Life Science Final Exam 2014Review PacketMr. Jacobs

Name: _____________________________________

Class: ________________________

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

VOCABULARY:-scientific method, hypothesis, theory, independent variable, dependent (experimental) variable, inference, variables, control, constant

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Do scientists always find answers to questions? No. Do they always do experiments in

laboratories? Not always. Each problem is different. Yet, solving any problem requires organization, doesn’t it? In science this organization takes the form of a series of procedures or scientific method. The scientific method is a set of skills used to solve problems in an orderly way.

The first step is to identify and state the problem clearly. Scientists state the problem in the form of a question. This is why we say the first step of the scientific method is to ask a question. All scientists do not use the steps in the same order.

After collecting information and completing some research, scientists form a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a possible answer or explanation to a question. It is based on the information the scientist has already generated. This is a prediction that can be tested. When writing a hypothesis we include; if, then and as compared to.

Then scientists test their hypothesis by performing experiments. If the hypothesis cannot be tested scientists consider the hypothesis to be illogical. There are a few key parts to a successful experiment. One of the first things to consider in setting up an experiment is what factor (or factors) can affect the outcome of the experiment. Any factor that can affect the outcome of an investigation is called a variable.

Two types of variables are very important in any investigation. They are the independent (or manipulated) variable and the dependent (or responding) variable. In an experiment, one factor (dependent variable) is allowed to be manipulated (varied) by the action of the second factor (independent variable). The dependent variable is observed carefully for effects. If a change occurs in this variable, then it is truly a dependent variable since it was changed by the actions of the independent variable.

When setting up an experiment the scientist will have two groups. The experimental and control group. The experimental group receives the independent (manipulated) variable. The control group acts as a baseline or frame of reference or does not receive the variable being tested at all. There must also be a lot of constants in an experiment. Constants are things that remain the same. This is so that the scientists can observe the results of only one variable.

There is a lot a scientist must consider when performing an experiment but when the experiment is finished the scientist’s work is not done. Scientists must organize the data so that it can be analyzed. The fifth step of the scientific method is to make observations from experiments.

After scientists have analyzed the data from several experiments, they can draw conclusions. For example, they must put the data into a table or graph. Scientists will then accept, reject or change

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the hypothesis. When scientists find that a hypothesis is not supported by the tests, they must try to find another explanation for what they have observed.

The last step of the scientific method is for scientists to communicate their results to other scientists. Other scientists may repeat the experiments to see if they get the same results. The information can also help scientists discover new questions and answers. New answers may strengthen scientific hypothesis or show that the hypothesis needs to be altered.

QUESTIONS:1. List the eight steps of the scientific method.

2. Define scientific method.

3. What is a dependent variable?

4. What is an independent variable?

5. If a student is investigating green and purple plants:a. -the amount of light both plants get would be the _______________________ variable

b. -the amount the plant grows would be the _____________________________ variablec. -now write a hypothesis

d. List three constants that could be in this experiment.

e. Scientists must use a lot of plants in the experiment. Why?

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Theories and LawsObservations and conclusions in science either develop or support existing information. A

theory is an explanation of things or events based on many observations. A theory is not someone’s opinion, nor is a theory a vague idea. Hypotheses that have been tested over and over again and cannot be shown to be false support theories. Theories can be changed as new data uncover new information.

Large amounts of data in science often show a trend. A scientific law based on these repeating data tells us how nature works. A law is a reliable description of nature based on many observations. A law is proven true over and over again. Laws may change as more information becomes known.

6. Define Theory in your own words.

7. Define Law in your own words.

____8. Scientific knowledge changes and grows due toa. asking new questions and reexamining old ones.b. the use of new technologies.c. the discovery of new information.d. All of the above

____9. Tyler does an experiment to test the effects of acid rain on fish in ponds. He sets up two groups. One group of fish is kept in water with acid and the other group is kept in water without acid. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

a. The pond b. The fish c. The acid d. The water

____10. A scientist who wants to study the possible side effects of a new medicine would probablya. give each experimental group the same dose of medicine.b. include a control group that received no medicine.c. use different numbers of subjects in each treatment group.d. simply ask the subjects about the medicine's effects.

____11. When a scientist finds that a hypothesis is wrong, the scientist usually:a. tries to find another explanation for what has been observed.b. stops studying science.c. feels that nothing valuable was learned.d. adds an additional variable to his or her experiment.

