 temples, 22 shrines, 1 pagoda, 5 joss- houses; In
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Giao Thuy district, there are 3 communes have 3 palaces, 1 temple, 3 pagodas and one shrine; In Hai H~u district, there are 24 communes/towns have 14 palaces, 17 temples, 6 shrines, 10 pagodas and 2 joss- houses; in Ngh!a Hung district have been practising Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms.
According to the survey and inventory of the sites relating to Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in Nam Dinh province conducted by researchers of Vietnam Institute of Culture and Arts Studies and Nam Djnh Museum, as of March 2014, there are 100 communes/wards/towns where Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms is practised in 130 palaces, 67 temples, 30 shrines, 10 communal houses, 36 pagodas, 10 joss- houses and 3 other locations. The total number of locations for practising Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms is 288.
b. Owners of Cultural lteritage The subject of cultural heritage in the creation, practice, safeguard and promotion
of Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in Nam :Djnh includes the community and individuals in specific cultural and spiritual spaces.
- Community: The survey found that the owners of the heritage associated with Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms is villages (villages/hamlets, resident areas). In the last ten years, Songs for the Spirits singing clubs, groups of spirit possession mediums and adherents from different localities have been created. According to the statistics gathered, at present in Nam :Djnh province, the community of 100 communes/wards/towns in 10 districts, in which the villages/hamlets/residential areas directly practise Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms, is considered as cultural heritage.
- Individuals : The individuals who practise Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms can be divided into two groups as follows:
+ The first group makes up majority and practise the rituals and festivals as individuals, with varying frequency and depending on the spiritual demands or events in need of the Mother Goddesses ' and spirits' help and support as well as time and economic conditions.
+ The second group includes professional and regular practitioners of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms with different roles and functions (ritual practice, singing Songs for the Spirits, mediumship, playing instruments for singing Songs for the Spirits, ... ). The practitioners in Nam :Djnh province are shown in the following statistical table:
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No
1
2
3
4
I 5
I 6
l ! 7 I
8
I 9
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THE NUMBER OF PRACTITIONERS OF "VI:¢T BELIEFS IN THE MOTHER GODDESSES OF THREE REALMS " IN NAM DJNH PROVINCE
(As of February, 2014)
Activities practised Organizers
Number Singers District, of Spirit
of the City ~ractition Spirit Medium' Freelan
Songs for Musicians Group Club ers Medium s
the ce
Assistant Spirits)
Nam
Djnh 5 2 3 1 2 1 city
Vv Ban 58 40 58
district 31 3 24 41
My L(>c 27 10
district 15 6 5 2
YYen 50 14 19
district 12 23 17 8
Nam
TIVC 127 59 60 42 45 77 district
TIVC Ninh 86 59 15 22 20 22 10 24 district
Xuan
Tru<'mg 49 37 1 20 13 24 2 23 district
Giao Thuy 13 9 4 4 2 11 district
Hai H?u 39 16 23 20 11 6 22
district
Nghia Htmg 31 21 13 31 district
Total 485 246 16 245 162 137 93 206
Survey, inventory and statistics in two largest centers of the Mother Goddess worship in Nam Djnh province list individuals who perform in Vv Ban district.
5
LIST OF PRACTITIONERS OF
"VI~T BELIEFS IN THE MOTHER GODDESSES OF THREE REALMS"
Home Amount
address Performing of old Transmiting No Full name Age Telephone Activities
Venue songs (Yes or No) number, email)
known
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Musician, Trfrn viet Tien Huong 50 1 Truemg
48 0912828182 singing, palace
Yes cadence
songs
Musician, Tien Huong 45 2 Trfrn Vi~t Hung 34 0914845304 singing, Yes
cadence palace songs
Musician, Tien Huong 44
3 Ha Dinh Binh 34 0948779366 drumming, Yes singing
pal alee songs
Trfrn NgQc Tu~n 34 0915303827 Musician, Tien Huong 43
4 drumming, palace songs
Sample 2
Organi zer
9
Thien Huong palace
Thien Huong palace
Thien Huang palace Thien
Huang
Musical instruments
played (Vietnamese two chord
guitar, drum, castanets ... )
10
Vietnamese two chord I
guitar, drum,
I castanets Vietnamese
I
two chord guitar,
I castanets Vietnamese
I two chord guitar, drum Vietnamese two chord
I
7
singing palace guitar, drum
Musician, Thien Vietnamese
5 Trfin Xuc1n Tu 31 0912171797 drumming, Tien Huong 45
Yes Huong two chord
singing palace songs
palace guitar, drum,
castanets
Singing, Tien Huong 38 Thien
Cadence, 6 Trfin Thi Khanh 44 01255946902 Huong cadence palace songs palace
castanets
Vietnamese
Singing, Tien Huong 39 Thien two chord 7 Trfin Van Thao 34 0973973589 Yes Huong guitar, cadence palace songs
palace cadence, castanets
Singing, Thien 41 Thien
8 Ph<.tm Van An 29 0915950123 cadence, Huong Yes Huong Drum,
drumming palace songs
palace castanets
Singing, Thien Vietnamese
Trfin NgQc Tien Huong 43 two chord 9 32 0948343120 cadence, Huong Hung drumming
palace songs palace
guitar, castanets -
Singing, Tien Huong 40 Thien Vietnamese two
10 Trfin Cong Tu 20 0915091404 cadence, Huong chord guitar, palace drumming
songs palace castanets, drum
Trfin Van 0912627854
Singing, Tien Huong 38 Thien Drum 11
Thuy~t 50
cadence, palace Huong '---· --'---
songs
8
drumming palace I
Nguy~n Huu 0350350258 Singing,
Thien Huang 38 Thien
Drum, 12 27 cadence, Huang Mong 7 drumming
palace songs palace
castanets -
Singing, Tien Huang 37
Thien Drum, 13 Tr~n Van Ti~n 25 091 2921887 cadence, Huang
drumming palace songs
palace castanets
Singing, Tien Huang 37
Thien Drum, 14 Tr~n Van Thinh 18 0946766366 cadence, Huang
drumming palace songs
palace castanets
Tr~n Qu6c Singing,
TienHuang 37 Thien
Drum, 15 26 0919556388 cadence, Huang Cu<mg drumming
palace songs palace
castanets
Playing the flute,
Thien Vietnamese Vietnamese Tien Huang 42 16 Chu Van L~n 59 0912138347 two chord palace
Yes Huang two chord songs
palace guitar , flute guitar, castanets Musician,
Phu Tien 40 Thien Vietnamese
17 Tr~n ViSt Nghia 31 0913099808 singing, Huang
Huang two chord cadence
songs pal alee guitar, drum
Musician, Tien Huang 43
Thien Vietnamese 18
Huynh Van 48 0975435989 singing, Yes Huang two chord
Dung cadence
palace songs palace guitar, drum -
9
Thien !
19 Ph?m Thi 34 0988783835
singing, Tien Huang 40 Huang Huang cadence palace castanets songs palace
Kim Thai Singing
commune- Cong Ddng 36 20 Bui Van Quang 45 Songs for the V\1 Bim temple
Spirits songs
district
Kim Thai Singing
Nguy8n Thj coomune- Cong Ddng 36 21 40 Songs for the Thanh v\1 Ban
Spirits temple songs
district YYen
Vietnamese district- M~u ThuQTig 22 Le Van Ph\lng All activities two chord Nam Djnh temple guitar, drum province
Hamlet 2-M~u ThuQTig 23 Trftn Thj Vfi Kim Thai Musician
temple commune
Trftn Giang Hamlet 2 -
M~uThuQTig Vietnamese 24 Kim Thai Musician two chord Nam temple
commune drumming guitar Hamlet 3-
M~u ThuQTig 25 Trftn Thj Dan Kim Thai Musician, Drum
temple commune drumming
Trftn Thi Huong Hamlet 2- Castanets, M~u ThuQTig
Drum 26 Kim Thai Vietnamese temple
10
commune two- chord fiddle -- ----1-
Hamlet 3-Castanets,
27 Tnln Thi Vi~t Kim Thai Vietnamese Mfru Thuqng two - chord temple
Drum Commune
fiddle
Hat van Nam Vietnamese two
X6m4- Ba Ch~u D~ 36 Djnh chord guitar, 28 Tr~n Van Dung 27 Singing Songs Yes
Kim Thai for the Spirits
Tu palace songs Hat van percussion, club flute
Kim Thai Hat van Vietnamese two chord
29 Tr~n Van Thi~u commune- Singing Songs
Gi~ng temple guitar, V1,1 Ban for the Spirits, district Musician
percussion, flute
Nam Hamlet 4-
Hat van 36 Djnh
Drum, 30 Tr~n VanNam 37 Kim Thai Mfru temple Yes Hat
Singing Songs songs van
castanets commune
for the Spirits club
Nam TI¥c Nam
Hat van D}nh Vietnamese Tr~n Van district- Dong Cuong 36
31 27 Singing Songs Hat two chord Duang Nam Djnh
for the Spirits temple songs
van guitar, flute province
club -- - -- - -- -------'---
11
Hamlet 1- Hat van Quan l6n 36
Group Vietnamese 32 Tdn Thj Thuy Kim Thai Singing Songs Yes of Mrs two chord
for the Spirits temple songs
Tam guitar commune Hamlet 4- Hat van
Quan l6n 37 Group Vietnamese
33 Tr~n Thi Oanh Kim Thai Singing Songs Yes of Mrs two chord temple commune for the Spirits
songs Tam guitar
X6m4 -Hat van
Quan l6n 37 Group Vietnamese
34 Tdn NgQc Di~p Singing Songs Yes of Mrs two chord Kim Thai temple for the Spirits
songs Tam guitar
Kim Thai Nam
Hat van Djnh Vietnamese Nguy~tDu 30
35 Tdn NgQcHan 37 commune-
Singing Songs Yes Hat two chord V1,1Ban for the Spirits
palace songs van guitar district club
Kim Thai Nam
Hat van Djnh Tr~n Th~ Lqi
commune-Singing Songs
Nguy~t Du 18 Hat Drum 36 38
V1,1 Ban palace for the Spirits
songs van
district club
Kim Thai Nam Dinh Vietnamese
Ph~m Van 30
commune-Drumming
Nguy~t Du 9 songs Hat two chord 37
Cuong V1,1Ban palace van guitar
district club
Nguy~n Van Kim Thai Hat van Nguy~tDu 25 Yes
Nam Vietnamese 38 40
Nam commune - (Singing Songs palace songs Djnh two chord
12
v \1 Ban for the Spirits Hat guitar district van
club
Nam
Nam Dinh Hat van
Van Cat 20 Djnh Vietnamese
39 Trfrn Due Van 41 (Singing Songs Yes Hat two chord city for the Spirits
palace songs van guitar, drum club
Nam
Nam Dinh Hat van
Van Cat 21 Dinh Vietnamese 40 Le Thanh Hi~n 55 (Singing Songs Yes Hat two chord city
for the Spirits) palace songs
van guitar, drum club
Kim Thai Nam
Hat van Djnh Vietnamese Trfrn Van Nam
commune-(Singing Songs
Van Cat 21 Yes Hat two chord 41 40
v \1 Ban palace for the Spirits)
songs van guitar, drum
district club
Kim Thai Nam
Hat van Djnh Vietnamese Ph~m Van commune-
(Singing Songs Van Cat 21
Yes Hat two chord 42 30 Duang V\1 Ban
for the Spirits ) palace songs
van guitar, drum district
club Hat van
Van Cat 21 Nam Vietnamese
43 Trfrn Duy Hung 30 Nam Djnh
(Singing Songs Yes Dinh two chord city
for the Spirits) palace songs
Hat guitar, drum
13
van club ------ --
Van Cat Nam
village-Hat van
Van Cat 21 Djnh
44 Trfin Xuan Luan 55 (Singing Songs Hat Castanets Kim Thai palace songs for the Spirits ) van
commune club
Van Cat Nam
village- Kim Hat van
Van Cat 21 Djnh Vietnamese
45 Tr~n Thi Ninh 50 (Singing Songs Hat two chord Thai palace
for the Spirits) songs
van guitar commune
club
Van Cat Nam
Tr~n Xuan village-Hat van
Van Cat 15 Djnh
46 30 (Singing Songs Hat Castanets Quan Kim Thai for the Spirits )
palace songs van
commune club
Nam
Doan Xuan Nam Dinh Hat van
Van Cat 15 Dinh 47 30 (Singing Songs Hat Castanets
Kien city for the Spirits)
palace songs van club
Hat van Nam Vietnamese
N guy~n Due Nam Djnh Van Cat 20 Djnh two chord 48 35 (Singing Songs
Cu6ng city for the Spirits )
palace songs Hat guitar, van castanets
14
club
Nam Vietnamese
Hat van Djnh
two chord Nam Djnh (Singing Van Cat 30 guitar, t1ute, 49 Giap Van Ci'r 55 Yes Hat city Songs for the palace songs
van Vietnamese
Spirits) club
two chord fiddle
Hat van Nam
Singing Songs Giap Ba 12 Djnh Vietnamese
50 Bui Nhu Hung 32 0912432152 Hat two chord for the Spirits, palace songs van guitar playing club
Kim Thai Nam
Hat van 36
Djnh Vietnamese 51 Vu Xuan To~m 29
commune-(Singing Songs Bong palace Hat two chord
Vv Ban for the Spirits)
songs van guitar district club
--
Kim Thai Nam
Nguy~n Van Hat van
Van Cat 36 Djnh Vietnamese
52 40 commune-
(Singing Songs Yes Hat two chord Nam Vv Ban
for the Spirits) palace songs
van guitar district
club
Ph~m Quang Kim Thai Hat van
Van Cat 36 Nam Vietnamese
53 Di~n
30 commune- (Singing Songs palace
Djnh two chord v v Ban for the Spirits)
songs Hat guitar
15
district van club
--~---- r----Hat van
(Singing Songs Nam Vietnamese
Tr~n Ng9c Kim Thai-for the Spirits), Thien
36 Bjnh
two chord 54 Thu~n
40 V1,1Ban
playing Huong Hat guitar,
Vietnamese palace songs
van two chord club
castanets
guitar Singing Songs
Nam Kim Thai for the Spirits,
Bjnh Vietnamese
Tr~n Xuan commune- playing Thien Huong 36 two chord 55 39 Hat Cu<mg V1,1Ban Vietnamese palace songs guitar, van
district two chord club
castanets guitar
Kim Thai Transmittin Vietnamese
56 Tr~n Van Lang 44 commune- Singing Song Buc Vua 36
g for two chord V1,1Ban for the Spirits temple songs
children guitar district Kim Thai
Transmittin Vietnamese 57 Tr~n Thj Huong 40
commune- Musician, Buc Vua 36 g for two chord
V1,1Ban Drumming temple songs children guitar
district Kim Thai
Singing Songs 30 Nam
58 Vu Xuan Tofm 29 Bong palace Djnh Drum commune-for the Spirits
V1,1Ban songs
Hat ' - - -- -- -
16
district van club
59 Trfin Thi Hu~ 50 Kim Thai
Medium Tien Huang 50
Yes Incense commune palace songs
17
Listing of individual performers in Y Yen district: Sample 2
LIST OF PRACTITIONERS OF "VIJtT BELIEFS IN THE MOTHER GODDESSES OF THREE REALMS"
Musical Home
Amount instruments
address Performing of old Transmiting
played No Full name Age Telephone Activities Organizer (Vietnamese
number, Venue songs (Yes or No)
two chord email)
known guitar, drum,
- castanets ... )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D lO- Dflng Spirit Possession 1 D6 Thi Ky 47 Ti~n- Yen Ritual Temple, palace
Cuang
2 Tr~n Th! Ngu 58 T6ng Xa- Singing sSongs for
Temple, palace 36 Yes Drum,
Yen Cuang the Spirits castanets
3 Dinh Thi NgQc 46 T6ng Xa- Singing song for
Temple, palace 36 Yes Yen Cuang the Spirits
Tr~n NgQc QuangN~p Spirit Possession
QuangN~p 4 55 - Yen Ritual
Thu~n Khang
palace
5 Vil Thi Ng~n 75 Quang N~p Spirit Possession QuangN~p - -
18
-Yen Ritual palace
-- r----- KhaE_g_ .
