revegetation strategies and technologies for …revegetation strategies and technologies for...
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Revegetation Strategies and Technologies for Restoration of Native Shrub/Grass Plant Communities on Xeric Saltcedar
Infestation Sites
Kenneth D. Lair and Sarah L. WynnTechnical Service Center, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver
Diorhabda elongata
_________________________________ARSAPHISNRCS (PMC)
Saltcedar BiologicalControl Consortium
San MarcialProject
Site
Saltcedar Revegetation Research Sites
San Marcial, 2002Cibola, 2003
BBNP, 2004
Latitude 33.3902o N; Longitude 114.7078o W;UTM Zone 11, NAD 27, 713212E, 3696701N;SW ¼ Section 25 and NW ¼ Section .36, T. 1 N., R. 24 W.
Cibola National Wildlife Refuge
Cibola5.5 miles
Palo Verde, CA
3.5 miles
COLORADO
RIVER
Cibola burn site(~45 miles N. of Yuma, AZ)
Tamarix ramosissimaAtriplex lentiformisBaccharis spp.
Lower Rio Grande:• Big Bend National Park (NPS)• Big Bend Ranch State Park (TP&W)• Santa Elena Canyon Protected Area, Mexico• Maderas del Carmen Protected Area, Mexico
Tamarix ramosissimaArundo donaxProsopis spp.Acacia spp.
< 25%?
75%+?
Lepidium latifolium
Mean spacing – 1.4 mNo. primary stems (> 2.5 cm) – 5.6
Stem Diameter – 3.8 cmCanopy height – 5.4 m
Litter depth, cover – 2.2 cm, 78%Litter biomass – 7,475 kg ha-1
(n = 120)
22.4 cm MAP13.9 cm (62%), July - Oct
Mycorrhizal presence = 0
Texture = SCL, CLEC = range 12.8-19.4,
µ = 16 mmhos cm-1
SAR = range 16.5-21.2,µ = 19 meq L-1
pH = 8.4OM = 1.1%NO3-N = 1.7 ppmP = 15.2 ppmK = 618 ppm
Groundwaterdata
EC = 3,500 µS cm-1
pH = 7.5CaCO3 = 674 mg L -1SO4
= = 989 mg L -1Na+ = 573 mg L -1Cl- = 282 mg L -1NO3/NO2-N = 0.03 mg L -1
Al+ = 76,300 mg L-1
Fe++ = 65,500 mg L-1
Mn++ = 4,170 mg L-1
Ca++ = 246 mg L -1Mg++ = 82 mg L -1
Mean depth = 2.1 m
STUDY 2 – Biocontrol Simulation
1 N N 60 A N A N 60
4 A N N 60 N N 60 A
7 A N N 60 N 60 N A
N 60 N 60 N A N N 60
N N N 60 N 60 N N 60
A A A A N A
2500 ft2
S R CN H
S R C IS R C H
(NH, SRCH plots herbicidally treated)
EM38 readings – all plotsAM samples – 2 per rep (4 Replications, 4.8 ha)
Herbicide application (triclopyr)in simulation of insect injury
Mid-February 2002
Mechanical ShreddingUsing HydroAx™ with Woodgator™
for plot delineation
San Marcial, NM Study Site(Two studies – 22.6 acres)
April 2002
Study 2 Study 1
July 2002
12N
Completed plot shredding
Early July 2002
Broadcast seeding of four custom seed mixtures+ mycorrhizal inoculation
+ soil nitrogen manipulation
Mid-July 2002
Glomus• mosseae• intraradices• fasciculatus
Enhance capture of:Soil moisturePhosphorous
NH4
Salt tolerance?(Lab / Greenhouse Studies)
Roller chopping• seed and inoculum incorporation;• enhance moisture capture and retention;• reduce surface soil salinity impacts.
Imprinting following roller chopping to further enhance moisture capture, and reduce salinity
Culivar Mixture
Scientific Name Common Name or Pre-Release Rate
(% )
STANDARD MIXTURE - STUDY 2Bouteloua curtipendula Sideoats grama Niner 10.0Elymus trachycaulus Slender wheatgrass Pryor 11.0Panicum virgatum Switchgrass Blackwell 15.0Pascopyrum smithii Western wheatgrass Arriba 10.0Sporobolus airoides Alkali sacaton Salado 15.0Sporobolus giganteus Giant dropseed 5.0Anemopsis californica Yerba mansa 2.0Plantago insularis Wooly plaintain 2.0Sphaeralcea coccinea Scarlet globemallow 2.0Atriplex canescens Fourwing saltbush 12.0Baccharis glutinosa Seep willow 3.0Atriplex lentiformis Quailbush 4.0Lycium andersonii Anderson's wolfberry 7.0Chrysothamnus nauseosus graveolens Rubber rabbitbrush 2.0
TOTALS = 100.0
Seed Mixture
November 2002FrequencyDensity
Atriplex lentiformis
Atriplex canescens
Bouteloua curtipendula
Elymus trachycaulus
Lycium andersonii
Datura stramonium
Non-Seeded Species
Cucurbita foetidissimaPanicum obtusum
Heliotropium curassavicum
SALTCEDAR TREATMENT
HERBICIDESHRED / R
CHERB / S
/ RC
S / RC / I
MPRINT
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
Freq
uenc
y (%
)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30FREQUENCY DENSITY
Atriplex lentiformis
c
b
aba
c
b
a
a
(LSD = 0.07)(LSD = 4.1)
P < 0.001n = 288
HERBICIDESHRED / R
CHERB / S
/ RC
S / RC / I
MPRINT
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Den
sity
(per
sq.