____12. ____ are usually stated in an "If . . . then . . ." format.a. Hypotheses b. Predictions c. Theories d. Variables

____13. After concluding that your tests support your hypothesis, you shoulda. keep it secret so that no one steals your idea.b. publish the results so that other scientists can learn from you.c. wait around to see if anyone else discovers the same thing.d. none of the above

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____14. The first step in finding solutions to problems such as pollution, deforestation, and the extinction of wildlife is to

a. try as many experiments as possible until something works.b. understand how we affect the world around us by making observations and asking

questionsc. create new species so we will not miss the old ones.d. develop new technologies that will allow us to leave the planet and live someplace else.

____15. If a tested hypothesis does not produce the expected results,a. the experiment was a waste of time.b. don't trash the results—it might lead to another discovery.c. the experiment was done wrong.d. manipulate the data to fit the hypothesis.

16. Why do scientists have a control group in an experiment?

17. How many constants do you have in an experiment?

18. What is a great way to list those constants?

19. How do you write a good hypothesis?

METRICS

VOCABULARY:-meter, liter, gram, Celsius, mass, weight, triple beam balance, graduated cylinder

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Measuring is a vital part of all scientific work. Measurements make observations more exact.

Measurements are needed to show how big, how fast, or how many. The more exact the measurements are, the more exact our understanding of nature will be. It has often been said that mathematics is the language of science.

Scientists all over the world use the SI metric system of measurement. The letters SI come form its French name, le Système International. In the metric system, sizes and distances are measured in meters. The amount of mass is measured in grams. Volume is recorded in liters or cubic centimeters. Temperature is recorded in degrees Celsius.

The metric system has many advantages over the English system of inches, pounds, and so on. First of all, the metric system is used worldwide. Therefore, there are no problems in understanding measurements made in Russia, China or any other country.

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The second advantage is that it is based on multiplies of ten. It is easy to change measurements to larger or smaller units. All you have to do is multiply or divide by some multiple of ten. All metric units are changed from one form to another in the same way.

Having prefixes is another advantage to using the metric system. The set of prefixes is the same for all metric units. Each of the prefixes comes from the French or Latin languages. The prefixes are as follows: Kilo, hecto, decka, base units, deci, centi, milli. We learned in class the following mnemonic device: Kids have dreamed big dreams converting metrics, to help us remember the order of the prefixes.

The base units could include meter, liter or gram. Weight and mass are different. Weight refers to the pull of gravity on an object. While in space an astronaut would be “weightless” due to no gravitational pull. Obviously, the amount of matter in his body doesn’t change. The amount of matter contained in an object is the mass. To make accurate measurements, scientists use a spring scale to measure weight measured in Newton’s and a triple beam balance to measure mass. When we measure volume we label our numbers in cm3 or liters.

1. List the prefixes used in the metric system, in order, from smallest to largest.

2. List some advantages to using the metric system.

3. How are mass and weight different?

4. What are the two units for measuring volume?

____5. The International System of Unitsa. is based on standardized body measurements.b. contains units that are based on the number 10.c. is useful only for measuring lengths.d. is a device used to measure volume.

____6. An advantage of using the International System of Units is that ita. is based on measurements of common body parts.b. includes easily understood units of measure, such as inches.c. gives scientists a common way to share their results.d. uses different units to measure mass and weight.

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____7. How many meters are in a kilometer?a. 10 b. 100 c. 1000 d. 10000

____8. 1L is equal toa. 1 cm3 b. 0.01 m3 c. 1000 mL d. All of the above

____9. To measure the volume of a liquid, you would use aa. ruler. b. graduated cylinder c. thermometer. d. balance

____10. You have a graduated cylinder that contains 50 mL of water. You drop a sea shell into the cylinder, and the water level rises to 65 mL. What is the volume of the sea shell?

a. 15 cm3 b. 115 cm3 c. 50 cm3 d. 65 cm3

____11. Mass is measured with a a. spring scale. b. triple beam balance c. graduated cylinder d. ruler

____12. A hippo’s mass would most likely be described usinga. pounds b. milligrams. c. kilograms. d. kilometers.

____13. To describe the length of a grain of rice you would use a. Millimeters (mm) b. decimeters (dm) c. meters (m) d. kilometers(km)

Complete the following table:

Base Unit Abbreviation Definition Units Scientific Instrument

Liter

Meter

Gram

Temperature

Weight

14. What is the mnemonic sentence you learned to keep the pre-fixes in order?

Practice reading a graduated cylinder. Make sure you label the correct units.

