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Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B. Laughlin, “Pumped Thermal Grid Storage With Heat Exchange,” J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 9, 044103 (2017).

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Page 1: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Reversing Turbomachinery:

A Central Enabling Technology of

Thermal Grid StorageR. B. Laughlin

TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20

R. B. Laughlin, “Pumped Thermal Grid Storage With Heat Exchange,” J. Renew. Sustain.

Energy 9, 044103 (2017).

Page 2: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B
Page 3: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

The Problem – Part I

Source: “BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018,” British Petroleum, June 2018.

Page 4: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

The Problem – Part II

Source: “Renewables Watch for Operating Day: Monday, 01 April, 2019,” California Independent System

Operator, 2019.

Page 5: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B
Page 6: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

The Problem – Part III

Sources: R. Fu et al., NREL/TP-6A20-7174, Nov. 18; S. Few et al., Energy Policy 114, 578 (2018); D.

Feldman et al., NREL/TP-6A20-66592, Aug. 16; T. Key et al., EPRI 1023144, Feb 13; T. Lüth et al., Energy

Proc. 155, 379 (2018); C. S. Turchi et al., NREL/TP-5506-22856, May 19; N. Diorio et al., NREL/TP-

6A20/64987, Nov. 15.

Page 7: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Idea!

Page 8: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Marry Salt Tanks from Andasol ...

Page 9: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B
Page 10: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

With Closed-Cycle Brayton Engine

Source: J. Ackeret u D. C. Keller, “Aerodynamische Brennkraftmaschine mit geschlossenem Kreislauf,”

Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure 85, No. 22, 491 (1941).

Page 11: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Viola! Reversible Thermal Storage

Page 12: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Recuperated Version

Page 13: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Ideal Adiabatic Cycle

Page 14: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Actual Cycle

Page 15: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Relevant Equations

R. B. Laughlin, “Pumped Thermal Grid Storage With Heat Exchange,” J. Renew. Sustain.

Energy 9, 044103 (2017).

Page 16: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

The Problem – Part IV

Page 17: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Old Mandate: Minimize Weight!

Page 18: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

… Load Turbine Stages Heavily!

Source: M. Kazari and R. Tanaka, “Improving Cooling Effectiveness of Gas Turbines Through Design

Exploration,” Power Engineering International, 1 Nov 16.

Page 19: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

New Mandate: Minimize Cost

Page 20: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

… Load Turbine Stages Lightly!

Page 21: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Reversible Blading Strategy

Page 22: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Reversible Compressor

Page 23: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

Reversible Turbine

Page 24: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

… But Modern Turbocompressors

Already Have This Property!

Left: Rotor of Siemens SGT5 series power gas turbine. (Courtesy of Siemens AG) Right: Stators of General

Electric J79 aircraft engine (progenitor of LM1500 stationary gas turbines) on display at Deutsches Museum in

Munich. (Credit: O. Cleynen).

Page 25: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

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Turbine First blade row and stators Turbine Last blade row & stators

Compressor first blade row & stators Compressor last blade row and stators

Designed as a Charge Compressor, it functions reasonably well as a turbine, flowing in opposite direction.

Turbine

compressorcompressor

Turbine

Image Courtesy of Brayton Energy LLC, 3 Feb 20.

Page 26: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

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CR10/TR2

CR11/TR1

CS2/TS1

Majority of the entropy is generated in the wakes due to incidence losses and trailing edge deviation, but peak entropy level

Counter Rotating Turbomachine Hot Machine – Turbine ModeVelocity Contours at 50% span

Turbine

Image courtesy of Brayton Energy LLC, 3 Feb 20.

Page 27: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

The Reversible Turbomachine Is

Essential Because ...

Page 28: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B

… It Reduces the $ per Engine Watt

by a Factor of 2

Page 29: Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling …...Reversing Turbomachinery: A Central Enabling Technology of Thermal Grid Storage R. B. Laughlin TMCES, Pittsburgh, 3 Feb 20 R. B