review chapter 11: agriculture by caitlin s. what is agriculture? agriculture: the purposeful...

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Review Chapter 11: Agriculture By Caitlin S

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ReviewChapter 11: Agriculture

By Caitlin S

What is Agriculture?

• Agriculture: The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

• About half of the grains grown in the United States are consumed by people

• The other half is utilized for livestock feed

Economic Activities

• Primary Economic Activities: Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.

• Secondary Economic Activities: Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into the finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.

Economic Activities (cont.)

• Tertiary Economic Activities: Economic activity associated with the provision of services-such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.

• Quaternary Economic Activities: Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Economic Activities (cont.)

• Quinary Economic Activities: Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

Hunters and Gatherers

• Before modern day agriculture, there were hunters and gatherers

• Differed based on region

• American Indians near the Pacific Ocean fished for salmon

• Those in northern North America migrated along with caribou herds

First Agricultural Revolution

• Dates back 10,000 years• Time when both plant and animal domestication

originated• Plant Domestication: Genetic modification of a

plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.

• Animal Domestication: Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

Subsistence Agriculture

• Subsistence Agriculture: Growing only enough food to survive.

• Subsistence farmers utilize the natural environment

• Farmers that practice this often live in South and Middle America, and South and Southeast Asia

• When a surplus occurs, it is shared with other members of the community

Second Agricultural Revolution

• Second Agricultural Revolution: Witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

• Benefited from the Industrial Revolution

• Composed of a series of innovations, improvements and techniques.

• Moved agriculture beyond the levels of subsistence

Von Thünen’s Model

• Described as the first effort to analyze the spatial character of economic character.

Third Agricultural Revolution/ Green Revolution

• Began as early as the 1930s• Currently in progress• Agricultural scientists began to manipulate

seeds of crops in a process known as genetic modification

• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.

Landownership

*Rectangular Survey System/Township and Range: A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior

*Appears with a checkerboard pattern across agricultural fields

*Is the most popular system in the United States today

Landownership (cont.)

*Metes and Bounds Survey: A system that relies on descriptions of the land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.

*The U.S. abandoned this technique in favor of the rectangular survey system

*Longlot Survey System: System in which land is divided into narrow parcels.

Villages

• Traditional farm villages are common today in India, Sub-Saharan Africa, China and Southeast Asia

• These villages often rely on subsistence agriculture

• Europe contains villages that are clustered on hilltops

• Modern villages are often arranged in a grid pattern

Types of Agriculture

• Commercial Agriculture: Large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces and the latest technology.

• Monoculture: Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.

• Ex. Sri Lanka is known for tea and Ghana is known for cocoa

Types of Agriculture (cont.)

• Plantation Agriculture: When cash crops are grown on large estates (an example of a cash crop is sugarcane).

• Mediterranean Agriculture: Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails.

Illegal Drugs

• There is a high demand for illegal drugs, which makes them classify as cash crops

• Coca (which is used to make cocaine) is grown in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia

• Heroin and opium come from opium poppy plants, grown in Southeast and Southwest Asia

• Over 90% of illegal opium production worldwide comes from Afghanistan and Myanmar (according to the UN Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention

Climate Classification System

• Köppen Climate Classification System: A system created by Wladimir Köppen to classify the world’s climates based on temperature and precipitation

• His system goes on to create climate regions

• Climate Regions: areas with similar climatic characteristics

Environmental Impacts

• Chemicals, such as pesticides and growth hormones for plants and livestock, impact the environment

• Deforestation has also increased over the years as agriculture is expanding

• Droughts also occur, making less vegetation grow

• Desertification: when humans destroy soil vegetation through overuse of land for livestock grazing or crop production

Agribusiness

• Agribusiness: General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry

• It serves to connect local farms with a spatially extensive web of production and exchange