Nguy8n Thi Quang N<,!p Spirit Possession
Quang N<,!p 6 75 -Yen Ritual
Che Khang
palace
QuangN<,!p Spirit Possession QuangN<,!p
7 Trfrn Thi Mui 75 -Yen Ritual palace
Khang
Quang N<,!p Spirit Possession Vietnamese
Bui Van QuangN<,!p two chord 8 55 -Yen Ritual 36
Chung Khang
palace guitar, drum, castanets
Van Tien-Spirit Possession
Van Th~n - Yen Group of Vietnamese
9 Nguy~n Thi Ha 48 Yen Ti~n
Ritual Ti~n palace
10 No disciples
two chord fiddle, drum
Dong Hung Spirit Possession Dong Hung -
Group of Vietnamese
10 Ph<,!m Thi Ngin 59 Ritual Yen Ti~n 7 No two chord - Yen Ti~n disciples
temple fiddle, drum
Dong Spirit Possession Dong Hung -Group of
Vietnamese
11 Ph<,lm Van
52 Hung- Yen Ritual Yen Ti~n 7 No two chord Thanh
Ti~n temple disciples
fiddle, drum
Vong Singing song for
Club ofY Vietnamese
the Spirits, playing Requirement- two chord 12 Dinh Due D~u 42 village- 36 Yes Yen
of Vietnamese two based service guitar, mono Yen Binh
chord guitar district
chord, flute
19
Tr~n Thanh Hamlet A- Vietnamese 13 68 Musician D~y palace 20 Yes Group two chord Xw1n Lam town
guitar
Ph~m Van Hamlet A- Vietnamese 14 55 Musician Song palce 10 No Group two chord
Li~u Lam town guitar
Truong Cong Tr~i Chua -Singing song for
15 60 the Spirits D~y palace 36 No Group Drum Phong Uim town Hat van
Long Singing song for
Vietnamese Nguy6n Van the Spirits, playing Requirement-16 49 Chuong- 5 Yes Group two chord Dong ofVietnamese two based service Yen Lqi
chord guitar guitar
Long Singing song for
Vietnamese I 17
Duong Thi 51 Chuong-
the Spirits, playing Requirement-5 Yes Group two chord Thjnh
Yen Lqi of Vietnamese two based service
guitar I chord guitar
NguySn Van Long
Requirement- Drum, 18 25 Chuong- drumming 2 Yes Group wooden bell I
D~t based service Yen Lqi
Nguy€n Thi Long Hat van
Requirement-I 19 49 Chuong- Singing song for 7 Yes Group Castanets Them
Yen Lqi the Spirits based service
Singing song for Vietnamese '
Binh Di~n - Requirement-D6 Van Son 35 the Spirits, playing 5 Yes Group two chord 20
Yen Lqi based service of Vietnamese two _guitar, fiddle
20
chord guitar
Singing song for
21 Doim Due Sinh 73 Kha Long- the Spirits, playing Requirement-
32 Yes Group All
Yen Duang of Vietnamese two based service instruments chord guitar
Hamlet 33 -Hat van
N~p palace-22 Dao Thi S~i 99 Singing song for 36 Yes Group Drum Yen D6ng Yen D6ng
the Spirits Hamlet 33 - Hat van
N~p palace and 23 Dao Thi Ph6ng 72 Yen D6ng Singing song for nt Yes Group
Drum, other venues Instrument commune the Spirits
Hat van
Hung Xa-Singing song for
Requirement-24 Nguy~n Thi in 66 the Spirits , Spirit 72 No Group
YenPhong based service Possession Ritual
Hat van
Nguy~n Thi Phu Khe-Singing song for
Requirement-25
B~ng 79
Yen Phong the Spirits , Spirit
based service 72 No Group
Possession Ritual
Hat van Vietnamese
Nguy~n D~c Hung Xa- Singing song for Requirement-26 60 73 No Group two chord
Cong Yen Phong the Spirits , Spirit based service guitar
Possession Ritual
21
Hat van
Hung Xa-Singing song for
Requirement- Vietnamese 27 Tr~n Van Di~u 65 the Spirits , Spirit 73 No Group two chord Yen Phong
Possession Ritual based service
guitar
Ducmg Thi Yen D6ng -
Spirit Possession Group of Vietnamese
28 76 YYen Nfrp palace 36 No two chord Lung Ritual mediums district guitar
Hoang Thi Yen Tri- Y Hat van Quang
29 84 Nfrp palace 36 Yes Cung Castanets Luang Yen district Singing song for the Spirits
palace
Hat van Vietnamese
Ph~m Van Nam Chfrn Singing song for
two chord 31 the Spirits, playing Nfrp palace 30 Yes Group 30 Giang - Nam Tn,rc guitar, drum, of Vietnamese two
chord guitar flute
Hat van,
Nguy~n Van Thai Binh Singing song for
31 35 the Spirits, playing Nfrp palace 31 Yes Flute Thao city of Vietnamese two
chord guitar Hoang Thi
38 Nam Toan- H~ud6ng
Nfrp palace No Group 32 N_g_at Nam Tn,rc Spirit Possession
22
Ritual
Nguy~n Ti€n Hu€ HAu dfJng
33 51 street- Spirit Possess ion Ndp palace No Group Nghla
Hanoi Ritual -- ,-------
Nam Giang Hat Van
34 TrAn Van H6a 46 Singing song for Ndp palace No Group town
the Spirits
Hai Duong H~ud6ng
35 D6 Thi Nga 63 Spirit Possession Ndp palace No Group city
Ritual
Yen D6ng H~u dfJng
36 Tr~n Thi Van 69 Spirit Possess ion Ndp palace 50 Yes Thu nhang commune
Ritual -- - - -- - L__ _ __
23
The inventory table shows that in Nam Dinh province there is a total of 485
people directly participating in the "professional" practice of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms. This includes 246 mediums (h~u dflng) or 52,34%; 245 singers of Songs for the Spirits (Hat van/cung van) or 52,12%; 162 musicians or 34,46%, 16 assistants of medium (hfiu dang) or 3,40%. Of these people 137 belong to groups, 78 to clubs and 206 are freelance.
Along with the participants in the practice of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms, who mainly focus on singing Songs for the Spirits and spirit possession ritual, there are individuals from the groups of practitioners - mediums, adherents, pilgrims and musicians from neighboring areas. In Quang Cung palace (Y Yen), in recent years, participants also include many parishioners of the Catholic diocese in the same or neighboring villages.
c. Characteristics of heritage (forms, practice procedures, relevant cultural space, physical and moral products created in the practice of intangible cultural heritage):c.l. Occasions for activities and practice of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms:
- Popular occasions to practise Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms are on the first and fifteenth day of every lunar month and annual holidays (Double Five Festival, Buddhist festival in memory of all souls, farm-work initiation ceremony, harvest festival, new rice ceremony ... ). People participate by offering gifts to the Mother Goddesses and praying for peace and good luck.
- Birth days of spirits, sanctification or the solemnity days of the year are considered ceremonious times for beliefs of the Mother Goddesses. On those days, in addition to the usual rituals, there is always singing Songs for the Spirits and the spirit possession ritual. The temple master (male medium) performs his role on the following occasions throughout the year: Temple first-foot spirit possession ritual (after New Year's Eve), first full moon festival (the fifteenth day of the first lunar month), beginning of summer spirit possession ritual (April), ending of summer spirit possession ritual (July), New Year's Eve spirit possession ritual (December), and the seal closing ceremony (the 25th of December). As for the young and female mediums, there are spirit possession rituals on the feast of the spirits they follow, such as Co Ba feast (the 1i11 of June), and Quan Tam Phu (the Third Mandarin of the Water palace (the 24th of June)... Spirit possession rituals are performed annually in March in observance of the Mother Goddess' death anniversary and in August in observance of the Father's (Jade Emperor, the King Bat Hai and Spirit Trftn) death anniversary.
c.2. Forms of practice of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms: According to the survey carried out in V1,1 Ban and Y Yen districts (January
2014 ), Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms of the Viet is practised to varying degrees:
The scope ofthe daily rituals practised throughout a community is dependent on the demands, conditions and circumstances of those individuals and groups who meet for spiritual worship. Basic worship mainly involves votive offerings and prayers in
21
places of worship or at alters. Practitioners do not need to wear any special costumes but their clothing should reflect their lives and be clean and demure.
More devout forms of worship involve singing Songs of the Spirits and spirit possession ritual in places of worship where relics are enshrined. Many components contribute to the rituals: Rituals are performed by singers, musicians and mediums; other participants include assistants and attendants, votive offerings as conduits to the spirits, and followers.
Traditionally, in most temples and palaces which have a Mother Goddess altar, spirit possession rituals (hat hclu d6ng) and singing Songs of the Spirits (hat tha) are performed on festival days, at the spring equinox, at the beginning of month and on full-moon days. The spirit possession ritual for Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms characterizes the unique cultural identity of their most profound spiritual practise.
c.2.1. Tunes (style and way of singing) of the singing Songs for the Spirits + Tunes of singing songs for tlte spirits Singing songs for the sprits uses many tunes (or called style or way of singing).
The basic tunes of singing songs for the spirits include: Bi, Mi~u, Th6ng, Phu, KiSu Ducmg, DQc, Can ...
+ Bi tune: is solemn, a prelude to the worship singing. The Bi tune is often in the worship singing (community or mother goddess singing).
+ Mi~u tune: is very grave and poised, only used in competition singing and worship singing and taken by slanting chord and duple time.
+ Th6ng tune: is only for worship and competition singing, and taken by flat chord, triple time.
+ Phu tune includes Phu n6i (conversational prose) (often used in worship singing, competition singing and singing at the spirit possession rituals, by flat chord and triple time); Phu Binh (only for worship singing to extol the spirits, by slanting chord and triple time); Phu Rclu is taken by flat chord but sung by duple time; Phu D§u, Phu Dim; Phu H~; Phu Chu6c ruqu; Phu Cfra dinh; Phu Van dan; Phu Gi§y l~ch; and Phu Ty Ba (use triple time only).
+ KiSu Ducmg tune includes KiSu Ducmg h~ and KiSu Ducmg thm;mg. + DQc tune: is taken by flat chord and duple time, sung in seven-seven-six-eight
word manner and the principle of borrowing and returning, if singing each verse is called one verse. Iftwo seven-seven-six-eight word sentences are sung consecutively, it is called DQc g6i h~c or DQc nhi cu.
+ Can tune: Can oan, can xuan, can nam (slanting chord), can luy~n and can Hu~. This tune is used to praise the beauty of spirits, can is repeated by slanting chord and duple time, may be sung by flat chord but mostly by slanting chord.
+ Xa tune: is one of the most important tunes of singing at the spirit possession ritual (along with Can, DQc and Phu n6i). Xa tune characterizes the goddesses in the upper area. Xa tune includes Xa b~ng (prelude dance, after consideration), xa B~c, xa ThuQUg, xa vao lang, xa quimg .. .
22
In addition to the above basic Xa tunes, there are also other tunes such as: ham,
nhip m9t, cheo do, chinh ph1,1 d6ng (warrior's wife), van trinh nguyen, song th~t (double seven), luu thuy (name of an old musical air), kim ti~n, sai and d6n.
Besides, singing Songs for the Spirits also borrows other traditional music tunes
such as ca tru, quan hQ (folk songs), ho Hu~ (Hu~ songs) and tunes of ethnic minorities.
+ Rllytllm of singing Songs for tile Spirits The cadence of singing Songs for the Spirits is very unique. Most tunes use
dichotomous rhythms. Therefore, its tempo is very close to the rhythm of rice pounding. This is consistent with some researchers' viewpoint that: The Beliefs of
Four Palaces appear in most resident areas of fanners in the Northern delta. The rhythm of singing Songs for the Spirits is very plentiful and diversified
based on the development of following basic rhythms: Secondary rhythm is close to the five-drumbeat rhythm. The percussionist uses
three sticks, two for small drums and one for cymbal, creating the "double". Double rhythm: There are many variations, but all have a basic rhythm that is
called "candy counting rhythm". The variant double rhythms have "mixed" rhythm
and "pattern" rhythm. The following singing songs for the spirits often use double rhythm: Mi~u (double rhythm), DQc c<m, Ham, Van, Van dfm, Luy~n tam tAng
(special double rhythm) .... + Tune of music of singing Songs for tlte Spirits Music of singing Songs for the Spirits is very rich in tune which is
corresponding to a number of sessions, showing personality characteristics of the
spirit that the singing describes. Tunes used in singing Songs for the Spirits are fairly complete, diverse and rich.
Some Songs for the Spirits have combination of the two tunes making them plentiful and diversified.
The method of changing tunes in singing Songs for the Spirits is simple and
usually a prelude is sung as a transition to the next tune. +Lyrics of singing songs for tile spirits: Singing Songs for the Spirits, also known as hat van or hat bong, consists of
three main forms, including lu:it thi (competition singing), luit thif (worship singing)
and hat hdu (singing at the spirit possession ritual). Competition singing is often performed by an individual singer at
competitions, before a celebration, the first day of the New Year, New Year's Eve. The singer accompanied by musicians show off their talents for the enjoyment of their audience. In Nam Djnh Dcly palace, singing Songs for the Spirits has been organized and maintained since its restoration in 1995, however remains less popular than worship singing and singing at the spirit possession ritual.
Worship singing is perfonned before going into a trance, on holidays days, birthdays, and sanctification days of the spirits.
23
Singing at the spirit possession ritual is performed in the trance ritual when mediums incarnate the spirits of spirits. . Each spirit has its songs and each song relates the legend and virtues of the spirit being celebrated.
Singing Songs for the Spirits is a religious music genre and follows a strict performance protocol during the spirit possession ritual. Tunes, costumes, props, as well as the combination of singing and sacred dances, and the roles of performers are formally organized. The theatrical elements and setting make singing Songs for the Spirits a unique and attractive form of performance art.
The lyrics, tunes, orchestra and performance method for singing Songs for the Spirits, as well as other genres of folk music, have developed over time, attesting to the valuable and important role of singers and musicians.
In Nam Dinh, from the 1960's onwards, singing Songs for the Spirits occurs in two forms:
-As a (religious) ritual performed on a stage - As a folk music genre praising the glorious Party, Great Uncle Ho, beautiful
mountains, rivers, and country. c.3.2. Procedure of practice of singing Songs for the Spirits:
Typically, there are two forms of spirit possession ritual practiced in singing Songs for the Spirits for Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms: hdu xuoi (forward mediumship) and hdu ngul)'c (backward mediumship ). The findings of the survey show that in Nam Dinh singing Songs for the Spirits is performed by the forward mediumship custom. Accordingly, the order of the forward mediumship is as following: Tam toa thanh M~u (Three Palaces of worshipping Mother Goddesses), Due Thanh Trfm (Tr§n Spirit- if under the destiny ofTriin Dynasty), Tu phu Ch§u ba (Four Palaces of Ladies of Honor), NgG vi Quan 16n (Five Great Mandarins), 6ng Hoang (the Princes), hang Co (the Royal Damsels), and hang C~u (the boy attendants). The order of the backward mediumship is as following: Tam toa thanh M~u (Three Palaces of worshipping Mother Goddesses), NgG vi Quan l6n (Five Great Mandarins), Tu phu Ch~u ba (Four Palaces of Ladies of Honor), Ong Hoang (the Princes), hang Co (the Royal Damsels), and hang C~u (the boy attendants).
In a spirit possession ritual session, the singers and instrumentalists musicians invoke spirits (those who the mediums incarnate) and work as mandarins also known as h§u rna khan (incarnation with the opened scarf). The mediums who only sit and listen to singing Songs for the Spirits are called h§u trang m:;tn (incarnation without the opened scarf). Typically, Mother Goddesses only sit and listen to singing Songs for the Spirits but does not work directly. Those who follow the Due Thanh Tr~n (Tr~n Spirit), also known as ki~u Due Thanh, only sit and listens to singing Songs for the Spirits and have rarely worked (h§u rna khan). If the sacred dances of ki~u Due Thanh Trfrn are for expelling demons, treating diseases and healing patients, It IS necessary to undertake sensational acts such as piercing through the cheeks with a pin, holding fire in mouth, cutting tongue and taking blood to apply on tissue paper. However these types of dramatic performances are now rare.
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According to the 84 -year-old singer and musician Hoang Thj Luang, in Ng9c Chfin village Yen Tri commune, Y Yen district, spirit possession rituals, in the past, especially at time of prohibition, usually take place in the evening. He also describes spirit possession rituals as being carried out by the following people: a young/female medium, a singer (who may also be the musician), an offering medium and a disciple.
Current spirit possession rituals often include a young medium, one to three singers and instrumentalists, two to four offering mediums, a band, and many disciples.
Procedure of the spirit possession ritual is as follows: - Preparation: + Temple guardians prepare the ceremony space (palace, sanctuary, temple)
and necessary items for the ritual, including a vegetarian meal and meat. + Mediums eat vegetarian food, purify their bodies for a week in advance, and
prepare their costumes. + Singers and musicians prepare musical instruments (drums, castanets,
cymbals, etc.), and other sound equipment such as microphones and speakers. The order, content and time of the sacred dances: the duration of the ritual
depends on the content of each sacred dance; the singers and musicians will perform songs of the legend and virtues of each spirit according to the following format:
+ Step 1: Inviting the Spirit for incarnation + Step 2: Telling the legend and merit + Step 3: Praying for support from the Spirit + Step 4: Farewell If the singers sing well and correctly, they will receive gifts from the gods.
