review basic chemistry

8/3/2019 Review Basic Chemistry

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TF^KFZ-DASKCC@FMKSRT[

AREM) MEIFOVI BAGTFAOSK OKMKA

Hvtvsag Rfogko Ikgjovgjag NRS\-KRS



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R`emseg‛s

Arem



R`fTvr`ftnetb

arem – a rkg{)bfgsf gvcifvsr`ar cegrakgs

aii en r`f|eskrk~f c`atjfagb mesr enr`f mass en

r`f aremsvttevgbfb d{fifcrtegs



Z`fg sairscegrakgkgjIk) Cv) agbGa

bkssei~fb kgmfr`{iaice`ei atf

sfr eg nktf)dtkiikagrceietstfsvir'

Ik

Ik

Cv

Ga



R`f De`t mebfi en r`f `{btejfg aremtf|tfsfgrfb r`f fifcrteg as tfsrtkcrfb re cftrakgcktcviat etdkrs atevgb r`f gvcifvs'



K' Aremkc Srtvcrvtf (Tf~kfz+

Svd Aremkc\atrkcif

C`atjf Mass(amv+

|tereg (|+ /1 1

gfvrteg(g+ < 1

fifcrteg(f-+ -1 <



D' Ag arem ks gfvrtai kn# f-‛s = # |‛s'

Kn a gfvrtai arem jakgs fprta fifcrteg(s+ r`fgkr dfcemfs a gfjark~fi{ c`atjfb s|fckfscaiifb ag agkeg'

Kn a gfvrtai arem iesfs fifcrteg(s+ r`fg kr

dfcemfs a |eskrk~fi{ c`atjfb s|fckfs caiifba carkeg'



Tf|tfsfgrkgj Arems en ag Fifmfgr

Ag arem ma{ df tf|tfsfgrfb as krs S{mdei|tfcfbfb d{ krs svdsctk|rfb aremkc gvmdft) X)agb krs sv|ftsctk|rfb aremkc mass gvmdft) A'

S{mdeiX

A

Kg r`f casf en r`f fifmfgr Catdeg

C>

14



R`vs r`f rerai ca|ackr{ en s`fii ks bksrtkdvrfbamegjsr krs svds`fiis'

0



aifgcf Fifcrtegs

âifgcf fifcrtegs atf iecarfb eg `kj`fsr kg

fgftj{ etdkrais agb mesr km|etragr net

c`fmkcai degbkgj' Gfjark~fi{ càtjfb

fifcrtegs ma{ acr as ’jivf” net |eskrk~fi{

càtjfb gvcifk'



Vskgj r`f |ftkebkc radif re ztkrf fifcrtegcegnkjvtarkegs



Metf kgnetmarkeg ntem r`f \ftkebkc

Radif

R`f rftm ~aifgcf fifcrteg tfnfts rer`f # en f-‛s kg r`f evrftmesr fgftj{

if~fi et s`fii en ag arem'



Z`{ be arems tfacr rejfr`ft re

netm cem|evgbs5

Arems tfacr zkr` egf ager`ft re netmcem|evgbs kg ag arrfm|r re ac`kf~f r`f f- cegnkjvtarkeg en r`fkt gfatfsr gedif jas

gfkj`det (namki{ 0+' R`f tfaseg net r`ks ks r`arr`f f- cegnkjvtarkeg en r`f gedif jasfstf|tfsfgrs ag fprtfmfi{ sradif skrvarkeg'



Kegkc Degbs

R`fsf atf netmfb z`fg kegs

agkegs%carkegs en e||eskrf c`atjf

cemf rejfr`ft' Jfgftaii{ kegkccem|evgbs atf netmfb dfrzffgmfrais (ifnr en srf|+ agb gegmfrais

(tkj`r en srf|+'



Cag dfcemf

ksefifcrtegkczkr` Gf d{jakgkgj 2f-

Ifzks Srtvcrvtfnet ce~aifgrmeifcvif en

C@2

Ofovië

srtvcrvtf netce~aifgri{degbfb

meifcvif

Cag dfcemfksefifcrtegkc zkr` @ d{

jakgkgj 1f-

@ez mag{ `{btejfg arems degb re egf catdeg arem5

C / @2 C @

@

@

@ C @

@

@

@



R`f Ce~aifgr Degb agbFifcrtegfjark~kr{

R`f sàtkgj en ag f- |akt dfrzffg rze aremsma{ df fqvai '