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LIVING THINGSVOCABULARY:

-locomotion, regulation, extinction, reproduction, kingdom, species, metamorphosis, photosynthesis, circulation, respiration, warm blooded, cold blooded, cells, ATP, heredity, homeostasis

Questions:1. List the levels of organization in a human and an example of each (ex. Cell Organ system)

2. List the things ALL living things need to survive.

3. What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?

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4. What is the primary source of all living things?

5. Draw a food chain including four organisms.

CELLSVOCABULARY:

-organ, tissue, unicellular, multicellular, DNA, ATP, consumer, producer, prokaryote, centromere, osmosis, mitosis, meiosis

ORGANELLES:-nucleus, cell wall, lysosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, chloroplast, vacuole, cell wall, mitochondria

*Make sure you know where each organelle is, what each organelle looks like and what each organelle does (function).

Background Information: When microscopes were invented, one of the first things people looked at under the microscope

was parts of living things. In 1664 a British scientist, Robert Hooke, described his observations using a simple lens (magnifier) of thin slices of cork. He observed the empty cell walls of cork and it reminded him of little cells. This is how cells got their name.

Then it was suggested that all plants were composed of cells. All animals consisted of cells also. The cell theory states three things: One, living things are composed of cells. Two, cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things. Three, all cells come from other cells. A cell is the basic unit of all living things. While they may differ in how complex they are, all have the cell as the basic component where activities of life occur. 1. What are the three parts of the cell theory?

Cells are composed of parts (known as organelles), each with a special function that help the cell survive. Here is a summary of a few of the organelles with their functions. Continued on next page.

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It is also important to know where the organelles are located. Look at the diagram below to observe the location of many organelles.

Organisms that consist of just one cell are called unicellular. This means that just one cell must carry out all of the life activities by itself. Examples of unicellular organisms include an amoeba, paramecium and euglena. Organism’s that are multicellular consist of many cells. In these organisms the cells need to specialize (do fewer jobs and often do them better). Examples of multicellular organisms include lions, tigers and bears.

Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are different because prokaryotic cells do NOT HAVE a nucleus and eukaryotic cells DO HAVE a nucleus.

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic CellsNo nucleus Nucleus

No membrane covered organelles Membrane covered organellesCircular DNA Linear DNA

Bacteria All other cells

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In general, in a multicellular organism, cells are organized as cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.

In multicellular organisms, different cells perform different tasks. Cells are specialized. A tissue is a group of cells that perform the same function. Tissues are used to cover the body, connect other tissues and organs together, move parts of the body, carry messages to and from parts of the body, store nutrients, and do many other jobs. An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform certain functions. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform specific functions. For example, the circulatory system transports materials throughout an organism.

2. What is the relationship between your digestive system, stomach, and intestines?

____3. Which of the following is NOT found in animal cells?a. Cell wall b. Cell membrane c. Lysosomes d. Vesicle

____4. Different _______ work together in an organ.a. Organ systems b. Tissues c. Organism d. Prokayotes

____5. Which of the following statements is NOT part of the cell theory?a. The most basic component of any organism is the cell.b. All cells originate from other cells.c. All cells have a nucleus and a cell membrane.d. All living things are made up of one or more cells.

____6. A person has about 200 different kinds of cells, each specialized to do a particular job. This means that the person

a. does not need tissues. c. is multicellular.b. does not need organs. d. is unicellular.

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____7. Which of the following is an example of a tissue in your body?a. Blood b. Fat c. Muscle cells d. All of the above

____8. Which of the following is an example of an organ?a. A plant leaf b. Stomach c. heart d. All of the above

____9. _________ are the basic units of living things.a. Organisms b. Tissues c. Cells d. Organs

____10. The hereditary material in a cell isa. DNA b. E.R. c. ATP d. Cytoplasm

____11. ______ is what make chloroplasts green.a. Chromatids b. Chlorophyll c. Cholesterol d. Chromosomes

____12. The human body’s largest organ is the a. skin b. intestines. c. lungs. d. heart.

____13. The first person to discover and name "the tiny boxes" seen under a crude compound microscope as cells was looking at a

a. slice of cork b. piece of skin c. lungs d. heart

____14. Why is an elephant larger than a human?a. It has larger cells than a person does.b. It has a larger surface-to-volume ratio of its cells than a person does.c. It has more cells than a person does.d. None of the above

____15. If an animal cell did not have lysosomes, it would NOT be able toa. control the production of proteins.b. make food using sunlight.c. digest wastes and foreign matter.d. All of the above

16. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

17. Explain Osmosis.

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Special NOTE: There will be diagrams of BOTH a plant cell and an animal cell

Cell Organelle Vocabulary REVIEW

Color Organelle Definition

Orange ____________________ Controls cell activities.