Everyone become ecstatic while singing and dancing, and from the good performance of singers, musicians and mediums .
d. Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms and transmission of the heritage:
d.l. Existence of religious and cultural activities: Material facilities for Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in
villages were established by the community long ago in the form of communal houses, temples, pagodas and shrines. Among them, the Temples and Palaces are most respected. Relics associated with indigenous religious activities (the Mother Goddess worship, the worship of the village tutelary god) are more revered than the relics of Buddhist worship (pagodas) and Spirit Worship (communal houses). Based on the historical data sources relating to the "three lives three worlds" of the Mother Goddess Li~u H~nh and the history of Dfry palace festival, it has been recognized that the ritual of singing Songs for the Spirits in Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in Nam Djnh was began in the sixteenth and the seventeenth century.
By the end ofthe Nguy~n Dynasty (late nineteenth century and early twentieth century), the restoration and renovation of the relics of the Mother Goddess worship (Van Cat, Tien Huang palaces ... ) or building the mausoleum of the Mother Goddess
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in 1938, were undertaken by everyone from the king, the mandarins to the local officials. This was the period when the ritual of singing Songs for the Spirits was thriving.
Since the August Revolution in 1945, due to limited awareness and misconceptions by the government, along with the impact of time and natural climate, many relics of worship (communal houses, temples, pagodas, shrines, palaces and sanctuaries) have deteriorated or become ruins. Relics were seriously damaged or destroyed in 1956-1957, 1961 and 1975. It was not until the early 1990's that many regions were attributed legal conditions and material facilities for restoration, reconstruction and repair of worship places for the cultural and spiritual needs in each locality.
d.2. Transmission and teaching: - Generally, guardianship of the content and protocol for Beliefs in the Mother
Goddesses of Three Realms is held by elders who have directly participated in ritual practice and festival happenings. Most of them are elderly; few people understand the ritual, ritual practice and festival ; some have been members of the Festival Organizing Board and Relic Management Board in villages. Direct participants in the belief practice are mainly middle age (50 or older) ; however participants in festivals are young adults (between 15 and 25 years old).
- According to the survey, there are currently 86 people who practise and teach skills related to the ritual of singing Songs for the Spirits in Nam Dinh province. Transmission and teaching is mainly conducted by singers and musicians. Based on the inventory results, Nam Dinh province currently has 240 singers and musicians, including 30 who are over 60 years old (8 in Nam Tn)'c, 7 in Nghi'a Htmg, 6 in Y Yen, 2 in Giao Thuy, 4 in Xuan Trubng, 2 in Nam Dinh city and 1 in Tn)'c Ninh). They are knowledgeable about the traditional art of singing Songs for the Spirits, but most of them are elderly and weak, so the teaching is difficult. Many of them also intend to teach their children, but very a few of them want to participate. Those who are enthusiastic about learning are taught by senior singers and musicians .. Typically, each class has only four or five students and operates for a few months, or a year; the resulting quality is inadequate. According to Hoang Thi Luong, an 84 years old in NgQc ChAn village, Yen Tri commune, Y Yen, five people took up training but only for three months, and now would like to practise.
Method of teaching: According to elderly singers and musicians, singing Songs for the Spirits was previously only taught to their descendants. The Dao family in Yen Dbng, Y Yen counts six consecutive generations who performed singing Songs for the Spirits. Their famous singers and musicians include: Dao Thi S~i (1914, deceased), Dao Thi Sqi (191 6, younger sister of Dao Thi S~i), Dao Thi Phong (1942, child of Dao Thi S~i)... Other well-known families are the Nguy~n fami ly in Xuan Tan commune, Xuan Trubng district including father and son (Nguy~n Due Hi~p and Nguy~n Th~ Tuy~n), father-in-law and son-in-law (Nguy~n Due Hi~p and Bui Van Dong), parent' s cousin- brother's son-in-law (Nguy~n Due Hi~p and Doan Due Dan)
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are famous singers and musicians in Nam Dinh. Nguy~n Due Hi~p (1904-1979), a famous singer and musician in Nam Dinh is the father of Meritorious Artist Nguy~n ThS Tuy~n (1939) - former official of Nam Djnh Cheo Association, conferred meritorious artist in 1992. In the past, the teaching method was mostly transmitted orally. Nowadays, in addition to the face to face method of teaching and learning, students can purchase CD for self-study or learn directly from books ....
F. Issues in the safeguard and development of heritage value: F.l . Situation and positive effect of the heritage: - To date, most of the religious and cultural activities associated with Beliefs in
the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in 10 districts/towns/city in Nam Dinh have been concerned and recovered by the community in terms of tangible culture (places of worship) and intangible culture (singing Songs for the Spirits, spirit possession ritual and festivals). In most localities, the restoration of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms is contributed to and built by the community. This is best expressed in districts ofVv Ban, Y Yen and Nam T11Jc.
- Older people in the villages feel a sense of responsibility to preserve and maintain the traditions and make the effort and material contribution. Although in the late half of the twentieth century the participants in the cultural and spiritual activities in general are the elderly, since the 1990's the practitioners of the Beliefs also include young people in the villages. Participants in festivals include all ages, men and women, all occupations and positions. Survey results of participation in ritual practices and festivals in the worship relics show that 90.9% of people in the area regularly participate (directly or indirectly) in festival. Only a small percentage of people (9 .1%) occasionally participate in practice rituals and festivals in the relics of the Mother Goddess worship. Therefore, the relics of the Mother Goddess worship and festival activities have attracted a lot of participants not only locals but also tourists from elsewhere.
- In the last ten years, a number of localities have restored festival activities in Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms (GiAy Palace, Vv Ban and Nfrp Palace/Quang Cung, Y Yen district). This action has, in different forms and degrees, helped many, but especially the younger generation, understand the cultural and traditional values of the nation, especially the younger generation. And this has had a positive impact on the education relationship between schools and society in contemporary circumstances and raised awareness to safeguard historical - cultural and traditional values in the locality. From the data collected, 88.8% of interviewees say that the practice of the Mother Goddess worship and participation in the Mother Goddess festival has a positive impact on their lives, and that the practice of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms and participation in festivals contribute to maintaining cultural traditions; 85.3% say that it is valuable to teach the younger generation "when drinking water, remember its source"; 84.9% say it serves to strengthen the village solidarity; and 86.2% say that it preserves the intangible cultural heritage of locality. In addition, the practice of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of
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Three Realms and participation in festivals also helps people have a sense of wellbeing in their life and work.
The correlation between age of the respondents and assessment of positive impact of the practice of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms and participation in festivals is as follows: most of the age groups said that the practice of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms and participation in festival have positive impact on educating the younger generation "when drinking water, remember its source", maintaining the cultural traditions and strengthening village solidarity making up relatively high percentage, especially the group of people under 35 years old (90.0%), and from 36-70 years old (84.0%). When practising Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms and participating in the festival, the people have a sense of well-being, with the group aged under 35 and 71 or older (80.0%), the group aged 36-70 accounted for 49.0%. For those find their work less stressful after practising Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms and participating in the festival, the group under 35 years old is higher than the group aged 36-55 (37.0%) and aged 56-70 (29.6%).
- Surveys in Tien Huong Palace and Quang Cung Palace, which have festival activities associated with Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in two districts considered to be two centers of practice of Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms, shows that the government and the culture management authorities at all levels, though especially at commune level, have directly taken the responsibility for organizing, operating, monitoring and inspecting all phases of human and material resource preparation, rehearsal and practice, obtaining the public consensus and praise, maintaining the culture and beliefs in a sustainable manner and creating positive effects in society.
- According to statistics, 90% of public opinion supported the initial steps of the local authorities in the restoration, preservation and organization of festival associated with Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms.
- Data collected in villages show that the members of the following associations actively participate in festival activities related to Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms: highest percentage is that of the Women's Union (87.5%), secondly, the Farmers' Union (84.1 %), thirdly, the local youth Union (76.3%), and Veterans' organization (49.1%). Some members of associations in surveyed areas do not actively participate in the festival activities such as Veterans' organization (38.4%), Professional association (41.4%); other clubs (34.5%). However, considering the large numbers of members who do actively participate in festival activities, it is clear that the associations and organizations play an important role in preserving the festival of the Mother Goddess worship, especially the local Women's Union, Farmers' Union and Youth Union.
F.2. Some risks for the heritage: - According to the survey, 85% of the villages and resident areas participating in
discussions confirmed the weaknesses and limitations in collecting and recording the
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history of cultural and spiritual relics as well as the process of local traditional festivals (there is a decrease in the number of people who know Han and Nom script;, in certain localities no one knows these scripts any longer). Most methods, contents of ritual activities and traditional cultural activities in general (processions, folk games, etc) are only transmitted and practised orally. A number of elders in some villages have noted but in spontaneous manner, by personal perception, have not exchanged, supplemented and popularized in the community. The valuable intangible cultural resources that was created and practised in the past was lost, making the current cultural and spiritual activities fall into repetition, become slapdash and lose its unique and attractive identity.
- 90% of people surveyed indicated the weaknesses of government at all levels in organization and intellectual and effort investment to collect, record, publish and distribute to all members of the community the intangible cultural heritages relating to local traditional culture in general and activities of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms in particular.
- In addition to the positive impacts of practice of Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms and participation in festivals on the lives of people, some people state that the negative impacts include: 1/ Divination, superstition (36.2%); 2/ Environmental sanitation surrounding the festival (26. 7%); 3/ Commercialization, gambling and games (14.7%). Other negative impacts include public order problems and discord.
- 90% of people said that the government at all levels have not been active and creative in expanding relations and mobilizing the interest from non-governmental organizations and different sectors of society in preserving, developing and promoting the value of local cultural heritage. Therefore, due to potential limitation in socialization for preserving the cultural heritage, there is not enough endorsement and heritage transmission between generations. Many relics have not been planned for restoration or reconstruction, maintenance.
- 90% of opinions suggested that the government should urgently undertake and apply the Cultural Heritage Act to meet the aspirations of safeguarding the cultural area, landscape and space as well as intangible cultural heritage of each relic in the villages.
F.3. Ideas from community representatives on preservation and promotion of the values of "Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms":
According to survey results from 400 individuals directly or indirectly related to the religious activities (mainly practice of singing Songs for the Spirits) in two centers of the Mother Goddess worship in Nam Dinh province (male and female mediums, singers and musicians, relic managers, disciples and participants), the majority said that to preserve and promote the values of the Mother Goddess worship, including the rite of singing songs for the spirits, it is necessary to have synchronized
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collaboration between the government at all levels, research institutions and people through the following solutions:
- It is imperative to take care of, facilitate, build infrastructure between, fund restoration and reconstruction of relic system related to the practice of the Mother Goddess worship, especially the practice space of singing Songs for the Spirits.
- The authorities should develop programmes, establish clubs and classes to teach, train, provide guidance for the young singers and instrumentalists musicians who are dedicated.
- It is necessary to provide remuneration policies for the artisans who are temple guardians, young mediums, especially singers and musicians who preserve and transmit the ancient lyrics and tunes for the next generations. Providing economic support to needy folk artists enables their commitment to the art of singing Songs for the Spirits in Nam Djnh.
- It is advisable to organize the Festival of singing Songs for the Spirits in and outside the province; regularly open the competitions of singing Songs for the Spirits in the great centers of religious activities such as Dfry palace (Vt,t Bim) and Quang Cung (Y Yen) on in Nam Dinh and centers in other provinces in the whole country, to select good singers and musicians to preserve the traditional lyrics, melodies and rhythm in Nam Dinh.
- The research agencies need to find out more about the historical, cultural, scientific values of the Mother Goddess worship, including the rite of singing Songs for the Spirits of the Vi~t in contemporary society, to promote the value of the Mother Goddess worship to the community at home and abroad.
- It is necessary to research and establish curriculum of singing Songs for the Spirits to teach this art in the Arts and Culture schools.
- It is imperative to raise awareness of the general public and all levels of cultural managers of the cultural intangible heritage to the value of "Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms" and expand exchanges with the religious heritages of other ethnic groups in multiethnic and multinational community in the present and over the long term.
With awareness for the value of Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms, 240 individual representatives of groups, clubs, and villages in Nam Djnh
have signed their names consenting to the nomination on UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity.
Overall, Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms, whose high point is the singing Songs for the Spirits, is an indigenous, intangible cultural heritage of unique value in the traditional cultural treasures of the Vi~t in particular, and multiethnic community of Vietnam in general. The undertaking of rese-arching and building scientific dossier "Vi~t Beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms" by Vietnamese Government for submission to the UNESCO for recognition as the representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity had unanimity among the community. Recognition by UNESCO intangible cultural heritage of
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humanity is right direction to preserve and promote a unique genre of folk beliefs to maintain the tradition and build an advanced Vietnamese culture deeply imbued with its national identity.
Written by Associate Prof. Dr. Bui Quang Thanh
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BAo cAo TONG QUAN vt KIEM .KE KHOA HQC TiN NGUONG THO MAU TAM PHiJ CUA NGlfOI VltT
Vi~n Van boa Ngh~ thu~t quae gia Vi~t Nam
ThOi gian thl}'C hi~n cong tac ki~m ke khoa hqc + Giai do~n 1 - tir 25 thang 12 d~n 30 thang 12 nam 2013 + Giai do~n 2 - tir 11 thang 2 d~n 22 thang 2 nam 2014
A. Nh~n difn va ki~m ke di san 1. Ten gqi cua di san - Tin ngucmg th<'Y mfiu; - Tin ngucmg th<'Y mfiu tam phil - Tin ngucmg th<'Y mfiu cila ngum Vi~t; - U~o Mfiu .. 2. v~ dja him khao sat
lRecu CLT ; C! H 1 ITH i
Le [lJ~ARS 2~ Jl
N~ .......... 020. ......... ..... . 1.---------·--
a. f)~c trung cua dja ban Clf tni va h~ thfing sinh ho~t tin ngtrO'ng - I~ hqi g~n v6i sinh ho~t tin ngtrO'ng thiY m§u
- H~ th6ng cac h\ng/thon c6 lien quan d~n vi~c thgc himh nghi 1~ va tham dg IS h9i g~n v6i tin ngu5ng th<'Y mfiu tam phil 6 Nam Dinh tir qua khu d~n nay la r~t 16n, tnli dai - r9ng tren m9t ph~m vi khong gian bao tn1m gfin kh~p dia ban toan tinh v6i 10 huy~nlthi, tl.li hang tram limg/x6m cila 230 xa/thi tr~nlphu<'Yng; trong d6, d~c bi~t t~p trung 6 2 vung trung tam la cac xa/thj tr~n thu9c hai huy~n Vv Ban va Y Yen.
- Trong khong gian van h6a tin ngucmg t1.1i hftu h~t cac lang thu()c 10 huy~n, thi, thanh ph6 cua tinh Nam Dinh, nhan v~t duqc phvng th<'Y t~i tirng di tich (dinh, d~n, chua, mi~u, phu, am, nghe, van chi, tir du<'Yng) Ia r~t da d~ng, tir cac nhan v~t huy~n tho1.1i nhu tu6ng llnh cac vua Hung, Man Nucmg, cac vi thftn tg nhienlhuy~n tho1.1i d~n cac nhan v~t ljch sfr cila que hucmg va d~t nu6c - nhling ngu<'Yi c6 cong khai l~p x6m/lang, c6 cong v6i dan v6i nu6c tren ti~n trinh diJllg nu6c va chong gi~c ngo~i xam trong lich sfr. Ua s6 cac di tich v6n duqc ngu<'Yi dan diJllg len d8 ton th<'Y tirng nhan v~t rieng re. nhung do bi~n thien lich sfr va qua trinh ti~p bi~n van h6a, hi~n t~i da duqc m6 r9ng ho~c ph6i th<'Y nhi~u thanh phftn khac nhau kern theo hang lo~i cac hinh thuc sinh ho1.1t van h6a dan xen phuc t1.1p, phong phu, tUy theo tirng mire d9, c~p d9 va ph1.1m vi nh~t djnh cila cac nhan v~t chil di~n th<'Y duqc ton vinh, th<'Y ph1,mg.
Chung toi xac dinh d6i tuqng ki8m ke bu6c dftu chil y~u dirng l~i, di sau vao vi~c th<'Y mfiu tam phu cung cac hinh thuc thgc hanh nghi IS, trong d6 n6i b~t Ia cac thanh phftn tham gia hat van, hftu d6ng t1.1i nhfmg lang x6m c6 di tich d~n, chua, phil, di~n ho~c tham gia t1.1i cac trung tam sinh ho1.1t tin ngu5ng th<'Y mfiu cua hai huy~n Vv B<.'m va Y Yen; cac nhan v~t khac se duqc xem xet nhu m6i tham khao d~ nh~n di~n quy mo trong cung m9t khong gian van h6a tam linh.