Kn r`ks ks r`f casf r`fg r`f tfsvirkgj ce~aifgr degb

ks a geg|eiat ce~aifgr degb' Kn) eg r`f er`ft àgb r`f sàtkgj ks vgfqvai

r`fg a |eiat ce~aifgr degb tfsvirs'



Fifcrtegfjark~kr{ ~aivfs netsfifcrfb fifmfgrs'



R`f bfjtff re z`kc` a ce~aifgr degb ks|eiatkxfb ks kgbkcarfb d{ r`f fifcrtegfjark~kr{bknnftfgcf dfrzffg r`f rze degbfb arems'

Kn r`f fifcrtegfjark~kr{ bknnftfgcf ks jtfarftràg '6 dvr ifss ràg 4'< r`fg r`f ce~aifgrdegb ks |eiat'

Kn r`f fifcrtegfjark~kr{ bknnftfgcf ks ifss ràg '6r`fg r`f ce~aifgr degb ks geg|eiat'



8 Ag ekiia{ft

niearkgjeg zarft'R`f eki ks

geg|eiatagb r`fzarft ks|eiat



TFBEOS TFACRKEG

Epkbarkeg 8 iess en fifcrteg

Tfbvcrkeg 8 jakg en fifcrteg



QVFSRKEG 1

SRF\ 1

OMgE2/NfSE2/@4SE2 ↔ Nf4(SE2 +3/O4SE2/MgSE2 /@4E '(a+

et MgE-2 / Nf4/ /@/ ↔ Nf3/ / Mg4/ / @4E

'(d+

Fqvarkeg (d+ ks r`f kegkc netm en Fq(a+) kn egftfcejgkxfs r`ar r`f |erasskvm agb svinagarf kegsbe ger fgrft r`f tfacrkeg (r`f{ atf ger epkbkxfb ettfbvcfb+'



Iatvrag%seivrkeg



Bfnkgkrkegs

A seivrkeg ks a èmejfgfevs mkprvtf A seivrf ks bkssei~fb kg a sei~fgr'

seivrf ks r`f svdsragcf dfkgj bkssei~fb

sei~fgr ks r`f ikqvkb kg z`kc` r`f seivrf ks bkssei~fb

ag aqvfevs seivrkeg às zarft as sei~fgr

A sarvtarfb seivrkeg ks egf z`ftf r`fcegcfgrtarkeg ks ar a mapkmvm - ge metf seivrfks adif re bkssei~f'

A sarvtarfb seivrkeg tf|tfsfgrs ag fqvkikdtkvm8 r`ftarf en bkssei~kgj ks fqvai re r`f tarf enct{sraiikxarkeg' R`f sair cegrkgvfs re bkssei~f) dvrct{sraiikxfs ar r`f samf tarf se ràr r`ftf ’a||fats”

re df ger`kgj à||fgkgj'



Bksseivrkeg en Seikb Seivrf

Z`ar atf r`f btk~kgj netcfs z`kc` cavsfseivrfs re bkssei~f re netm seivrkegs51' Ce~aifgr seivrfs bkssei~f d{ @-degbkgj re zarft et d{ IBN

4' Kegkc seivrfs bkssei~f d{ bksseckarkeg kgre r`fkt kegs'



Seivrkeg agb Cegcfgrtarkeg

2 za{s en fp|tfsskgj cegcfgrtarkeg

Meiatkr{(M+8 meifs seivrf % Ikrft seivrkeg

Mass |ftcfgr8 (mass seivrf % mass en seivrkeg+ 1<<

Meiaikr{ (m+ - meifs seivrf % Oj sei~fgr

Meif Ntacrkeg(A+ - meifs seivrf % rerai meifs seivrkeg

Gerf r`ar meiaikr{ ks r`f egi{ cegcfgrtarkeg vgkr kg z`kc`bfgemkgaret cegrakgs egi{ sei~fgr kgnetmarkeg tar`ft r`ag

seivrkeg'