met
er)
FREQUENCY DENSITY
Atriplex canescensc
b b
a
c
b
a
b
(LSD = 0.09)(LSD = 4.5)
P < 0.001n = 288
HERBICIDESHRED / R
CHERB / S
/ RC
S / RC / I
MPRINT
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
Freq
uenc
y (%
)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
FREQUENCYDENSITY
Elymus trachycaulusb
aa a
b
aa
a
(LSD = 0.62)(LSD = 7.6)
P < 0.001
SALTCEDAR TREATMENT
n = 288
NO INOCULATIO
N
GRANULAR
SEED COATING
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Den
sity
(per
sq.
met
er)
FREQUENCY DENSITY
Bouteloua curtipendula
a
b
aa
b
b
(LSD = 0.05)(LSD = 2.5)
P < 0.05n = 288
MYCORRHIZAL INOCULATION
CANOPY HEIGHT TALLEST STEM NEAREST NEIGHBOR
SPROUT RESPONSE
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Dis
tanc
e (m
)
SHRED / RC HERB / SHRED / RC SHRED / RC / IMPRINT
Tamarix ramosissiman = 288
LSD = 0.10 LSD = 0.11LSD = 0.11
bb
b b
a a
a a
a
P < 0.01
SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS(1st Year Data, 2002)
• ATLE, ATCA, ELTR– Frequency, density highest in seeded herbicide plots
(no mechanical treatment) - 1.5-2X– Plants in herbicide plots stunted (2-5 cm), weak,
stressed
SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS(1st Year Data, 2002)
• ATLE, ATCA, ELTR– Frequency, density highest in seeded herbicide plots
(no mechanical treatment) - 1.5-2X– Plants in herbicide plots stunted (2-5 cm), weak,
stressed– Fewer plants but much greater
productivity in mechanically treated plots:• ATLE: up to 1.2 m• ATCA: up to 0.9 m• ELTR: up to 30 cm
SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS(1st Year Data, 2002)
• ATLE, ATCA, ELTR– Frequency, density highest in seeded herbicide plots (no
mechanical treatment) - 1.5-2X– Plants in herbicide plots stunted (2-5 cm), weak, stressed– Fewer plants but much greater productivity in mechanically
treated plots:• ATLE: 3-4’• ATCA: 2-3’• ELTR: 12”
– Negligible response to mycorrhizal inoculation or N– *** 2nd year data (2003):
• anticipate reversal of frequency, density results• additional species emerging, breaking dormancy
SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS(1st Year Data, 2002)
• BOCUNo difference in frequency, density between treatments (limited 1st year emergence)Emerged plants 30-45 cm, vigorous• 1st year seed production
Positive mycorrhizal response• Granular and seed coating inoculation 1.5-2X no
mycorrhizae (frequency and density)• No difference between granular and seed coating
Recent cooperative research start with Dr. Anna Sher, DU-Denver, on mycorrhizal adaptation and inoculation potential across salinity gradients and SW riparian species.
SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY RESULTS(1st Year Data, 2002)
• TARA
– Relative cover, stem count – no difference– Canopy and tallest stem height
• SRC – 1.9 m • SRCH, SRCI – 1.6 m
• No correlation of emergence or establishment with soil salinity / sodicity.
Absence of weed pressure (1o KOSC)
2003-2004:Canopy CoverBasal CoverBiomassDiversityVigor
2002:FrequencyDensity
HYDRAHUME AND SODIUMHYDRAHUME AND SODIUM
Tamarix ramosissima
Dumas
Plum Creek
McBride Canyon
Bonita Creek
Dumas
Lake Meredith National Recreation Area
Palo Verde, CA
Cibola
Latitude 33.3902o N; Longitude 114.7078o W;UTM Zone 11, NAD 27, 713212E, 3696701N;SW ¼ Section 25 and NW ¼ Section .36, T. 1 N., R. 24 W.
Cibola National Wildlife Refuge
5.5 miles
3.5 miles
COLORADO
RIVER
Cibola burn site(~45 miles N. of Yuma, AZ)
Lower Rio Grande:• Big Bend National Park (NPS)• Big Bend Ranch State Park (TP&W)• Santa Elena Canyon Protected Area, Mexico• Maderas del Carmen Protected Area, Mexico