1
3. Vi~c Iva ChQn cac lang d~ ti~n hanh ki~m ke, t~p trung chii y~u vao m()t s6 v§n d~ sao
- M9t la, day tru&c h~t phai la nai da va dang hi~n t6n di tich tha m~u tam phu ho~c tha ca.c nhan v~t duqc nguai dan th~rc hanh tu6ng ni~m trong sinh ho~t hat van, hfru d6ng;
- Hai la, cac lang xom tuy khong co di tich tha m~u tam phu (can cu vao thl,l'C tr~ng hi~n t6n) nhung nguai dan co tham gia sinh ho~t tin ngu5ng tha m~u a cac dja phuang khac, d~c bi~t Ia tham gia hat van, hfru d6ng nhu m9t hinh thvc ho~t d9ng chuyen nghi~p/thuang xuyen;
- Ba Ia, nhfrng nai tha ph~;mg dam bao tieu chi tren, nhung chi t6n t~i trong qua
khu ( 197 5 tra v~ tru&c ), hi~n khong con di tich ho~c da/ dang thanh ph~ tich, v~n duqc neu ra dS xem xet, phl,lC Vl,l vi~c xac djnh khong gian van hoa tin ngu5ng tha m~u tir tru&c d~n nay.
Nhin chung, cac lang/thonlkhu dan cu duqc di~u tra va kiSm ke lfrn nay bu&c dfru
gi&i h~n a ph~m vi khong gian trung tam Ia hai huy~n V1,1 Ban va Y Yen. Cac dja phuang con l~i cua tinh Nam Djnh m&i chi dirng a muc d9 khao sat chung (du&i goc
d9 th6ng ke di tich g~n v&i tin ngu5ng tha m~u tam phu va danh sach ngM nhan thvc hanh tin ngu5ng). s6 li~u thu nh~n duqc se Ia can cu khoa hQC va thl,l'C ti~n quan tn;mg
cho nhfrng dqt kiSm ke toan di~n va dfry du ti~p theo.
B. K~t qua di~u tra-ki~m ke Dva vao nhfrng thu~n lqi va kh~c phl,lC nhfrng kho khan tren, nhom nghien Clru
da thu duqc nhfrng k~t qua nhfit djnh. Ngu6n tai li~u va thong tin do nhom d~i di~n c9ng d6ng cung d p, thong qua phi~u di~u tra da duqc t~p hqp, cho phep kh~ng djnh: Day la ngu6n tu li~u tuang d6i phong phu, c6 nhi~u thong tin m&i, co h~ th6ng v~ sinh
ho~t tin ngu5ng tha m~u cua nguai Vi~t trong ljch sir va duang d~i. -v~ dja di~m thvc hanh tin ngrrO'Ilg Dja diSm thvc hanh tin ngu5ng tha m~u tam phu chu y~u g~n v&i khong gian cac
d~n, chua, phu, di~n (m9t s6 nai do di~u ki~n v~t chfit chua dap t'rng, hi~n da va dang
l~p ban tha m~u t~i dinh ho~c mi~u - di~u rna v~ khai ngu6n v6n duqc tha ph1,1ng va thvc hanh tin nguang t~i cac d~n, phu ho~c chua nhung vi ly do khach quan ho~c chu quan hi~n khong con nfra). Th6ng ke cac dja diSm g~n v&i tin ngu5ng tha m~u tam phu a huy~n V1,1 Ban va huy~n Y Yen, nai duqc coi la trung tam tha m~u cua tinh
Nam Djnh, c6 thS nh~n thfiy: - Tren dja ban huy~n Vv Ban: Phu Van Cat, chua Long Van, phu T6 Van cat
(thon Van Cat, xa Kim Thai), Phu Tien Huang, phu Ba Chfru D~ Tu Kham Sai, phu T6 Tien Huang, chua Tien Huang, d~n Due vua Tien Huang (thon Tien Huang, xa Kim Thai), phu Bong (xom 3, xa Kim Thai), d~n Quan l&n (xom 4, xa Kim Thai), d~n M~u Dong Cuong (xom 3, xa Kim Thai), d~n Gi~ng- M~u Thoai (xom 3, xa Kim Thai), d~n M~u Thuqng Ngan (xom 2, xa Kim Thai), d~n Cong D6ng (xom 2, xa Kim Thai), d~n Cay Da Bong (thon Ti~n, xa Kim Thai), Chua Linh San (xa Kim Thai), d~n Due
2
vua Van Cat (x6m Tr{li, xa Kim Thai), dSn Giap NhAt (thon Giap NhAt, xa Quang
Trung), phu Giap Ba (x6m Phu, xa Quang Trung), dinh Doai (thon NhAt, xa Quang Trung), phu Thong Khe (thon Thong Khe, xa C9ng Hoa), dinh B6i La (thon B6i La,
xa C9ng Hoa), dSn Vong c6 (thon Vong C6, xa D{li An), dSn Trung Linh (thon Trung Linh, xa D{li An),dinh Thi~n Dang (thon Thi~n An, xa D{li Th~ng), dSn Thi Li~u (thon Thai Htmg, xa Dc;ti Th~ng), Quan Vfi H~u (x6m Tien, xa Dc;ti Th~ng), dSn H6 Sen (lang H6 Sen, xa Vinh Hao), dSn Vinh Lc;ti (lang Vinh Lc;ti, xa Vinh Hao), dSn Trc;tng Lu<mg- Luong Th~ Vinh (thon Cao Phuong, xa Lien Bao), chua H6 Son (thon H6 Son, xa Lien Minh), dinh Hu6ng Nghia (thon Hu6ng Nghia, xa Minh Thu~n), dinh Van Chi (thon Phu Thu, xa Tam Thanh), dinh Ph{lm (lang Ph{lm, xa Trung Thanh),
chua H~u Nha (thon H~u Nha, xa Hi~n Khanh), dSn Vv Nu (thon Vv Nfr, xa Hqp Htmg), dSn Dong (thon Qua Linh (xa Thanh Lqi), dSn Bach C6c (thon C6c Thanh, xa
Thanh Lqi), dSn An Nhan (thon An Nhan, xa Thanh Lqi). - Tren dja ban huy~n Y Yen: Phu Quang Cung (thon Ti~n Th~ng, xa Yen D6ng),
phu Ng{ln (thon La Ng{ln I, xa Yen D6ng), phu D6i (thon D6i, xa Yen D6ng), mi~u 6ng C~u (x6m 28, xa Yen D6ng), phu Su (thon Ul Phong, xa Yen Ninh), dSn Ninh Xa (thon Ninh Xa, xa Yen Ninh), phu Tn,rc My (lang Tn,rc My, xa Yen Cu<mg), phu T6ng Xa (thon T6ng xa, xa Yen Cu<mg), phu M~u (lang Nhan Ly, xa Yen Cu<mg), chua N9i
Thon (thon N()i, xa Yen Phong), chua Kim Trang (thon Trang Khu, xa Yen Phong), chua Phuc Lam, xa Yen Phong), chua Ninh Thon (lang Ninh Thon, xa Yen Phong),
chua Luu Ly (thon Phu Gi6i, xa Yen Phong), chua B6ng Quy (thon B6ng, xa Yen Phong), chua Bich Phuc (thon Htmg Xa, xa Yen Phong), dinh Phu Giap (thon Phu Giap, xa Yen Phong), phu Uy Bac (thon Uy Bac, xa Yen Khang), phu Hoa Cv (thon Hoa Cv, xa Yen Khang), phu Quang Mc;tnh (thon Quang Mc;tnh, xa Yen Khang), phu Cat D&ng (thon Cat D&ng, xa Yen Ti~n), phu D&ng Chuong (thon D&ng Chuong, xa
Yen Ti~n), phu Van Ti~n (thon Van Ti~n, xa Yen Ti~n), phu C9ng Hoa, thon C9ng Hoa, xa Yen Ti~n), dSn Dong (thon Dong Htmg, xa Yen Ti~n), phu M~u (thon Thanh
Khe, xa Yen Lqi), chua Vc;tn Di~m (khu D, thi trAn Uim), chua Thanh Ljch (Khu E, thi trAn Lam).
H~ th6ng sa b9, bu6c d~u nh~n thAy, tren dja ban huy~n Vv Ban, nguoi dan da va dang th\,lc hanh tin ngu5ng tho m~u tc;ti 5 chua, 19 dSn, 5 dinh, 3 di~n va 8 phu; tren
dia ban huy~n Y Yen, nguoi dan da va dang thiJc hanh tin ngu5ng tho m~u tc;ti 9 chua, 12 dSn, 1 dinh, 26 phu va 2 mi~u.
Khao sat dia di~m c6 sinh hoc;tt tin ngu5ng tho m~u tam phu t{li cac huy~nlthi con lc;ti cua tinh Nam Djnh, c6 duqc k~t qua sau day: Tc;ti thanh ph6 Nam Djnh, 4 xa/phu<mg c6 4 dSn va 1 dinh th\,lc hanh tho m~u; Tc;ti huy~n My L9c, 3 xa c6 7 phu, 5 d~n va 2 dinh th\,lc hanh tho m~u; Tc;ti huy~n Nam Tn,rc, 18 xa/thi trAn c6 71 phu, 5 dSn, 2 di~n va 3 chua th\,lc hanh tho m~u; Tc;ti huy~n Tr\fc Ninh, 4 xa c6 7 phu va 1 dSn
thiJc hanh tho m~u; Tc;ti huy~n Xuan Tru<mg, 10 xa/thi trAn c6 5 phu, 3 d~n, 22 di~n, 1 chua, 5 mi~u th\,lc hanh tho m~u; T{li huy~n Giao Thuy, 3 xa c6 3 phu, 1 d~n, 3 chua va 1 mi~u th\,lc hanh tho m~u; T{li huy~n Hai H~u, 24 xa/thi trAn c6 14 phu, 17 d~n. 6
3
di~n, 10 chua va 2 mi~u thl,lc hanh tho m~u; T~i huy~n Nghia Htmg, 12 xa/thi trftn c6 10 d~n, 7 chua va 1 mi~u thl,lc hanh tho m~u.
Nhu vqy, theo khao sat va kiim ke cac di tich c6 lien quan din tin nguifug t/uy mdu tam phil cila nguOi Vi?t tqi Nam Djnh, cho din nay (3- 2014, theo kit qua diJu tra, kiim ke cila nh6m nghien cz'ru cila Vi?n Van h6a Ngh? thuqt Vi?t Nam ph6i h(!JJ v6i Bao tang tinh Nam Djnh), c6 100 xJ/phuimglthj trdn hi?n da va dang thl!c hanh sinh hoqt tin nguifug thif mdu tqi 130 phil, 67 dJn, 30 di?n, 10 dinh, 36 chzla, 10 miiu va 3 dja diim khac. T6ng s6 dja diim thl!c hanh tin nguifug thif mdu la 288.
b. Chu th~ cua di san van boa Chu th~ cua di san van h6a trong qua trinh tham gia sang t~o, thl,lc hanh, bao t6n
va phat huy sinh ho~t tin ngu5ng tho m~u tam phu cua nguoi Vi~t a Nam Djnh bao g6m chu th~ Ia c<)ng d6ng va chu th~ Ia cac ca nhan trong nhfing khong gian van h6a tin ngu5ng nhftt dtnh.
- Chil thi la cf)ng dbng: Khao sat thl,lc tiSn, c6 th~ nh~n thfty chu th~ van h6a cua cac di tich g~n v6i sinh ho~t tin ngu5ng tho m~u tam phu chinh Ia cac lang xa
(th6n/x6m, khu dan cu) c6 sl,l hi~n t6n di san. Nhfing chvc nam gAn day, nay sinh them Sl,l hi~n di~n cua cac cau l~c b<) hat van, cac nh6m hAu d6ng, cac ban h<)i con nhang d~ tl:r rna thanh vien tham gia l~i cu tru tir cac dja phmmg/dja ban dan cu khac. Theo th6ng ke, hi~n nay, t~i tinh Nam Djnh, chu th~ di sim tin ngu5ng van h6a tho m~u tam
phu chinh Ia c<)ng d6ng dan cu cua 100 xa/phuang/thi trftn t~i 10 huy~n/thi, trong d6 CO cac }ang/x6m/ khu dan CU da va dang tfi,IC ti~p tham gia thi,IC hanh tin ngu5ng tho mau.
- Chzl thi la ca nhan: V 6i chu th~ Ia ca nhan tham gia thl,lc hanh tin ngu5ng tho m~u tam phu, c6 th~ phan ra 2 M th6nglnh6m chu th~.
D6 Ia h~ th6ng/nh6m nguoi chi~m da s6, tham gia/tham dl,l thl,lc hanh cac nghi IS, IS h<)i v6i tu each ca. nhan, khong thuang xuyen va vi~c thi,IC hanh tuy thu<)c vao
nhu cfru tam linh ho~c cac bi~n c6 cfrn Sl,l phil h<), d<) tri tir Thanh M~u va cac b~c thanh thAn cling nhu di~u ki~n thoi gian va kinh t~ cho phep.
H~ th6ng/nh6m chu th~ van h6a Ia ca nhan thu hai Ia nhfing nguoi thl,lc hanh tin ngu5ng tho m~u m<)t each thuang xuyen/chuyen nghi~p, v6i cac vai tro, chuc nang
khac nhau (thl,lc hanh nghi IS, hat van, hAu d6ng, su d1,mg nh~c C\1 cho hat van, ... ), s6 luQ'llg nguoi thl,lc hanh tren dia ban tinh Nam Dtnh duqc th~ hi~n trong bang th6ng ke sau day:
4
BANG TONG HQP SO NGUOI THlfC HANH "TIN NGUONG THO MAU
TAM PHU CUA NGUOI VI."E:T" TREN DJA BAN TiNH NAM DJNH (Tinh d~n thang 2 nam 2014)
sa sa ngU'Oi tham gia
IU'Qllg PhAn vi~c dam nhi~m ST trong TA chfrc
Huy~n, thanh pha ngU'Oi T
th1fC HAu HAu Hat Nh~ Ban CLB
Tt! hanh dAng dang van C Cl} hqi do
1 TP. Nam Djnh 5 2 3 1 2 1 2 Huy~n V\1 Ban 58 40 58 31 3 24 41 3 Huy~nMy L9c 27 10 15 6 5 2 4 Huy~n Y Yen 50 14 19 12 23 17 8 5 Huy~n Nam Tn,rc 127 59 60 42 45 77 6 Huy~n Tn,rc Ninh 86 59 15 22 20 22 10 24
7 Huy~n Xuan
49 37 1 20 13 24 2 23 Truemg
8 Huy~n Giao Thuy 13 9 4 4 2 11
9 Huy~n Hai H~u 39 16 23 20 11 6 22 10 Huy~n Nghia Hung 31 21 13 31
• I. Tong so 485 246 16 245 162 137 93 206
Khao sat, ki~m ke va th6ng ke c~,t th~ t~i hai trung tam tho m~u tam phu l6n nhfit
tinh Nam Djnh, s6 lugng duqc th~ hi~n chu th~ tr\fc ti~p Ia:
5
ST HQ va ten
T
I 2
I Tr~n Vi~t Tnr(mg
2 Tr~n Vi~t Hung
3 Ha f)inh Binh
4 Tr~n NgQc Tufrn
DANH Mt)C KIEM KE NGU'(H THl)'C HANH " TIN NGUO'NG T HO MAU TAM PHUCUA NGU'(H VI~T"
0 HUY~N Vl) BAN
Phin vi~c dam nh~n sa
Dja chi Dja di~m l.
ho~c ky nang lrrq·ng Truyen
(S6 nha, thy·c himh d~y (co T utli thy·c hi~n (h~u bai di~n tho~i, (d~n, phil, hay
d6ng, hat van, van co email) mi~u ... ) khong)
sfr dt,mg nh~c bi~t Ct,l)
3 4 5 6 7 8
48 09 I2828182 Dim, hat, nhip, Phu Tien so bai co
trbng Huang
Dan, hat, nhip, Phu Tien 34 09 I4845304 45 bai co
trong Huang
Phu Tien 34 0948779366 Dan, hat, tr6ng
Huang 44 bai co
Phu Tien 34 09 I5303827 Dan, hat, tr6ng Huang
43 bai
Lo~i Ttl chu·c
nh~c cy tham gia
sii· dyng (Ban h9i,
(dan Cau l~c b9
nguy~t, nao?)