& (z%z+ =

& (z%~+ =

& (~%~+ =

& Cegcfgrtarkeg

1<<p seivrkeg mass

seivrf mass

1<<p seivrkeg ~eivmf

seivrf mass

1<<p seivrkeg ~eivmf

seivrf ~eivmf

M rk



1< j % 4>< j = 3'0 & Z%Z

3< mI % 40< mI = 11& ^%^ (kg tfaikr{ ma{ df enn+

0'< j % 1<< j = 0& Z%Z

Metf |tacrkcf1' Zàr ks r`f & Z%Z en ce||ft kg ag aiie{ z`fg 1< j

en Cv ks mkpfb zkr` 46< j en Xg5

4' Zàr ks a||tepkmarf & ^%^ kn 3< mI en |vtf fràgeiks abbfb re 46< mI en zarft5

3' Zàr ks r`f & Z%Z kn 0'< j ce||ft ks abbfb refgevj` xkgc re |tebvcf 1<< j en ag aiie{5



& Cegcfgrtarkeg8 & MassFpam|if

3'6 j en CeCi4 ksbkssei~fb kg1<<mI seivrkeg'

Assvmkgj r`fbfgskr{ en r`fseivrkeg ks 1'<

j%mI) z`ar kscegcfgrtarkeg enr`f seivrkeg kg &mass5

&m = 3'6 j CeCi4

1<<j @4E

= 3'6& (m%m+



Cegcfgrtarkeg8 Meiatkr{ Fpam|if

Kn <'236 j en OMgE2 ks bkssei~fb kg fgevj` zarft rejk~f 46<' mI en seivrkeg) z`ar ks r`f meiatkr{ enOMgE25

Gez r`ar r`f gvmdft en meifs en svdsragcf ks ogezg) r`ks cag dfcemdkgfb zkr` r`f ~eivmf en seivrkeg‒z`kc` mvsr df kg ikrfts‒ re jk~f r`f meiatkr{' Dfcavsf 46<' mI ks fqvk~aifgr re <'46< I '

As ks aimesr aiza{s r`fcasf) r`f nktsr srf| ks re

ceg~ftr r`f mass enmarftkai re meifs'

<'236 j OMgE2 ․ 1 mei OMgE2 = <'<<4:6 mei OMgE2

160'< j OMgE2

Meiatkr{ OMgE2 = <'<<4:6 mei OMgE2 = <'<11<M

<'46< I seivrkeg



Z`fg a seivrkeg ks bkivrfb)sei~fgr ks abbfb re iezft krscegcfgrtarkeg'

R`f amevgr en seivrf tfmakgs

cegsragr dfnetf agb anrft r`fbkivrkeg8

meifs DFNETF = meifs ANRFT

C1^1 = C4^4

Sv||esf {ev a~f<'6<< M svctesf srecoseivrkeg' @ez be {ev|tf|atf 46< mI en

<'320 M svctesfseivrkeg 5

Cegcfgrtarkeg <'6<< MSvctesf

46< mI en <'320 Msvctesf

Bkivrkeg

A derrif en <'6<< M sragbatbsvctesf sreco seivrkeg ks kg r`f iad'

Jk~f |tfcksf kgsrtvcrkegs re {evtassksragr eg `ez re vsf r`f srecoseivrkeg re |tf|atf 46<'< mI en a

<'320 M svctesf seivrkeg'



Seivrkeg Cegcfgrtarkeg

Fp|tfsskgj cegcfgrtarkegs kg |atrs |ft mkiikeg (||m+tfqvktfs r`f vgkr eg re| re df 1)<<<)<<< rkmfssmaiift ràg r`f vgkr eg r`f derrem

F'j' 1 mj%oj et j%j Mvirk|ifs en 1<<< atf fp|tfssfb kg r`ks etbft

U) mU) U) oU (’U” ks r`f dasf vgkr+ (|j'>31+

Gerkcf ràr ag{ vgkrs fp|tfssfb as a ~eivmf mvsrdf tfnfttkgj re a zarft seivrkeg (1I = 1oj+

Net |atrs |ft dkiikeg (||d+) r`f re| vgkr zevib à~fre df 1)<<<)<<<)<<< rkmfs smaiift



