review for euh3931 from late 19 th century to the end of world war i (aftermath)
TRANSCRIPT
Review for EUH3931From late 19th century to the End of World War I (Aftermath)
Readings:
• J.A. Grenville, A History of the World:- Chapter 1. (Especially sections relating to European
powers)Chapter 2. Chapter 3. • Overfield, Sources of Global …Chapters 1-3.• Internet (Wikipedia…)
Intellectual/Cultural themes of the 19th century:
Positivism – Auguste Comte, Herbert SpencerLiberalism – Modern nation-statesConservatism – Edmund Burke, Benjamin
Disraeli, Joseph de MaistreMarxism – Karl Marx/F. Engels, K. Kautsky, R.
Luxemburg, V.I. LeninSocialism – E. Bernstein, A. BebelAnarchism – M. Bakunin, P. Kropotkin
19th Century Background
Social Darwinism – H. Spencer, T.H. Huxley, A. Gobineau
Nationalism – Nation-States, Militant forms in late 19th century tied to imperialism/jingoism
Imperialism: Africa and Asia (Germany, France, Gt. Britain, Belgium, Italy)
Age of Imperialism, 1880-1914
• Why were Europeans in favor of imperialism?
• Commerce, Civilization, Christianity
• Major imperial powers (Gt. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan)
• Imperialism of Russia and Austria-Hungary
World Outside of Europe
• United States (Industrialization and Growth, Major wars/treaties, Imperialism)
• Japan – Modernization (Meiji restoration), Open door to west after 1868. Imperialism in Asia (Korea, China, etc.)
• China – Isolationism during Manchu or Quing dynasty, Imperial intervention in 19th century, conflicts with outsiders (Japan in 1895 and Boxer Rebellion in 1900).
Nationalism and Imperialism in Japan
• How do we account for Japan's imperialistic actions between 1894 and 1905? The following points help to explain this phenomenon:
1.Japan's deep concerns for national security, 2.Its emulation of the imperialistic behaviors of
Western powers, and 3.Japanese national ideals and personal
characteristics.
Early stages of modern Japanese imperialism
• Japan forcefully acquired three major foreign territories between 1894 and 1910:
• Taiwan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5
• Korea as a protectorate in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5, then as a colony when unilaterally annexed by Japan in 1910
• Kwantung Leased Territories in 1905 in southern Manchuria when Japan succeeded to Russia's leases after the Russo-Japanese War.
Modern China
• China in Search of Unity, 1900-1911
China in 20th century
• Rule of Ch’ing/ Manchu Dynasty, 1648-1911)• Impact of the West and Japan (traditional
China vs. modern China)• 1895 – War with Japan (Korea)• 1900 – Boxer Rebellion• 1911 – Sun Yat-sen overthrows Ch’ing rulers
and establishes a republic.• 1912 – Kuomintang formed.
Background to WWI
• Great Powers and their relative position to one another: Germany, Italy, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.
• Alliances of Great Powers: Dual Alliance(1894), Triple Alliance (1879,1882), Entente Cordiale (1904,1907).
How war came…
• Causes of WWI: Diplomatic ties; militant nationalism; imperial tensions (Morocco 1905, 1911, Bosnia, 1908, Balkan Wars, 1912-1913).
• Outbreak of war? Assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June, 1914. Austria challenges Serbia with an ultimatum and then declares war.
• Schlieffen Plan, 1905 (Role in starting war?_)
First World War, 1914-1918
How did war start?
What was war about?
What kind of war was it? (Stalemate/trench warfare, Total War, etc.)
Role of propaganda
Role of Home Front
First World War
What were the major turning points of the war:
1914 – Battle of Marne
1915 -- Unrestricted submarine warfare, Gallipoli
1916 -- Verdun, Somme
1917 -- Russia leaves the war US joins it.
End of War
1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, German Spring offensive.
Who won the war? Why did they win?
Expectations of victors? Punish Germany, establish a “new” Europe based on Wilson’s 14 points (issued in January, 1918).
Russian Revolutions, 1917
Russia during WWI and in the post-war era:
Political/Social Background:
Types of political parties on the left: Marxists (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists)
Russian Revolutions, 1917-
Russian Revolution of March, 1917 – Provisional Government est., Soviets share power with new PG.
October, 1917 – Storming of the Winter Palace, beginning of Bolshevik-led revolution
Revolution and Civil War, 1918-1921
Opposing sides: Reds (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists) vs. Whites (monarchists, military, liberals, traditionalists)
Reasons for Bolshevik victory?
Party organization – “What is to be done?”
Cheka – created 1917
Propaganda (Agit-prop) -- Posters, lectures, etc.
Revolutionary Utopia: Winning over the people: ending the war, promising a new world…
Leadership (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin).
Red Army -- Trotsky
Fate of Great Power system
• End of European empires: Russian, German, Ottoman, Austrian-Hungarian
• Great Power system shattered
Aftermath of war, 1919-
• Significance of Paris Peace Conference, 1919-1920 (winners and losers, League of Nations, treaties, etc.)
• New Europe? What did it look like? What had changed? (Borders, new countries, new political systems, continuation of “old” politics…)
Models for rule/economics
• Liberalism in the “New Europe” after 1919
• Communism (Russian Revolution/Civil War, 1917-1921)
• Fascism (1919-) – Italy, Germany, Portugal, etc.
• Authoritarianism – Poland, Hungary, etc.