tr6ng ... )
9 IO
Phu Thien Tfrt ca
Huang
Phu Thien Dan
nguy~t, Huang
phach
Phil Thien Dan
Huang nguy~t,
trong
Phil Thien Dan
Huang nguy~t,
' 1...-
trong
6
5 1, " X ~ 'f ' 31 091 2171797 Dan, hat, nhjp, Phu Tien 45
b' . C, Phu Thien ~an, ran uan u :.. H at o trong,
trong uong Huong h, h p ac
6 1, " 'fh . Kh h 44 0125594690 H, h. Phu Tien 38 b' . Phu Thien Nhip, ran t an 2
at, n !P H at : uong Huang phach
7 Tr~n Van Thao 34 0973973589 Hat, nhip PHhu Tien 39 bai co Phu Thien p~:~h, uang Huang h.
n lP 8 Pham Van An 29 0915950 123 Hat,:..nhjp, Phu Thien 41 bai C6 Phu Thien Tr6ng,
· trong Huang Huang phach
9 Tr,~n NgQc 32 0948343120 Hat,:..nhip, Phu Tien 43
bai Phu Thien D~n, Hung trong Huang Huang phach
10 Tr~n Cong Tu 20 091509 1404 Hat,:..nhip, PHhu Tien 40 bai PhHu Thien t~~, trong uang uang h , h
p ac
11 ~dn ; an 50 091 2627854 Tr6ng: nhjp, Phu Tien 38 bai Phu Thien Trbn 1 huyet hat Huang Huang g
12 Nguy~n Hfru
27 0350350258 Tr6ng, nhjp, Phu Thien
38 b,. Phu Thien Tr6ng,
Mong 7 hat Huang at Huang phach
13 Tr~n Van Ti~n 25 09 12921887 Tr6nhg,, nhip, PHhu Tien 37 bai PhHu Thien Trh~ngh, at uang uang p ac
14 Tr~n Van Thinh 18 0946766366 Trbng: nhip, Phu Tien 37 bai Phu Thien Tr~ng, · hat Huang Huang phach
15 Tr~n Qu6c
26 09 19556388 Tr6ng,, nhjp, Phu Tien
37 bai Phu Thien Tr~ng,
_ CuO'f!g hat _ Huang Huang phach
7
16 Chu Van Lin 59 0912138347 Sao, d~m, Phu Tien
42 bai C6 Phu Thien
Sao, dan I
phach Huong Huang
Phu Tien Phu Thien Dan, I
17 Trlin Vi~t Nghia 31 0913099808 Dim, hat, nhip 40 bai Huong Huang trong
Huynh Van Phu Tien Phu Thien Dan
18 48 0975435989 Dan, hat, nhip 43 bai C6 nguy~t, DUng Huong Huong
trbng
19 Ph~m Thj
34 0988783835 Hat, nhjp Phu Tien
40 bai Phu Thien
Phach Huang Huong Huang
20 Bui Van Quang 45 Kim Thai-
Hat van CongDfmg 36 bai Vv Bfm
21 Nguy€n Thj
40 Kim Thai-
Hat van Den Cong
36 bai Thanh Vv Ban Dfmg
22 LeVan Ph1,mg Y Yen- Dit ca cac 1o~i
Den Mfru Dan Nam Djnh ThuQ11g nguy~t
23 Trfln Thi Vii X6m2-
Nh~c cv Den Mfru
Trbng Kim Thai ThuQ11g
24 Tn1n Giang X6m2-
Dan, trbng Den Mfru Dan
Nam Kim Thai ThuQ11g nguy~t
25 Trlin Thj Dan X6m3-
Dan, trbng Den Mfru
Trbng Kim Thai ThuQ11g
26 Trlin Thj Huang X6m2-
Phach, nhi D~n M§u
Trbng Kim Thai ThuQ11g
Trfin Thi Vi~t X6m3-
Phach, nhi Den Mfru
Trbng 27 Kim Thai L_ _ ThuQ11g
-- - - - - -
8
CLB Hat H<'m
X6m4- Phu Ba Chclu nguy~t, 28 Trcln Van Dung 27 Hat van 36 bai C6 Kim Thai D~ Tu van Nam
b()go, Djnh
sao
29 Trcln Van Thi~u Kim Thai-
Hat van, dan D~n Gi~ng Tt,rdo Vv Ban
nt
X6m4- CLB Hat Tr6ng, 30 Trcln Van N am 37 Hat van D~n Mfru 36 bai C6 van Nam Kim Thai
Djnh phach
Trcln Van Nam Tn,rc-CLB Hat
Dan, 31 27 Hat van Dong Cuong 36 bai van Nam Duang Nam Djnh sao Djnh
32 Trcln Thi Thuy X6m 1-
Hat van D~n Quan
36 bai C6 Ban h()i co Dan
Kim Thai 16n Tam nguy~t
33 Trcln Thi Oanh X6m4-
Hat van D~n Quan
37 bai C6 Kim Thai 16n
nt nt
34 Trcln NgQc Di~p X6m4-
Hat van C6 Kim Thai
nt nt nt nt
Kim Thai- Nguy~t Du CLB Hat
Dan Trcln NgQc Han 37 Hat van 30 bai C6 van Nam 35 VvBan Cung nguy~t
Djnh
Trcln Th~ Lqi 38 Kim Thai-
Hat van 18 bai Tr6ng 36 VvBan
nt nt
Ph<;tm Van Kim Thai-B()go 9 bai
D<'m 37 30 nt nt
Cuang VvBan nguy~t -
9
Nguy~n Van 40
Kim Thai-Hat van 25 bai C6
Dan 38 Nam Vv Ban
nt nt nguy~t
TPNam CLB Hat
Dan, Trfrn Due Van 41 Hat van Phu Van Cat 20 bai C6 vanNam 39
Dinh trong Dinh
40 Le Thanh Hi~n 55 TPNam
Hat van Phu Van Cat 21 bai C6 Dinh
nt nt
41 Trftn Van Nam 40 Kim Thai-
C6 Vv Ban
nt nt nt nt nt
Pham Van 30
Kim Thai-C6 42
Vv Ban nt nt nt nt nt
Duong
Trftn Duy Hung 30 TP Nam
C6 43 Dinh
nt nt nt nt nt
Trftn Xuan Luan 55 Van Cat-
Phaeh 44 Kim Thai
nt nt nt nt
Trftn Thi Ninh 50 Van Cat- Dan
45 Kim Thai
nt nt nt nt nguy~t
Trfrn Xuan 30
Van Cat-15 bai Phaeh 46
Kim Thai nt nt nt
Quan
Doan Xuan 30
TPNam 15 bai Phaeh 47
Dinh nt nt nt
Kien
Nguy~n Due Dan
35 TPNam
20 bai nguy~t, 48 nt nt nt Cu(mg Dinh
phaeh
49 Gifip Van cu 55 Nam Dinh nt nt 30 bai C6 nt Dan,
sao, nhi
1 0
CLB Hat Dim 50 Bui Nhu Hung 32 091 2432152 Dim, hat Phu Giap Ba 12 hai van Nam
nguy~t Dinh
51 Vii Xuan Toan 29 Kim Thai -
Hat van Phu Bong 36 bai Dan
Vv Ban nt nguy~t
52 Nguy€n Van
40 Kim Thai-
Hat van Phu Van Cat 36 bai Co Dan
Nam VvBan nt
nguy~t
53 Ph~m Quang
30 Kim Thai-
Hat van Phu Van Cat 36 bai Dan Di~n v~,~ Ban nt
Trfrn NgQc Kim Thai- Phu Thien CLB Hat
Dan, 54 40 Hat van, dan 36 hai van Nam Thu~n v~,~ Ban Huang phach Dinh
Tr~n Xuan 39
Kim Thai-55
Cuang v~,~ Ban Hat van, dan nt 36 bai nt nt
Kim Thai-Truy~n
Dan Tr~n Van Lang 44 Hat van D~n Due Vua 36 bai d~y cho 56 VvBan nguy~t
con
Tr~n Thi Huang 40 Kim Thai-
Dan, tr6ng 36 bai Dan 57
Vv Ban nt nt
nguy~t
Kim Thai -CLB Hat
58 Vii Xuan Toan 29 v~,~ Ban
Hat van Phu Bong 30 hai van Nam Tr6ng Dinh
59 Tr~n Thi Hu~ 50 Kim Thai H~u dbng Phu Tien
50 Co Thu nhang Huang
11
STT
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
SA lu'Q'ng chu th~ tri}'C ti~p Ia ca nhan o· huy~n Y Yen:
HQ va ten TuBi
2 3
D6 Th! Ky 47
Trcln Th! Ngu 58
Dinh Th! NgQc 46
Trcln NgQc 55
Thu~n
VG Th! Ngcln 75
Nguy~n Thi 75
Che
DANH MlJC KIEM KE NGU'OI THV'C HANH "TIN NGU'ONG T HO MAU TAM PHU CUA NGU'OI Vl.E:T"
OHUYtNYYEN
Phin vi~c dam Dja chi Dja di~m sA Truy~n (Sf> nha,
nh~n ho'c ky thl}·c hanh lu'Q'ng d~y (co
nang thlfc hi~n di~n tho~i, (den, phu, bai van hay
(hclu d6ng, hat van, email) mi~u ... ) co bi~t khong)
su dvng nh~c cv)
4 5 6 7 8
D10- D6ng
Tien- Yen Hclu d6ng u en, phu Cu(mg
Tf>ng Xa-Hat van nt 36 C6
Yen Cu0ng
nt nt nt 36 C6
QuangN~p Phu Quang
-Yen Hclu d6ng N~p
Khang
nt nt nt
nt nt nt
Mdus62
TB chu·c Lo~i
nh~c C\1 tham gia
su· dl}ng (Ban h()i,
(dan Cau l~c b()
nguy~t, nao?)
trf>ng ... )
9 10
, I
Trong, 1
phach
12
7 Trfin Thi Mui 75 nt nt nt
Bui Van Dan 8
Chung 55 nt nt nt 36 nguy~t,
trong
Van Tien-Phu Van
H(>i con Nhi, 9 Nguy~n Thi Ha 48 Hfiu dbng Tien- Yen 10 Khong Yen Tien nhang trfmg
Tien
Dong Hung Den Dong
10 Ph~m Thi Ngin 59 -Yen Tien
nt Hung- Yen 7 Khong nt nt Tien
11 Pham Van
52 nt 7 Khong Thanh
nt nt nt nt
CLB thong Dan
Thon Vong Dan nguy~t, hat Phvc vv theo nguy~t, 12 Dinh Due D~u 42 -Yen Binh yeu cau
36 co tin Huy~n dan bfiu, van
Y Yen sao
Trfin Thanh 68
Tr~i A - Thi Sfr dvng nh~c cv Phu Dfiy 20 co Ban h(>i
Dan 13 Xu an Trdn Lam nguy~t
14 Pham Van
55 nt nt Li~u
Den Song 10 Khong nt nt
Truang Cong Tr~i Chua-
15 60 Thi Trdn Hat van Phu Dfiy 36 nt nt Tr6ng Phong
Lam
Nguy~n Van Long
Dan I
16 49 Chuang - Hat van, nh~c Cl,l Theo yeu cfiu 5 co nt Bong
Yen Lqi nguy~t 1
13
17 Duang Thi
51 nt nt nt 5 nt nt nt Thinh
18 Nguy~n Van
25 nt Tr6ng nt 2 nt nt Tr6ng, I
D~t mo
19 Nguy~n Thi
49 nt Hat van nt 7 nt nt Phach Them
20 D6 Van San 35 Binh Di~n-
Hat, nh~c cv 5 Nhi, dim
nt nt nt Yen Lqi nguy~t
Dan
Kha Long- Hat, su dvng nh~c nguy~t, 21 Doim Due Sinh 73 nt 32 co Nhom tr6ng, Yen Duang Cl,l
phach, sao, nhi
22 Dao Thi S~i 99 X6m 33 -
Hat van Phu N~p-
36 co Nhom Tr6ng Yen D6ng Yen D6ng
23 Dao Thi Phong 72 Xom 33 - Phu N~p +
co Tr6ng,
Yen D6ng nt
cac nai nt nt
dan
24 Nguy~n Thi in 66 HungXa-
Hat van, hfru d6ng Theo yeu cfru 72 Khong Ban h<)i Yen Phong
Nguy~n Thi 79
Phu Khe-72 Khong Ban h<)i 25
B~ng Yen Phong nt nt
Nguy~n D~c 60
Hung Xa-73 Khong
Dan 26 nt nt nt
Cong Yen Phong nguy~t
27 Trftn Van Di~u 65 Hung Xa-
nt nt nt nt nt nt Yen Phong
Duang Thi Yen D6ng-Hfru d6ng Phu N~p 36 Khong
H9i thanh Dan 28 76
YYen d6ng nguy~t I Lung
14
29 Hoang Thi
84 Yen Tri - Y
Hat van Phu N~p 36 C6 Phu Quang
Phach Luong Yen Cung
Dan
30 Ph~m Van
31 Nam Ch~n Hat van, Slr dyng
30 co Ban h9i nguy~t,
nt Giang - Nam Tn,rc nh~c c1,1 trong,
sao
31 Nguy~n Van
35 TP Thai Hat van, su d1,1ng
31 co Sao Thao Binh nh~c Cl,l
nt
32 Hoang Thi
38 Nam Toan-
Hfiu dbng Phu N~p Khong Ban hQi '
Ngat Nam Tn,rc
33 Nguy~n Ti~n
51 Ph6 Hu~ -
Hfiu dbng Phu N~p Khong Ban h<)i Nghia TP HaN()i
34 Tr:ln Van H6a 46 Thi tr~n
Hat Van Phu N~p Khong Ban h<)i Nam Giang
35 D6 Thi Nga 63 TP Hai
Hfiu dbng Phu N~p Khong Ban h<)i Duang
36 Tr:ln Thi Van 69 XaYen
Hfiu dbng Phu N~p 50 co Thu nhang Dbng
-- - - --
1 5
Gin cu vao bang th6ng ke chung toi thAy: Hi~n t~i a Nam Dinh c6 t6ng s6 485 nguai trvc ti~p tham ra thvc hanh tin ngu5ng tha m§u tam phu mang tinh "chuyen nghi~p", trong d6 hfru d6ng 246 nguai chi~m 52,34%, Hit van/cung van 245 nguai
chi~m 52,12%, sir d1,mg nh~c cv 162 nguai chi~m 34,46%, hfru dang 16 nguai 3,40%. s6 nguai nay hi~n nay thu9c 3 t6 chuc Ia: Bim h9i 137 nguai, Cau l~c b9 78 ngm1i, va tv do 206 nguai.
Ben c~nh d6, tham gia vao qua trinh thvc hanh tin ngu5ng tho m§u tam phu,
rna ho~t d9ng t~p trung nhAt Ia hat van - h~u d6ng, con hang Io~t ca nhan thu9c nh6m nguai lam chu th~ gian ti~p - nhfrng ong d6ng, ba d6ng, con nhang, d~ tir, khach th~p phuong va d9i cung van cua dia phuong Ian c~ d~n tham gia nghi IS. Tren dia bim phu Quang Cung (Y Yen) nhfrng nam gfrn day, con c6 SIJ tham d1J cua nhi~u giao dan thu9c
dia ph~n Thien cht1a giao cung lang ho~c Ian c~n. Sl! g&l k~t, hoa d6ng m9t each !1J nhien nay gop phfrn nang cao doan k~t c9ng d6ng va doan k~t sinh ho~t ton giao - tin nguemg n6i chung.
c. D~c di~m cua di san (hinh th1fc bi~u hi~n, quy trinh thvc himh, khong gian van boa lien quan, cac san ph§m V~t ch~t, tinh thi n dU'Q'C t~O ra trong qua
trinh thvc hanh di san van boa phi v~t th~) c.l. v~ thiri gian sinh ho~t va thvc hanh tin ngll'O'Ilg thir miu tam phu
-Thai gian ph6 bi~n nhAt Ia cac ngay Mung M9t va ngay R~m himg thfmg (theo lich Trang- Am lich) va cac ngay IS ti~t trong nam (ti~t Doan ngQ, ti~t Trung nguyen,
I~ xu6ng d6ng, IS vao mila, I~ com m6i, . .. ). D6i tuQ'Ilg tham gia thvc hanh Ia quang d~i dan chung, nhiing nguai c6 nhu cfru dang IS M§u d~ cfru an, d u tai, cfru 19c, ...