Fpam|if

Z`ar ks r`f cegcfgrtarkeg en RCF (j%m3+ 5

a' A seki `a~kgj bfgskr{ en 4 j%cm3 zkr` RCFkgkrkai

cegcfgrtarkeg en 2 ||m 5

3

3

3>

3% 0

1<4

1<<<<<<

2

mjm

cm

pcm

j

pj

j



Ceg‛r

Mesr en r`f za{s cegcfgrtarkeg ks tf|tfsfgrfb naii kgre r`f carfjetkfs s`ezg kg Radif 1'



Ceg‛r

Kg zarft) vgkrs mj%I en atf cemmeg '

dfcavsf r`f bfgskr{ en |vtf zarft ksa||tepkmarfi{ 1<<< j%i' Mesr aqvfevs

seivrkegs fgcevgrftfb kg fg~ktegmfgraifgjkgfftkgj agb sckfgcf atf bkivrf) mfagkgjr`ar bkssei~fb marftkai befs ger abbskjgknkcagri{ re r`f mass en r`f zarft) agb r`frerai bfgskr{ tfmakgs a||tepkmarfi{ 1<<< j%i'



Ceg‛r

Egf ikrft en zarft ks agai{xfb agb nevgb re cegrakg 6'< mj RCF' Z`ar ks r`f RCF cegcfgrtarkeg kg mj%i agb ||m5 (bfgskr{ en

zarft 1 j%cm 3

et 1<<< oj%m 3

+

Mass%~eivmf = 6 mj%I

||m

mass%mass 555



Akt cegcfgrtarkeg

Net cegcfgrtarkegs kg r`f armes|`ftf) kr ks cemmeg revsf vgkrs en mass% ~eivmf akt' Net fpam|if) mj%m3 agb¶j%m3 atf cemmeg'

A~ejabte*s iaz srarfs) fqvai ~eivmfs ar r`f samfrfm|ftarvtf agb |tfssvtf cegrakg fqvai amevgrs enmeifs' R`f ~eivmf en 44'2) ar SR\) ks tfnfttfb re as r`fmeif ~eivmf dfcavsf kr cegrakgs fpacri{ egf meif ar

SR\'

Re nkgb r`f gvmdft en meifs en a jas ar SR\) r`f ~eivmfen r`f jas mvsr df bk~kbfb d{ 44'2 ikrfts'



Ceg‛r

Z`ar ks r`f catdeg megepkbf cegcfgrtarkeg (fp|tfssfb kg ¶j%m3 + en a 1< i jas mkprvtf z`kc` cegrakgs 1 p 1< -> meif en CE5 Mt CE = 40



Ceg‛r

A jas mkprvtf cegrakgs <'<<1 meif en svinvt bkepkbf (SE 4 + agb <';;; meifs en akt' Z`ar ks r`f cegcfgrtarkeg SE 4 ) fp|tfssfb kg vgkrs en

||m~ 5 Mt SE 4 = >2'<1

Seivrkeg8

'



Ceg‛r



Ceg‛r

R`f cegcfgrtarkeg en kg akt ks 1<< ||d ~ ' Z`ar ks r`ks cegcfgrtarkeg kg vgkrs en 5 (Rfm|ftarvtf ks 40 < C agb |tfssvtf ks 1 arm+



Ceg‛r



Ceg‛r

Z`ar ks r`f cegcfgrtarkeg en RCF (j%m3+ kg akt~eivmf sam|ift ar 4<EC agb 1 arm r`f kgkrkaicegcfgrtarkeg en RCF es 2 ||m5 Mt RCF =

131'6

Seivrkegs 83

3> % <43'<1<<<

6'131

2'44

1

1<

2

mjm

I

pmei

j

p I

mei

pmI

mI



Fpam|if Iatvrag



C`fmkcai Tfacrkeg



Ceg‛r

A c`fmkcai c`agjf et c`fmkcai tfacrkeg ks a|tecfss kg z`kc` egf et metf |vtf svdsragcfsatf ceg~ftrfb kgre egf et metf bknnftfgr |vtfsvdsragcfs'

Mesr en r`f tfacrkegs zf zkii srvb{ dfiegj re egf enr`tff r{|fs81' \tfck|krarkeg tfacrkegs' Kg r`fsf tfacrkegs) {ev mkp

seivrkegs en rze kegkc svdsragcfs agb a seikb kegkcsvdsragcf (a |tfck|krarf+ netms'

4' Ackb –dasf tfacrkegs' Ag ackb svdsragcf tfacrs zkr`a svdsragcf caiifb a dasf' Svc` tfacrkegs kg~ei~fr`f rtagsnft en a |tereg dfrzffg tfacragrs'

3' Epkbarkeg –tfbvcrkeg tfacrkegs' R`fsf kg~ei~f r`frtagsnft en fifcrtegs dfrzffg tfacragrs'



Kegkc seivrkeg

Air`evj` zarft ks krsfingegcegbvcrkgj) kr `as r`fadkikr{ re bkssei~f ~atkevs

svdsragcfs) semf en z`kc`je kgre seivrkeg as ntffi{me~kgj kegs' Ag aqvfevsseivrkeg en kegs ks

fifcrtkcaii{ cegbvcrkgj



Fifcrtei{rf

A srtegj fifcrtei{rf ks ag fifcrtei{rf r`ar

fpksrs kg seivrkeg aimesr fgrktfi{ as kegs'

A zfao fifcrtei{rf ks ag fifcrtei{rf r`ar

bkssei~fs kg zarft re jk~f a tfiark~fi{ smaii |ftcfgrajf en kegs



Ceg‛r

Mesr seivdif meifcviat svdsragcfs atf fkr`ft geg fifcrtei{rfs etzfao fifcrtei{rfs'Ag fpcf|rkeg ks `{btejfg c`ietkbf jas) @Ci(j+) z`kc` bkssei~fs kg zarft re |tebvcf `{btejfg kegs agb c`ietkbf kegs SRTEGJFIFCRTEI[RF



Seivdkikr{

Kr ks cifat ntem r`f |tfcfbkgj bkscvsskeg r`arsvdsragcfs ~at{ zkbfi{ kg r`fkt seivdkikr{) etadkikr{ re bkssei~f) kg zarft'

Seivdif svdsragcfs atf fkr`ft fifcrtei{rfs etgegfifcrtei{rfs'

Gegfifcrtei{rfs netm geg-cegbvcrkgj aqvfevsseivrkegs dfcavsf r`f{ bkssei~f cem|ifrfi{ as

meifcvifs' Fifcrtei{rfs netm fifcrtkcaii{ cegbvcrkgj

seivrkegs kg zarft dfcavsf r`f{ bkssei~f rejk~f kegs kg seivrkeg'



Ceg‛r

Aimesr aii seivdif kegkc svdsragcfs atf srtegjfifcrtei{rfs'

R`f seivdkikr{ tvifs cag df vsfb re |tfbkcr r`f

seivdkikr{ en kegkc cem|evgbs kg zarft'



C`fmkcai Fqvarkeg

2 Ai(s+ / 3 E4(j+ ---7 4 Ai4E3(s+

C`fmkcai fqvarkegs s`ez r`f netmvias net

r`f svdsragcfs r`ar raof |atr kg r`ftfacrkeg

TFACRAGS

[KFIBS \TEBVCR

S



Dfcavsf en r`f |tkgck|if enr`f cegsft~arkeg en

marrft)

ag fqvarkeg mvsr dfdaiagcfb'

Kr mvsr `a~f r`f samfgvmdft en aremsen r`f samf

okgb eg der` skbfs'

C`fmkcai Fqvarkegs

Ia~ekskft) 1:00

SREKC@KEMFRT[



SREKC@KEMFRT[

- r`f srvb{ en r`fqvagrkrark~fas|fcrs enc`fmkcaitfacrkegs'