- Thai gian duqc coi Ia I~ trQng trong sinh ho~t tin nguemg tho m§u Ia cac ngay Thanh sinh, Thanh h6a ho~c nhfrng ngay 18 trQng trong nam. Trong khoi'mg thai gian
nay, ben c~nh cac nghi IS thong thuang, Iuon di~n ra cac CUQC hat van - hfru d6ng. V6i cac ong D6ng d~n (chu d~n) thi trong m9t nam c6 cac dip: Hfru xong d~n (sau I~ giao thira), I~ hfru ThuQ'Ilg nguyen (r~m thang Gieng), 18 hfru nh~p h~ (thang Tu), 18 tan h~ (thang Bay), 18 hfru tAt nien (thang Ch~p), 18 h~p ftn (25 thang Ch~p). Rieng d6i v6i cac Thanh D6ng va Co D6ng thi con c6 cac I~ hfru vao dip ti~c cua cac vi Thanh rna
minh mang can, nhu ti~c Co Ba (12 tMng Sau), ti~c Quan Tam Phu (24 thang Sau) ... Trong thai gian 1 nam, thuang cac CUQC len d6ng t~i cac di tich tha m§u ~p trung hon ca vao dip thang Ba - Gi6 M~ (Thanh M~u) va thang Tam - Gi6 Cha (NgQc Hoang, Vua Cha Bat Hai, Due Thanh Trfrn) theo thS thuc "Thang Tam gi6 Cha thang Ba gi6 M~".
c.2. H1nh th1fc bi~u hi~n thvc hanh tin ngll'O'Dg th<r miu tam phu Theo khao sat thvc ti8n t~i hai huy~n Vv Ban va Y Yen (1-2014), tin ngu5ng tha
m~u cua nguai Vi~t duqc thvc hanh theo 2 cAp d9/muc d9 va ph~m vi khac nhau: Cftp d9/muc d9 va ph~m vi mang tinh ph6 bi~n, chung cho ca c9ng d6ng Ia ho~t
d9ng thvc hanh theo nhu du va di~u ki~n, hoan ca.nh cua tirng ca nhan, nh6m nguai,
dap frng nhu du tam linh thuang ngay, t~i cac di tich tho m~u (hi~n t6n t~i dia phuang sa t~i ho~c t~i dja phuang khac ). Hinh thuc bi~u hi~n chu y~u a vi~c dang 18 ( d6 18, sa) va Iai n6i thieng ( du khAn, bai cung) trong khong gian thieng vao thai di~m cua I~
17
ti~t trong nam ho~c bAt ky. Trang phl)C nguoi thl,l'C hfmh binh thuang nhu trong CUQC s6ng, dam bao kin dao, s?ch se, nghiem trang.
cAp d9/muc d9 va ph?m vi thl,l'c hanh vai cac hinh thuc bi~u hi~n cao nhAt duqc g5n v6i sinh ho?t nghi 1~ c6 hat van - hfiu d6ng, trong m<?t khong gian d~c bi~t cua cac di tich duqc ll,l'a chQn. Nguai tham gia bao g6m nhi~u thanh phfin: Nh6m thl,l'c hanh
tfl,l'C ti~p la cac thanh d6ng/c6 d6ng va hat van- nh?C Cl); Nh6m thl,l'C hanh gian ti~p la cac hfiu dang, phl) trq trang phl)C va cac phuang ti~n phl)C Vl) hfiu d6ng; Nh6m tham
dl! Ia ca nhan ho~c cac nh6m/ban h9i va du khach th~p phuang. Theo truy~n th6ng, 6 hfiu kh5p cac d~n, phu - nhfrng nai c6 ban tho M~u, d~u c6
cac hinh thuc hat hat hfiu d6ng va hat tho, vao cac dip I~ h9i, ngay xuan, dfiu thang, ngay r~m, ... C6 th~ n6i, sinh ho?t van h6a hat van - hfiu d6ng Ia bi~u hi~n k~t tinh van
h6a tam linh 6 mire d9 cao nhAt, c6 gia tri d~c s~c nhAt va mang ban s5c van h6a d9c dao trong tin ngu5ng tha m~u tam phu cua nguoi Vi~t nhi~u tram nam qua.
c.2.1. Cac Jan di~u (16i, each hat) ctia hat chiu van + Ctic lim difu ciia Hat viin
Hat chfiu van su dl)ng nhi~u Ian di~u (hay con gQi la tu I6i hat, each hat). Cac Ian
di~u hat van ca ban g6m: Bi, Mi~u, Th6ng, Di~u Phu, di~u Ki~u Duang, di~u dQc,
can ... + Di~u Bi: Mang s~c thai trjnh trQng, duqc dung d~ rna dfiu cho hinh thuc hat
van tha. Di~u hi thuang c6 trong cac bai nhu van tha (van cong d6ng, van M~u). + Di~u Mi~u: La I6i hat rAt nghiem trang, dlnh d?c, chi duqc dung trong hat thi
va hat tho, mi~u duqc lAy theo day l~ch, nhjp doi.
+ Di~u Th6ng: Chi dang rieng cho van tho va van thi, duqc lAy theo day bing, nhjp ba.
+ Di~u Phu bao g6m cac lo?i Phu n6i (thuang dung trong hat van tho, van thi va ca trong hfiu b6ng, lAy theo day b~ng, nhjp ba ho~c khong c6 nhjp rna chi d6n phach); Phu Chenh (lAy theo day b~ng nhjp ba); Phu Binh (danh rieng cho hat van tha va dung
d~ hat ca ngqi cac nam thAn, lAy theo day l~ch nhjp ba); Phu Rfiu duqc lAy theo day b~ng nhung hat theo nhjp doi; Phu Dfiu, Phu Dan; Phu H?; Phu Chu6c ruqu; Phu Cua
dinh; Phu Van dan; Phu Gifiy l~ch; Phu Ty Ba ( cac phu nay chi dung nhjp ba). + Di~u Ki~u Duang: c6 Ki~u Duang h?, Ki~u Duang thuqng. + Di~u DQc: LAy theo day bAng, nhip doi, hat theo I6i song thAt - ll)c bat va hat
theo nguyen t5c vay tra, n~u hat ttrng cau thi gQi la nhAt cu. N~u hat li~n hai cau song
thAt - ll)c bat thi gQi Ia DQc g6i h?C hay DQc nhi cu.
+ Di¢u Can: Can oan, can xuan, can nam (giay l~ch), can luy~n, can Hu~. Di~u nay dung d~ ca ngqi s5c d~p cac vi thanh, can duqc lay theo day I~ch, nhjp doi, c6 th~ hat theo day b~ng, nhung hfiu h~t la hat ki~u day I~ch.
+ Di~u Xa: la m9t trong nhfrng di~u hat quan trQng nhAt khi hat van hfiu bong
( cung vai Can, DQc, Phu n6i). Di~u Xa d~c trung cho cac gia nfr thfin mi~n thuqng. Di~u Xa c6 Xa b~ng (mua m6i, sau khi ngl,l'), xa B5c, xa Thuqng, xa vao lang, xa quang ...
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Ngoai cac di~u Xa ca bank~ tren thi con c6 m9t s6 di~u khac nhu: Di~u ham, di~u nhip m<)t, di~u cheo do, di~u chinh ph1,1 d6ng, di~u van trinh nguyen, di~u song thAt, di~u luu thuy, di~u kim tiSn, di~u sai, di~u d6n.
Ngoai rahat ch~u van con c6 th~ muQTI cac Um di~u nh~c c6 truySn khac nhu ca tru, quan h9, ho Hu~, va ca nhiing di~u hat cua dan t<)c thi~u s6.
+ Ctic nllip ili~u ciia Hat viin Nhjp di~u va ti~t tAu trong am nh~c hat van cling rfrt d9c dao. H~u h~t cac di~u
dSu su dl,lng lo~i nhip phan doi. Do d6 cac lo~i nhip rAt g~n v&i cac nhip gia g~o. DiSu m'ty phu hqp v&i quan di~m cua m9t s6 nha nghien c(ru cho d ng: Tin ngu6ng Tam phu - Tu Phu ta m9t tin ngu6ng xuAt hi~n h~u h~t a vung cu tru cua cu dan nong nghi~p vung d6ng b~ng B~c B9.
Ti~t t~u trong hat van kha phong phu, da d~ng dva tren CO' sa cua SIJ phat tri~n nhfrng ti~t tAu ca ban sau:
Nhjp ph1,1 d6ng: Lo~i nhiP g~ v6i nhip tr6ng ngli lien, ngum dam nhi~m bQ go su dt)llg ba dui, hai dui go vao tr6ng con, m9t dui go vao thanh la, ~olen "kep".
Nhip d6i: C6 nhiSu bi~n th~, song dSu c6 ca sa a m9t hinh thuc nhip ca ban duqc g9i la "nhip d~m k~o". Nhfrng hinh thuc nhip d6i bi~n th~ c6 nhip "lfrn", nhip "khuon". Cac di~u hat van sau thuemg su d1,1ng nhjp d6i. Mi~u (nhip doi), D9c can, Ham, Van, Van dan, Luy~n tam t~ng (nhip doi d~c bi~t) ... nhip doi ca ban.
+ Difu tltuc trong lim nlt{lc Hat viin Am nh~c Hat van r~t phong phu vS di~u, m6i di~u l~i tuang irng v6i m9t s6 hang
ch~u, bi~u hi~n nhfrng d~c di~m rieng vS tinh each cua cac vi Thanh rna di~u hat d6 mo ta.
Di~u thuc duqc su dvng trong Hat van kha hoan chinh, da d~ng va phong phu, trong m<)t s6 bai hat van da CO SIJ k~t hqp CUa hai di~u thuc, khi~n bai hat van CO am huang phong phu, da d~ng.
Phuang phap chuy~n di~u trong hat van cling dan gian, thong thuemg nguoi ta ti~n hanh chuy~n di~u theo hai each: Sau khi trinh bay bai hat a m9t di~u thuc, nguoi ta d~o nh~c a di~u thuc m6i va hat sang di~u thuc kia.
+Lui Hat Hat Ch~u van hay con g9i la hat van hay hat bong, hat ch~u van c6 ba hinh thuc
bi~u di~n chinh la hat thi (van thi), hat tha (van tho) va hat hdu (hat phvc vv h~u d6ng, len d6ng).
Hat thi dung trong cac CUQC dua tai thi hat va thuang Ia hat dan, hat tru6c ngay ti~c , ngay m6ng m<)t, ngay tAt nien, va n6i chung thuemg duqc t6 chuc trong gi&i cung van d€ ton vinh, cong nh~n, x~p h~ng va thuang thuc tai ngh~ cua cung van. d Nam Dinh, t~i qu~n th~ di tich phu Day, tinh tir khi 1~ h9i cua di tich duqc khoi ph1,1c (nam 1995) cling la luc hQi thi Hat Van nai day duqc t6 chuc, va duy tri tir d6 cho d~n nay. Tuy nhien, hat thi it ph6 bi~n so v6i hat tho va hat h~u.
Hat tha la hat tru6c khi vao cac gia len d6ng, hat vao cac ngay I~ ti~t, nhfrng ngay sinh, ngay h6a cua cac vi Thanh.
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Hat hdu hay con gQi la hat len d6ng dung trong quy trinh thtJc hi~n nghi I~ h~u d6ng, phvc vv cho qua trinh nh~p dbng hi~n thcinh, lai hat k~ v~ SIJ tich va cong due cua cac vi Thanh, ti~c vi Thanh nao se c6 hat van Thanh d6.
Hat van Ia th~ Io<.ti am nh<.tc tin nguang (ho?c am nh<.tc nghi IS), duqc quy dinh r~t ch?t che v~ m?t trinh diSn, tir Ian di~u d~n phmmg thuc trinh diSn trang phvc, cling nhu SIJ k~t hqp gifra hat Va mua, VOL cac gia, cac vai, trong d6 CO SIJ k~t hqp ch{lt che gifra di~u hat vai d<)ng tac mua, trang phvc d(.lo Cl,l cua nguai mua (h~u bong). M6i quan M
t6ng th~ d6 khi~n th~ Io<.ti am nh<.tc nay tr& thanh m9t sinh ho<.tt ngh~ thu~t t6ng hqp, trong d6 y~u t6 san kh~u k~t hqp ch?t che vai y~u t6 thinh phong, khi~n sinh ho<.tt Hat
van tr& thanh m9t sinh ho(.lt am nh~c d<)c dao va c6 sue h~p dftn vm nhfrng nguai theo tin ngu5ng Tu phu.
Hat van cling nhu cac Io~i hinh am nh~c dan gian khac, d~n nay vftn khong ngirng phat tri~n vS bai ban, Ian di~u, dan nho;tc va phuang thuc trinh diSn, trong S\I
phcit tri~n d6 vai tro cua cac cung van r~t quan trQng va la nguai quy~t dinh.
Ngoai ra, tir th~p nien 60 cua TK XX d~n nay to;ti Nam Dinh phai sinh ra 2 hinh thuc:
- Ch~u van duqc san kh~u h6a (phvc d\Illg, bi~u diSn tren san kh~u). - Hat ch~u van t6n to;ti nhu m<)t loo;ti hinh ngM thu~t dan ca truySn th6ng, ca ngqi
Dang quang vinh, Bac H6 vi do;ti , non song dfit nuac, que huang tuai d~p .. c.3.2. V~ quy trinh thl}'C himh: K~t qua ki~m ke cho bi~t, tin ngu5ng tha mftu tam phu, trong d6 h~u d6ng gifr
vai tro trung tam (& Nam Dinh cling nhu nhfrng dia phuang khac) dSu c6 m<)t quy trinh tuang d6i gi6ng nhau. C6 2 hinh thuc hftu: hdu xuoi va hdu ngu(fc, nhung nghi lS
ch~u van diSn ra t(.li Nam Dinh dSu theo hinh thuc hftu xuoi. Theo d6, h~u xuoi thi theo thu tv: Tam toa thanh Mftu, Due Thanh Trftn (n~u ai c6 can nha Trftn), Tu phu Chfiu
ba, Ngli vi Quan Ian, cac Ong Hoang, hang Co, hang C~u ... Hfiu nguqc la hfiu theo thu ttJ: Tam toa thanh Mftu, Ngli vi Quan Ian, Tu phu Chfiu ba, cac 6ng Hoang, hang
Co, hang C~u .. . Trong m9t v~n hfiu, cac cung van phai cung thinh tftt ca cac vi Thanh ( c6 vi
Nh~p, 6p dbng va lam vi~c quan gQi la hfiu mer khan, con nhfrng vi Thanh chi vS ngl! va nghe van thi gQi la hfiu trang m(.ln, khong m& khan). Thong thuang, Tam Toa Thanh
Mftu chi v~ ngv va nghe van, chu khong phan truy~n lam vi~c . Con d6i vai nhfrng nguai c6 can Due Thanh Trfin cling chi kiSu Due Thanh v~ ngiJ va nghe van, rftt it khi
Due Thanh Trfin v~ lam vi~c (hAu m& khan). N~u gia hAu ki~u Due Thanh Trfin v~ trir ta di~t quy, chua b~nh cilu nguai thi phai thtJc hi~n nhi~u d<)ng tac mang tinh uy oai nhu: xien linh, ng~m h!a, th&t c6, di tren lucri cay nung do, cit luai lfty dftu m{ln ... Nhung hi~n nay, nhfrng truang hqp nay rftt it xay ra.
Theo Cung van Hoang Thi Luang 84 tu6i & thon Ng9c Chftn xa Yen Trj, huy~n Y Yen thi Hftu d6ng xua, nhftt la trong thai gian bi dm, thuang diSn ra vao bu6i t6i. M9t bu6i hfiu dbng thuang chi c6 3 nguai g6m: m<)t thanh dbng/co d6ng, m9t cung
2 0
van, m<)t hau dang va con nhang d~ tu. Cung van ngoai nhi~m VlJ hat con kiem luon ca
nh~c cv. Tham dl! m<)t bu6i hau d6ng hi~n nay,s6 luqng ngw1i th\fc hanh thuemg c6 m<)t
thanh d6ng, ban cung van tu 1- 3 ngw1i, hAu dang tu 2 - 4 ngucri va ban nh~c, cling
r~t nhi~u con nhang d~ tlr. Quy trinh cua m<)t bu6i hAu d6ng thuemg duqc di€n ra nhu sau:
- Cong tac chufin bi: + Ong ba thu nhang: chufin bj kh6ng gian th\fc hanh ( di tich phu, di~n, dSn ... )
va cac phfim v~t dn thi~t trong bu6i I€, nhung phai c6 c6 chay va c6 m~n. + Ong ba d6ng: an chay, tinh tru6'c d6 hang tuAn, ngoai ra h9 con phai chufin bi
trang phvc chinh trong v~n hfru .. .
+ Cung van, ngucri chcri nh~c: chfin bj nh~c cv, dan, tr6ng, phach, thanh
Ia ... micro, loa ... Trinh t\I n<)i dung thai gian cua 1 gia hAu: Ia thai gian th\fc hi~n cac nghi I~ cua
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~w~~~~ v6'i S\f tich, c6ng tr~ng cua tirng vi Thanh, theo thu t\l cac bu6'c nhu sau.
+ Buac 1: Mcri thanh nh~p
+ Bu6'c 2: K~ S\f tich va c6ng due
+ Buac 3: Xin thanh phil h<)
+ Bu6'c 4: Dua ti€n
N~u cung van hat hay, hat dung, se duqc ban l<)c. Trong khi hat, mua nhi€u
cung van dan hay hat gioi, 6ng d6ng mua hay, da t~o cho mQi ngucri xung quanh cam
giac ng~t ngay, hung phfin.
d. Tin ngu01lg thO' miu tam phii va trao truy~n di san
d.l. V~ Sl}' t&n t:_~ i ciia sinh ho:,tt van boa tin ngU'Ong
Nhin v~ kh&i thuy, ccr s& v~t chfit phvc vv cho sinh ho~t van h6a tin ngu5ng
tho m~u tam phu chu y~u (y cac lang/th6n v6n da duqc c<)ng d6ng t~o l~p tu nhi€u tram
nam truac, dtr6'i cac hinh th(rc ki~n true dinh, d€n, chua, mi~u, trong do sf> ltrqng CCY SO tho tt,r duqc coi trQng nhfit Ia D~n va Phu. Di€u d6 cho th~y, nhfrng di tich g~n v6'i sinh
ho~t tin ngu5ng ban dia (tho M~u, tho Thanh Hoang) v~n chi~m s6 luqng nhi~u hem
cac di tich tho Ph~t (chua) va tho Thanh (dinh). Can cu vao cac ngu6n su li~u c6 lien
quan d~n qua trinh "tam sinh tam h6a" cua Thanh M~u Li€u H~nh va ljch su I€ h<)i phu
Dfry, c6 th~ kh~ng djnh, nghi I€ chAu van trong tin ngu5ng tho m~u tam phu t~i Nam
Dinh ra dcri sam nhfit vao khoimg th~ ky XVI, XVII.
D~n cu6i thai Nguy€n (cu6i th~ ky XIX dfru TKXX) v6'i vi~c trung tu, ton t~o cac di tich tho M~u (tu sua phu Van Cat, Tien Huang .. . ) d~n vi~c xay lang M~u vao
nam 1938, d~u CO S\f tham gia ttr vua, quan tri~u dinh d~n cac quan l~i dja phtrcrng. Cho nen c6 th~ n6i giai do~n nay, sinh ho~t hat van va hfru d6ng phat tri~n hung thjnh nh~t.
Tu sau Cach m~ng thanh Tam 1945, do h~n ch~ v~ nh~n thuc va quan ni~m sai l~ch CUa chinh quy~n, cung vai S\f tac d(}ng cua thai gian, khf h~u t\{ nhien, r~t nhi~U di
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tfch tho tv (dinh, d~n, chua, mi~u, phu, di~n) bi huy ho~i ho~c tra thanh ph~ tich. Thoi
gian cac di tich bi pha huy n~ng nhfit Ia vao cac nam 1956-1957, 1961 va 1975. Phai
d~n dfiu nhfrng nam 90 cua th~ ky XX tra l~i day, nhiSu dja phuong m&i c6 di~u ki~n V~ m~t phap }y va CO sa V~t chfit d~ phi,IC d1Jl1g, ton t~O, tu SUa Va khoi phi,IC cac CO sa tha t~r, phi,IC Vl,l cho nhu cfiu sinh ho~t van h6a tin ngu6ng a timg dja phuong
)_ J. )_ )_ d.2. Ve van de truyen d:,y
- V &i sinh ho~t tin ngu6ng tho m~u tam phu, thanh phfin n~m gifr mQi each thuc,
n()i dung chuang trinh t~ 1~, h()i he Ia cac b~c cao nien, nhfrng nguoi da c6 thoi gian
tn,rc ti~p tham gia th\IC hanh cac cong do~n th\IC hanh nghi I~ va di~n trinh cua ho<.lt
d()ng h()i trong qua khu. Phfin 16n d6i tuqng nay d~u cao tu6i, s6 luQllg hi€u bi~t v~ nghi 1~, hanh tr<.1ng thl,l'c hanh nghi I~ va hanh tr<.1ng h()i khong nhi~u, m()t s6 da va
dang la cac thanh vien cua Ban khanh ti~t va Ban qm1n ly di tich t<.1i lang/thon.LlJc
luqng chu y~u tn,rc ti~p tham gia thl,l'c hanh sinh ho<.1t tin ngu6ng Ia lua tu6i trung nien
(50 tu6i tra len). Trong sinh ho<.1t hanh h()i, d()i ngli tham gia la cac th~ h~ thanh-thi~u nhi, tu6i ti:r 15 d~n 25.
- V &i ph<.1m vi thl,l'c hanh hat van - hfru d6ng trong sinh ho~t tin nguong tho m~u, theo s6 Ii~u ki~m ke, hi~n nay tren dja ban tinh Nam Dinh c6 86 nguoi vira th\Ic hanh
vira truy~n d~y m()t s6 ky nang lien quan d~n nghi I~ chfiu van. Vi~c truySn d<.!Y chu
y~u duqc thl,l'C hi~n v&i nhfrng nguoi hat van va nguoi Slr dl,mg nh~c Cl,l. Can c(r vao
k~t qua ki€m ke, hi~n tinh Nam Dinh c6 240 cung van, trong d6 chi con l~i 30 cung
van tren 60 tu6i (Nam Tn,rc 8 nguoi, Nghia Hung 7 nguoi, Y Yen 6 nguoi, Giao Thuy
2 nguai, Xuan Truang 4 nguoi, TP Nam Djnh 2 nguoi, Twc Ninh 1 nguoi ). H9 Ia
nhfrng nguoi n~m gifr nhi~u tri thuc v~ ngh~ thu~t hat van truy~n thdng, nhung phfrn
16n da tu6i cao sue y~u, nen vi~c truy~n d<.!Y cling g~p nhiSu kh6 khan. Nhi~u c1,1, cling
c6 y djnh truySn ngh~ cho con chau nhung rfit it nguoi tham gia, s6 con l<.1i Ia nhfrng
nguoi yeu thich hat van, h9 tim d~n nhfrng cung van c6 tham nien kinh nghi~m d~ hQc.
Thong thuang, m6i l&p chi c6 tir 4-5 h9c vien, c6 khi chi dao t~o duqc vai ba thang,
lau hon Ia 1 nam Ia h9 ra hanh nghS, nen chfit luqng cling con nhiSu h<.1n ch~. Theo loi
k€ cua c1,1 Hoang Thi Luong, 84 tu6i, thon NgQc Chfin xa Yen Tri, Y Yen, da ti:rng dao
t<.1o duqc 5 nguoi nhung chi trong vong 3 thang, sau d6 h9 xin di th\Ic hanh luon.
Phuong thuc truy~n d~y: Theo loi k€ cua cac cung van cao tu6i, tru&c kia hat
van chi truySn d~y cho con chau trong gia dinh, dong h9 nhu dong h9 Dao a Yen
D6ng, Y Yen da c6 6 doi lien t1,1c hanh ngh~ hat van, da c6 rfit nhiSu cung van n6 i
ti~ng nhu c1,1 Dao Thi S<.1i (sinh nam 1914, da mfit), c1,1 Dao Thj Sqi (sinh nam 1916,
em gai cv S<.1i ), cv Dao Thi Phong (sinh nam 1942, chau g9i ba S<.1i Ia co ru()t) ... ;
Dong h9 Nguy~n a xa Xwln Tan huy~n Xuan Truang trong d6 c6 bd- con (c1,1 Nguy~n Due Hi~p va ong Nguy~n Th~ Tuy~n), bd vq- con r~ (cl,l Nguy~n Due Hi~p va ong
Bui Van Dong), chu hQ VC) - chau r~ ( Cl,l Nguy~n Due Hi~p va ong Doan Due
Dan) . .. dSu la nhfrng eung van n6i ti~ng a Nam Dinh. Cv Nguy~n Due Hi~p (1904-
1979) m()t cung van n6i ti~ng a Nam Dinh Ia eha eua NSUT Nguy~n Th~ Tuy~n (sinh
nam 1939) - nguyen Ia can b() Do<'m Cheo Nam Djnh, duqe nha nu&c phong t~ng
2 2
Ngh~ si uu tU nam 1992 ... Tru6c kia, phuong thuc d~y chu y~u la truy~n khAu Ngay nay, ngoai phuong thuc truy~n d~y va hQc tren, hQc vien co thS mua rna CD v~ va tlJ hQC theo, ho~C tflJC ti~p ttr sach vfJ ....
F. M()t sa vi n d~ d~t ra trong qua trinh bao tAn va khai thac gia trj di san F.l. v~ tinh tr~mg va hi~u Ung tich Cl}'C cua di san - Cho d~n nay, ph~n 16n cac sinh ho~t van hoa tin ngu5ng gin v6i vi~c tho m~u
tam phu t~i 1 0 huy~n/thj/thanh ph6 & N am Dinh da duqc c<)ng d6ng dan chung s& t~i quan tam, kh6i phl,lc, ca v~ van hoa v~t thS ( ca s& tho W) l~n van hoa phi v~t thS (hat van, hfiu d6ng, 1~ h<)i). Da s6 cac dia phuong, vi~c phl,lc dlJllg ca s& tin ngu5ng tho m~u d~u do c<)ng d6ng dan chung dong gop va hqp sue xay dlJllg. ThS hi~n ro nhfit & cac huy~n Vl,l Ban, Y Yen, Nam Tf1Jc.
-y thuc bao t6n va duy tri tin ngu5ng tha t~i cac lang/th6n/khu dan cu chu y~u thu<)c lua tu6i trung nien tr& len, thS hi~n qua hanh d<)ng dong gop c6ng sue, v~t Ivc Cl,l thS. N~u nhu trong nua cu6i cua th~ ky XX, thanh phfin tham gia sinh ho~t van hoa tin
ngu5ng noi chung chu y~u la lua tu6i cao nien, thi tir cu6i th~ ky XX (nhiing nam 90) d~n nay, thanh ph~n tham gia thvc hanh tin ngu5ng kh6ng chi dirng & h<)i nguai cao tu6i rna con m& r<)ng d~n lvc luqng thanh nien, trai tning trong lang/th6n. Rieng nhan lvc tham gia 1~ h<)i da duqc m& r<)ng ra nhi~u lua tu6i, ca nam l~n nfr, thanh phfin tham gia thvc hanh h<)i da mang tinh c<)ng d6ng sau r<)ng, duqc sv hu&ng (rng cua mQi lua tu6i, ngh~ nghi~p va vi tri c6ng tac khac nhau. K~t qua di~u tra v~ muc d<) tham gia vao thvc hanh nghi 1~ va 1~ h<)i & di tich tho phl,lng M~u, da ph~n ngum dan tren dia him khao sat thuang xuyen tham gia ( tflJc ti~p ho~c gian ti~p) vao 1~ h<)i chi~m t)' 1~ cao nhfit t6i (90.9%), chi co m<)t t)' 1~ nh6 ngum dan chQn phuong an thinh thoang tham gia vao thvc hanh nghi 1~ va 1~ h<)i & di tich tha phl,lllg M~u (9.1%). Nhu v~y, co thS thfiy di tich tha M~u va cac ho~t d<)ng trong 1~ h<)i tha M~u & dia phuong da thu hut duqc rAt nhi~u nguai tham gia kh6ng chi ngum dan dia phuong rna con nhi~u du khach tu cac nai khac d~n tham dv.
- Trong khoang tren du6i chl,lc nam tr& l~i day, m<)t s6 dia phuong da t6 chuc phl,lc dlJllg sinh ho~t 1~ h<)i trong cac ky sinh ho~t van hoa tin ngu5ng tha m~u tam phu (Phu Gifiy, Y\1 Ban va Phu Nfip/Quang Cung, huy~n Y Yen). Thvc t~ do da, & nhfrng hinh thuc va muc d<) khac nhau, giup cho cac th~ h~ nh~n thuc sau sic them cac gia tri
truy~n th6ng van hoa cua dan t<)c, d~c bi~t la the h~ tre. Di~u nay da co tac d<)ng tich ClJC cho m6i quan h~ giao dl,IC gifra nha truang Va xa h<)i trong hoan canh duong d~i va nang cao y thuc bao v~ cac di tich lich su - van hoa truy~n th6ng & tu dia phuong. Tu bang s6 li~u tren vi~c thvc hanh tin ngu5ng tha M~u va tham dlJ 1~ h<)i M~u co tac d<)ng tich eve den dai s6ng cua nguai dan, t)' 1~ cao nhfit (88.8%) trong s6 nhfrng nguai duqc hoi cho r~ng vi~c thtJc hanh tin ngu5ng tha M~u va tham dv 1~ h<)i gop phfin gifr gin truy~n th6ng van hoa; thu hai, giao dl,lc th€ h~ tre "u6ng nu6c nh6 ngu6n" la (85.3%); thu ba, tang cuang doan k€t lang, xom (84.9%); Gop phfin vao bao t6n di san van hoa phi v~t thS cua dia phuong (86.2%). Ngoai ra, vi~c thvc hanh tin
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ngu5ng thO' Mftu va tham d\f 1€ h9i con giup nguai dan cam thfiy thanh than, nh~ nhang trong CUQC s6ng va cong vi~c S\f nghi~p thu~n lqi.
Xet tuong quan gifra tu6i cua nguai tra lai v6i danh gia nhfrng tac d9ng tich C\fC
cua vi~c th\(C hanh tin ngu5ng thO' Mftu va tham d\l' 1€ h9i k~t qua nhu sau: da phftn cac nh6m tu6i d~u danh gia vi~c th\fc hanh tin nguang thO' Mftu va tham d\f 1€ h9i c6 tac d9ng tich C\fc giao dvc th~ h~ tre "u6ng nu6c nh6 nguBn", gifr gin truy~n th6ng van
h6a, tang cuang tinh doan kSt lang, x6m chi~m tY 1~ kha cao, d~c bi~t nh6m du&i 35 tu6i chi~m tren (90.0%), tir 36- 70 tu6i tr6 len (84.0%).Nguai dan khi th\fc hanh tin nguang thO' Mftu va tham d\f 1€ h9i con cam thfiy thanh than, nh~ nhang, nh6m du6i 35 tu6i vatu 71 tu6i tr6 len chi~m tren (80.0%), tY 1~ nay 6 nhom tu6i 36-70 tu6i chiSm tren (49.0%). Ben qmh d6, sau khi di 1€ h9i va th\fc hanh nghi le thO' Mftu nguai dan con thfiy cong vi~c S\f nghi~p thu~n lqi, cy ~~ nay 6 nh6m du6i 35 tu6i cao hon SO v6i
nh6m tu6i tir 36-55 (37.0%) va tir 56-70 tu6i (29.6%). - Khao sat t(;li Phu Tien Huang va Phu Quang Cung, hai nai c6 t6 chuc sinh ho(;lt
1€ h9i gin v6i sinh ho(;lt van h6a tin nguang thO' mftu tam phu t(;li hai huy~n duqc coi la
hai trung tam th\(C hanh tin ngu5ng thO' mftu cua nguai Vi~t,c6 the nh~n thfiy,chinh quy~n va cac bQ may quan ly van h6a cac cfip, d~c bi~t }a cfip xa da tr\(C ti~p ganh vac trach nhi~m t6 chuc, di~u hanh, theo doi, kiem tra tfit ca mQi khau cua qua trinh chudn
hi nhan tai v~t 1\fc, di~n t~p va hanh h9i, duqc dan chung dBng thu~n va khen ngqi, t(;lo ra sg dBng thu~n theo chi~u huang tich cgc de duy tri tin ngu5ng van h6a m9t each
b~n vfrng va dem l(;li hi~U trng tich C\fC trong xa hQi. - Theo th6ng ke, c6 90% s6 y kiSn cua c9ng dBng nh~t tri v6i bu&c di ban ddu
cua chinh quy~n dja phuong trong qua trinh khoi phl,lC, bao t6n di tich va t6 chuc IS
h9i gin v6i sinh ho(;lt tin ngu5ng thO' mftu hi~n nay. - D6i v6i SIJ tham gia cua cac h9i doim the t(;li cac h'mg/x6m c6 thgc hanh tin
nguang thO' mftu,bang s6 li~u tren cho thfiy H9i Phv nfr duqc danh gia tich cgc tham gia vao cac ho(;lt d9ng cua IS h9i chi~m tY 1~ cao nhfit (87.5%), thu hai, H9i nong dan
(84. 1 %), thu ba, Doan thanh nien cua dia phuong (76.3%). H9i CIJU chi~n binh h't ( 49. 1% ). Ben c(;lnh d6, theo danh gia cua nguai dan tren dia ban khao sat c6 h9i it tich
CIJC tham gia vao cac ho(;lt d9ng cua lS h9i nhu: H9i CIJU chi~n binh (38.4%); H9i ngh~ nghi~p la (41.4%); Cau l(;lc b9 khac (34.5%). Nhu v~y, cac h9i, doan the c6 vai tro rfit
quan trQng gop phftn bao t6n 1~ h9i tho Mftu hi~n nay, d~c bi~t la H9i Phv nfr, h9i nong dan va Doan thanh nien t(;li dja phuong.