Fpam|if C`fmkcai Fqvarkegs

Mt G@2GE3 = 0<'<2

Mt G4E = 22

@4E = 10'<4

\TEDIFM8Kn 262 j en G@2GE3 bfcem|esfs) èz mvc` G4E agb @4Eatf netmfb5 Zàr ks r`f r`fetfrkcai {kfib en |tebvcrs5 Kn kgr`ks tfacrkeg kseiarfb egi{ 131 j en G4E) zàr ks r`f

|ftcfgr {kfib5



262 j en G@2GE3 --7 G4E / 4 @4E

SRF\ 4 Ceg~ftr mass tfacragr(262 j+ --7 meifs

262 j ․ 1 mei

0<'<2 j = 6'>0 mei G@2GE3

SRF\ 3 Ceg~ftr meifs tfacragr

(6'>0 mei+ --7 meifs |tebvcr



262 j en G@2GE3 --7 G4E / 4 @4E

= 11'2 mei @4E |tebvcfb

6'>0 mei G@2GE3 ․

4 mei @4E |tebvcfb

1 mei G@2GE3 vsfb

SRF\ 3 Ceg~ftr meifs tfacragr (6'>0mei+ --7 meifs |tebvcr



262 j en G@2GE3 --7 G4E / 4@4E

11'2 mei @4E ․ 10'<4 j

1 mei= 4<2 j @4E

SRF\ 2 Ceg~ftr meifs |tebvcr(11'2 mei+ --7 mass |tebvcr

Caiifb r`f R@FETFRKCAI [KFIB

AIZA[S NEIIEZ R@FSF SRF\S KGSEI^KGJ SREKC@KEMFRT[ \TEDIFMS!

JFGFTAI \IAG NET



JFGFTAI \IAG NETSREKC@KEMFRT[

CAICVIARKEGS

Masstfacragr

Srekc`kemfrtkcnacret

Meifstfacragr Meifs|tebvcr

Mass|tebvcr



262 j en G@2GE3 --7 G4E / 4 @4E

SRF\ 6 @ez mvc` G4E ks netmfb5

Rerai mass en tfacragrs = rerai mass en

|tebvcrs

262 j G@2GE3 = UUU j G4E / 4<2 j

@4Emass en G4E = 46<' j



262 j en G@2GE3 --7 G4E / 4 @4E

SRF\ > Caicviarf r`f |ftcfgr

{kfib

Kn {ev kseiarfb egi{ 131 j en G4E) z`ar ks r`f

|ftcfgr {kfib5

R`ks cem|atfs r`f r`fetfrkcai (46<' j+agb acrvai (131 j+ {kfibs'



262 j en G@2GE3 --7 G4E / 4 @4E

& {kfib =acrvai {kfib

r`fetfrkcai {kfib ․ 1<<&

SRF\ > Caicviarf r`f |ftcfgr {kfib

& {kfib =131 j

46<' j ․ 1<<& = 64'2&



Tfacrkeg re df Srvbkfb

4 Ai / 3 Ci4 ---7 Ai4Ci>

\TEDIFM8 Mkp 6'2< j en Ai zkr` 0'1< j en Ci4' Z`ar



\TEDIFM8 Mkp 6'2< j en Ai zkr` 0'1< j en Ci4' Z`armass en Ai4Ci> cag netm5At Ai = 4:

Mt Ci4 = :<'6

Masstfacragr

Srekc`kemfrtkcnacret Meifs

tfacragr

Meifs

|tebvcr

Mass|tebvcr

C ‛r



Ceg‛r

Z`kc` egf ks ikmkrkgj tfajfgr 5

@ez mvc` fpcfss cecfgrtarkeg en er`ft

cem|evgb r`ar ks ger a ikmkrkgj tfajfgr 5

Srf| 1 en IT |tedifm8



4 Ai / 3 Ci4 ---7Ai4Ci>Tfacragrs mvsr df kg r`f meif

tarke

Srf| 1 en IT |tedifm8cem|atf acrvai meif tarke en

tfacragrs re r`fetfrkcaimeif tarke'