F.2. M()t sB nguy CO' d~t ra tir tht}'c t~ dBi v6i di san - Qua dieu tra, 85% s6 nguai d(;li di~n cho c9ng dBng thon, x6m, khu dan cu tham
gia thao lu~n deu kh~ng djnh SIJ y~u kern, h(;ln chS trong cac khau suu tftm, ghi chep ve lich su di tich van h6a tin nguang cling nhu diSn trinh cua IS h9i truyen th6ng dia phuong (s6 nguai bi~t chfr Han, Nom ngay m9t it, c6 dia phuang khong con ai). H~u h~t cac each thuc, n9i dung sinh ho(;lt nghi IS va cac ho(;lt d9ng th\(C hanh sinh ho(;lt van h6a truyen th6ng n6i chung (ru6c ki~u, tro chai dan gian, .. . ) g~n nhu chi duqc trao truy~n, th\fc hanh theo phuang thuc truy~n khdu. M9t s6 b~c cao nien 6 m9t s6 lang
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que da c6 y thuc ghi chep, nhung d€u mang tinh w phat, theo nh~n thuc chu quan ca nhan, chua duqc dua ra trao d6i, b6 sung va ph6 bi~n trong c()ng d6ng. Thvc tr~ng d6 d~n d~n SV rai f\lng, mfrt mat nguf>n van h6a phi V~t th~ quy bau v6n da duqc sang t~O, thvc hanh trong qua khu, lam cho dai s6ng sinh ho~t van h6a tin ngu5ng hi~n nay rai vao hoan canh don di~u, ch~p va va mfrt di ban s~c d()c dao, hfrp d~n v6n c6.
- 90% nguai thao lu~n neu ra vai tro y~u kern cua chinh quy~n cac cfrp trong vi~c t6 chuc d.iu tu tri tu~, cong sue cho vi~c suu t.im, ghi chep, xufrt ban va phat hanh d~n cac thanh vien trong CQng d6ng nhCing di san van h6a phi v~t th~ lien quan d~n van h6a truy€n th6ng dia phuong n6i chung va sinh ho~t van h6a tin ngu5ng tha m~u n6i rieng ...
- Ben c~nh nhiing tac d()ng tich eve cua thvc hanh tin ngu5ng tha M~u va tham dv 1~ hQi d~n cu()c s6ng cua nguai dan, con m9t s6 nguai dan phan anh nhiing tac d()ng tieu eve, s~p theo thu w m9t each tuong trng 03 tac d()ng tieu eve c6: 11 B6i toan, me tin di doan (36.2%); 2Nfrn d€ v~ sinh moi truang xung quanh 1~ h()i (26.7%); 3/Thuong m~i h6a, ca b~c trong 1~ h()i, tro chai (14.7%). Ngoai ra, con m()t s6 tac d()ng tieu eve khac nhu vfrn d€ an ninh tr~t t\1', gay mfrt doan k~t ...
- 90% nguai thao lu~n cho r~ng, chinh quy€n cac cfrp con chua nang d()ng va sang t~O trong vi~c rna r(}ng quan h~, V~n d(}ng SV quan tam cua cac tfl chuc phi chinh phu, cac thanh ph<in xa h9i khac nhau d~n vi~c bao t6n, khai thac va phat huy gia trj cua di san van h6a a dia phuong. Chinh vi th~, sv h~n ch~ trong ti€m lvc cua cong CUQC Xi'i h(}i h6a phlJC V\1 nhi~m V\1 bao tf>n di san van h6a da chua du lVC t~O ra SUC hut cua di san va qua trinh trao truy€n di san gifra cac th~ h~. Nhi€u di tich chua duqc quy ho~ch phvc dvng ho~c tu b6, ch6ng xu6ng cfrp.
- 90% y ki~n thao lu~n d€ xufrt vi~c chinh quy€n dn kh~n truong quan ly, di€u hanh sao cho Lu~t Di san Van h6a duqc v~n dvng c6 hi~u lvc vao thvc ti~n,dap trng nguy~n VQng bao V~ di~n tich va canh quan khong gian van h6a di tich, bao V~ di san van h6a v~t th~ cua tirng di tich t~i cac lang/thon.
F.3. M{)t sa y ki~n d'i di~n cua c{)ng dBng v~ bao tAn va phat buy gia trj cua "Tin ngtrO'ng thO' m~u tam phil cua ngtriri Vi~t"
Theo k~t qua di~u tra khao sat tu 400 ca nhan/phi~u la nhiing nguai lien quan trvc ti~p ho~c gian ti~p d~n sinh ho~t tin ngu5ng (trong d6 chu y~u la thvc hanh nghi 1~ ch<iu van) t~i 2 trung tam tha m~u tam phu cua tinh Nam Djnh (cac ong ba d6ng, cung van, nguai quan ly di tich, con nhang d~ tu, nguai dan tham dv), da s6 y ki~n d€u cho r~ng : d~ bao t6n va phat huy gia trj cua tin ngu5ng tha m~u tam phu, trong d6 c6 nghi 1~ ch<iu van, thi dn phai c6 sv ph6i k~t hqp d6ng b9 gifra cac cfrp chinh quy€n, ca quan nghien ctru va nhan dan thong qua m9t s6 giai phap sau:
- C.in quan tam, t~o di€u ki~n, xay dvng CO' sa v~t chfrt, h6 trq kinh phi d~ trung tu, phvc dvng h~ th6ng di tich lien quan d~n vi~c thvc hanh tin ngu5ng tha m~u, d~c bi~t la khong gian th~,Ic hanh nghi 1~ ch<iu van.
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- Oic dp chinh quy€n c~n xay diJllg d€ an, thanh l~p cac CLB, rna lap d~ truy€n d~y, dao t~o, djnh huang dung cho nhilng cung van tre co tam huySt ngh€ nghi~p.
- C~n co chinh sach dai ng9 v&i cac ngM nhan la cac thu nhang, thanh d6ng, d?c bi~t la nhilng cung van con luu giu, truy€n d~y nhilng lai van, Ian di~u c6 cho cac th~ M kS c~n b~ng cac hinh thuc nhu xet phong t~ng danh hi~u ngh~ Sl dan gian, h6 trq v€ m?t kinh tS (d6i v&i nhilng gia dinh cung van kho khan) ... d~ h9 chuyen tam, tam huySt cho ngM thu~t Hat ch~u van cua que huong Nam Djnh.
- T6 ch(rc cac CUQC Lien hoan Hat ch~u van trong va ngoai tinh. Thuang xuyen rna nhilng CUQC thi Hat ch~u van t~i cac trung tam sinh ho~t tin ngu6ng Ian nhu Phu Gi~y (Vv Bi'm) va Quang Cung (Y Yen) tren dAt Nam Dinh va cac trung tam a cac tinh thanh khac tren ph~m vi ca nu&c, nh~m tuy~n chQn nhiing cung van hat hay dan gioi d~ tham gia giu gin nhiing lai van, Ian di~u, nh~c di~u c6 ... truy€n th6ng cua que huong Nam Djnh.
- Ca quan nghien ct:ru cAn ti~p tvc tim hi~u them nhiing gia tri ljch su, van hoa, khoa hQC cua tin ngu6ng tha m!u tam phu, trong do CO sinh ho~t hat ch~u van CUa nguai Vi~t trong dai s6ng xa h9i duong d~i, d~ quang ba gia tri cua tin ngu5ng tha m!u tam phu dSn c()ng d6ng trong nu&c va nu&c ngoai.
- Nghien ct:ru, xay diJllg giao trinh dao t~o Hat van, nh~m dua ngh~ thu~t Hat van vao giang d~y trong cac truang Van hoa Ngh~ thu~t.
- Nang cao nh~n thuc cua nguai dan cling cac cAp quan ly van hoa v€ gia tri cua di san van hoa phi v~t th~ "Tin ngu6ng tha m!u tam phu cua nguai Vi~t" va rna r()ng quan h~ giao luu v&i cac di san tin ngu6ng cua cac dan t()c khac trong c()ng d6ng qu6c gia da dan t()c Vi~t Nam, hi~n t~i va lau dai.
Nh~n thtrc duqc nhilng gia tri cua di san van hoa tin ngu6ng tha m!u tam phu cua nguai Vi~t, d6ng thu~n v&i vi~c xay diJllg h6 sa v€ di san nay d~ trinh UNESCO xet duy~t va vinh danh la Di san van hoa phi v~t th~ d~i di~n cua nhan lo~i, cua Chinh phu Vi~t Nam, da co 270 ca nhan d~i di~n cho cac nhom, cau l~c b9 va thon xom cua tinh Nam f)jnh viSt Cam kSt va ky ten.
Nhin chung, tin ngu5ng tha m!u tam phu cua nguai Vi~t (rna dinh cao la sinh ho~t hat van - h~u d6ng) la m9t di san van hoa phi v~t th~ ban dja co gia tri d9c dao trong kho tang van hoa truy€n th6ng cua nguai Vi~t noi rieng va c()ng d6ng qu6c gia da dan t9c Vi~t Nam noi chung. Chu truong nghien ct:ru, xay diJllg H6 sa khoa hQc "Tin ngu5ng tha m!u tam phu cua nguai Vi~t" cua Chinh phu Vi~t Nam d~ trinh UNESCO xet duy~t dua vao Danh sach di san van hoa phi v~t th~ d~i di~n cua nhan lo~i da nh~n duqc d6ng thu~n tuy~t d6i cua c()ng d6ng. Do ciing chinh la djnh huang dung d~n nh~m bao t6n, phat huy m()t lo~i hinh tin ngu5ng dan gian d?c s~c, gop ph~n gin giu tinh hoa truy€n th6ng, xay diJllg m9t n€n van hoa Vi~t Nam tien tiSn, d~m da ban s~c dan t()c./.
N gtrOi vi~t bao cao tBng quan PGS. TS. Bui Quang Thanh
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:"ame of the Element
Domain oftlte HHitage
Location
D&La.ts >>
!'Oame of the Element
Domain or the HHitagt>
Location
:"ame or the Element
Domain of the Heritaae
Location
l'\amtoofthe Element
Domain or the HeJ"itage
Location
O.llhs>=>
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
Th~ Feast Ritual fo.- Parae~! 1sl~nds· Soldiers
Social custom and be lief
An\ lnh Commun~- L)· Son Disttict- Quang );giii Plo,·inc~
The Art ofDi:rn Ca Tiii Tir \!usic and Song in Southern Vi~ );am
Folk perfonll!Ulc~
Pro,·inces of );inh Timan. Binh Tlm$n, Binh Phuoc. Tliy );inh. Binh Duong. Nng 1'\ai. Bit Ria- \Ymg Tim, Long An. Ti~n Giang. B~n Tre. Tra \"inh ... . H6 Chi Minh City.
Tht> Art of the Thai's Xile
Folk periom1ance
Di*n Bi~n Phu City- Di¢n Bi~n pro,·ince.!\fucrng Lay Di5trict - D~n
Bien proYince, Tua Chil8 Di:>trict- D~n Bib pro,ince, T~n Gilio District- El~n Bien province .....
folk ~'fonuence: social cuYom and !x-lief
);lim Elinh province
>> 3
<<
HE REPRESENTATIVE UST OF THE NTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF UMANITIES
E UST OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL ERITAGE IN NE.ED OF THE URGENT AFEGUARDING HE NATIONAL UST OF 'THE INTANGIBLE UL TURAL HERITAGE
THE INVENTORY UST OF THE INTANGIBLE Ul TURAL HERITAGE
HE LIST OF MASTER PRACTITIONERS
HE INVENTORY REPORT ON THE NT ANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
NAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM GIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
r
:-iame of the Element Chiu va,1 Ritual of the \'i~ (~am E>inh Pro•·ince )
Domain of the Heritase Folk ~nom;ance: social cu!101n and b.: lief
Loutloa Kam Djnh Prot·i.nee
Description of the intaasible cultuul laeritase
C!Ju \"illl ritual of the\·~~ I \ ·an singing_. spiiitual pos!e:fsion ritual is the importalll ritual that is dosdv associated with the bdietJ in ~lather Goddeue>. Based on the researched documents and coilectico1s. it is said that the C1uiu ,.an Ritual of the \'itt in . am E>jnh pro,·ince came into being early from the 1111 century together with the establishment of the central ,·estige complexes in Nam E>inh such as Phu Dav Palace (Kim Thai CetlU!tune. \.1,1 Ban District ). Quang Cw1g Palace tY~n E>.'.ng Conunune. \· Ytn Dimict). Bao Ll}c Temple (~!\· Phuc Conunune. :\.f\· Lt;.c District\ Co Tqcl1 Temple (L~ \ ' t11;yng Diilrict. Kam Dinlu At the end oi the Kgtryen dj1last\· (u the end of the 1911 centurv and at begiru1ing oi the 2~ centu:yl it ,·.-as the mo>t prospctuus period of the Chiu \7JI ritual in genetal and in Na:u f)(nh in panicular. From the year of :woo to p:est-nt. due to the culmral policies b,· the Go,·emmenl and Pa:n· on the culture. religion and lxlief. the C1lau Yin ritual has lxen re,·italized and de,·eloped p<>pularlv .
• Ch.iu ,-an ritual includes ~inging for spirits at temples. for spirit ;>assession ritual. a.nd compelition singing. In 1\an E>!nh. C11Au ,·an ritu2l is mo§llv for spirit JX'SSes.iun ritual a ptactice oft~ lxlief in :-.101her Goddenes. bt recent ,·ear. there is the competitiet! singing at the Phu D~,. traditi011al fest in!.
·The Ch~u ,·.in singing a: the spirit possession ritual is penormed round the vear. but at the most concentrated time in the third lunar mo111h at the traditional fe>ti\111 at Phu Div Pahce. The singing indt1des ;ome main tunes sucl1 as \"ia. Bi. Mi~u. Th6ng. Phu. Ki~u Duong. DQc. Co-n. Xi Him. Luu tim\·. 01 Dan. Th<" lvrics are in the folic six-eight syllable , ·.et!es or t,·.-o se\·etl-Six·eight svllabk ,·erses. The rl1~1luu is slov:. nonnal or fa>t. including single. dupk triple. and xi tlnr.:mg: cadences. The Ch~u ,·ln song• at'e closed anoci•ted to the foik !Oiifl! in nc-nhem p<!!l of \'iet Kam such il! oo::g m~. sa mije. co li. or C;o tru songs such as us , ·uieties of bi. phi: nOi. phil biiili. phu ch~nh. phil t\· bit and sc on.
• At the Cb~u ,.a,l ~tfonnance. the singers plav the trnditiOtul ill!!ltuments :rurh as "'·o chord guitat. small dmm. castanet. or c~~nbal and to<!a'' the~ ar~ scme other instturn~lts such as t"J."O chord ,·iolin. clarinet. or flute. The dances at the riru~ls are ,·arkd depending en the inca:natiom of the spirits. chen ~:som.litie!. their m~rits ruch a! !on:h dance. fan danre. sword, cudgel or unicom dance.s.
· The co~tu:nes in the C1tau Yin rinlll in ~am E>(nh is nri~d. expressing the aesthefic tastt of th~ ora<:titioners and of lite soitits th~t are said to reside in th~ir tdati..-e re~:ions. TI1e coloN of th~ ~ostumes depe11d m th~·each inca mat ion .1nd 011 the reahm in the p?.!~theon of the lxlid in ~f01her Goddesses. Red color teoresents for the hea'··~n r·ealm the ,·dlow for the earth. the gree t> for the forest. the white for tile water. TI1e o!Terings include tile food and n:~getarian The ofierings include the sweet rice. meat. fm11. ~td and are<:a. akol!ol. and Hl!i·c~ offerings.
L HE REPRESENTATIVE UST OF THE ~~TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF HUMANITIES
HE LIST OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN N££0 OF THE URGENT SAFEGUARDING
THE NATIONAL UST OF THE INTANGIBLE CUL JURAL HERITAGE
THE INVENTORY UST OF THE INTANGIBLE icUL T\JRAL HERITAGE
!THE LIST OF MASTER PRACTTTIONERS
~HE INVENTORY REPORT ON THE NTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
Vt.t beli•fs in th• mother goddMsHS of thrH rulms
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