mei Ci4mei Ai

= 34

Bfckbkgj eg r`f Ikmkrkgj



Bfckbkgj eg r`f IkmkrkgjTfacragr

Kn

R`ftf ks ger fgevj` Ai re vsf v| aii

r`f Ci4

4 Ai / 3 Ci4 ---7 Ai4Ci>

mei Ci4

mei Ai7

3

4

Ikm tfaj = Ai

Bfckbkgj eg r`f Ikmkrkgj



Kn

R`ftf ks ger fgevj` Ci4 re vsf

v| aii r`f Ai

4 Ai / 3 Ci4 ---7 Ai4Ci>

mei Ci4

mei Ai9

3

4

Ikm tfaj = Ci4

Bfckbkgj eg r`f IkmkrkgjTfacragr



Zf `a~f 6'2< j en Ai agb 0'1< j en Ci4

Srf| 4 en IT |tedifm8

Caicviarf meifs en fac` tfacragr

6'2< j Ai ․ 1 mei4:'< j

= <'4<< mei A

0'1< j Ci4 ․ 1 mei:<'; j

= <'112 mei Ci4

Nk b i rk n r r



Nkgb meif tarke en tfacragrs

R`kszevib df 3%4) et 1'6%1) kntfacragrs atf |tfsfgr kg r`f

fpacr srekc`kemfrtkc tarke'

Ikmkrkgj tfajfgr ks Ci4

mei Ci4mei Ai

=<'112 mei

<'4<< mei= <'6:

4 Ai / 3 Ci4 ---7 Ai4Ci>

CAICVIARKEGS8 caicviarf mass en



CAICVIARKEGS8 caicviarf mass enAi4Ci> fp|fcrfb'

Srf| 18 Caicviarf meifs en Ai4Ci> fp|fcrfb dasfb eg IT'

<'112 mei Ci4 ․ 1 mei Ai4Ci>

3 mei Ci4

= <'<30< mei Ai4Ci>

<'<30< mei Ai4Ci> ․ 4>>'2 j Ai4Ci>

mei= 1<'1 j Ai4Ci>

Srf| 48 Caicviarf mass en Ai4Ci> fp|fcrfbdasfb eg IT'



Ci4 zas r`f ikmkrkgj tfacragr'

R`ftfnetf) Ai zas |tfsfgrkg fpcfss' Dvr `ez mvc`5

Nktsr nkgb `ez mvc` Ai zas tfqvktfb'

R`fg nkgb ez mvc` Ai ks kg fpcfss'

@ez mvc` en z`kc` tfacragr zkiitfmakg z`fg tfacrkeg ks cem|ifrf5

Caicviarkgj Fpcfss Ai



4 Ai / 3 Ci4 |tebvcrs

<'4<< mei <'112 mei = IT

Caicviarkgj Fpcfss Ai

Fpcfss Ai = Ai a~akiadif - Ai tfqvktfb

<'112 mei Ci4 ․ 4 mei Ai3 mei Ci4

= <'<:>< mei Ai tfq*b

= <'4<< mei - <'<:>< mei

= <'142 mei Ai kg fpcfss

Vskgj Srekc`kemfrt{ re



Vskgj Srekc`kemfrt{ reBfrftmkgf a Netmvia

Nktsr) tfcejgkxf r`ar aii C kg CE4 agb aii @ kg @4E

ks ntem Cp@{'

Cp@{ / semf ep{jfg ---7

<'3:; j CE4 / <'1<36 j @4E

\vbbif en Cp@{

<'116 j

<'3:; j CE4 /E4

/E4 <'1<36 j @4E

1 @4E meifcvif netms netfac` 4 @ arems kg Cp@{

1 CE4 meifcvif netms net

fac` C arem kg Cp@{





Nktsr) tfcejgkxf r`ar aii C kg CE4 agb aii @ kg @4E ksntem C

p

@{

'

1' Caicviarf amevgr en C kg CE4

0'>1 p 1<-3 mei CE4 --7 0'>1 p 1<-3 mei C

4' Caicviarf amevgr en @ kg @4E

6':22 p 1<-3 mei @4E -- 71'12; p 1<-4 mei @

Cp@{ / semf ep{jfg ---7<'3:; j CE4 / <'1<36 j @4E





Gez nkgb tarke en mei @%mei C re nkgb ~aivfs en ’p” agb

’{” kg Cp@{'1'12; p 1< -4 mei @ % 0'>1 p 1<-3 mei C

= 1'33 mei @ % 1'<< mei C

= 2 mei @ % 3 mei C

Fm|ktkcai netmvia = C3@2

Cp@{ / semf ep{jfg ---7<'3:; j CE4 / <'1<36 j @4E

Gfpr srf|



Gfpr srf|'''

1' \tfck|krarkeg tfacrkegs'

4' Ackb –dasf tfacrkegs'

3' Epkbarkeg –tfbvcrkeg tfacrkegs'

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