Pink ____________________ Anything that can live on its own.

Light Green ____________________ Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.

Dark Green ____________________ Makes protein.

Brown ____________________ Supply the cell with energy. Respiration occurs here.

Purple ____________________ Makes lipids. Transports proteins and other materials through the cell.

Gray ____________________ Provides strength and support to plant cells.

Yellow ____________________ Stores food, water, and waste.

Light Red ____________________ Contain enzymes that digest food.

Dark Red ____________________ Processes and transports materials out of the cell.

Black ____________________ Liquid portion of the cell containing all the organelles.

Brown ____________________ Contain the chlorophyll needed to carry on photosynthesis.

Light Blue ____________________ A cell that does have a nucleus.

Dark Blue ____________________ A cell that does NOT have a nucleus or any other membrane-covered organelles.

Peach ____________________ A group of cells that work together to perform a specific job.

Light Green ____________________ The most basic unit of life

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eukaryote

prokaryote

vacuole

Nucleus organism

Cell

cytoplasm

mitochondria

Cellwall

ribosome

chloroplast

Nuclear Envelope

Golgi

Tissue

ERLysosome

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GENETICSVOCABULARY:

-extinction, mutation, selective breeding, natural selection, sperm, egg, sex cells, fertilized eggs, hormones, genes, chromosome, competition, selective breeding, natural selection, ecological succession, heredity, genotype, phenotype, hybrid, purebred, clone, alteration, mutation, variation, hybrid, recessive, dominant, incomplete dominance, allele.

Questions:1. What is the difference between a sex cell and the sex chromosomes?

2. How many chromosomes do humans have?

3. How many chromosomes does a human sex cell have?

4. What is the difference between recessive vs. dominant

5. What is a test cross and how is it beneficial?

6. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

7. Practice Punnett Squares (ie. Rr x Rr)

-Be able to read a pedigree chart.

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EVOLUTIONVOCABULARY:

-fossils, selective breeding, mutations, genetic resistance, extinct, evolution, competition, predation

Questions:1. Where are fossils found?

2. Who is Charles Darwin?

3. Which group of organisms can show significant trait changes in the shortest period of time?

4. List and explain Darwin’s four steps to Natural Selection

5. What process causes the changes to occur during evolution?

CLASSIFICATIONVOCABULARY:

-multicellular, unicellular, prokaryotic, eukaryotic, motile, sessile Questions:

1. What are the levels of classification?

2. What are the six kingdoms? Include two examples of each.

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3. How do you write a scientific name?

4. What levels are represented when writing an organism’s scientific name?

5. How are things classified?

PROTISTS and FUNGIVOCABULARY:

-decomposer, consumer, pseudopodia, flagella, ciliaQuestions:

1. How do protist get their food?

2. How do each of the following protists move? *Include a sketch of each. a. euglena

b. amoeba

c. paramecium

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PLANTSVOCABULARY:

-nonvascular, vascular, monocot, dicot, conifer, xylem, phloem, stomata, epidermis, cuticle, stigma, style, anther, petal, guard cell, dormant, chloroplast, chlorophyll,

Questions:1. Give examples of both nonvascular and vascular plants.

2. Why are plants important to the environment?

3. List the male parts of a flower.

4. List the female parts of the flower.

5. What is the equation to photosynthesis?

6. Where is sugar made in a plant?

7. Label the following diagrams

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Plant Vocabulary REVIEW

Color Organelle Definition

Dark red __________________ openings in the epidermis and cuticle of a leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf

Light red __________________ a seed leaf inside a seed

Dark green __________________ a green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

Light green __________________ a plant that produces seeds, but no flowers

Gray __________________ a change in the growth of a plant in response to light

Dark orange __________________ the dust-like particles that carry the male gametophyte of seed plants

Light orange __________________ a plant that produces seeds in flowers

Dark purple __________________ the often colorful structures on a flower that are usually involved in attracting pollinators

Light purple __________________ the female reproductive structures in a flower that consists of a stigma, a style, and an ovary

Dark yellow __________________ the transfer of pollen to the female cone in conifers or to the stigma in angiosperms

Light yellow __________________ the male reproductive structure in a flower that consists of a filament topped by a pollen-producing anther

Dark brown __________________ describes an inactive state of a seed

Light brown __________________ have tissues that deliver needed material to their cells

Dark blue __________________ a specialized plant tissue that transports sugar molecules from one part of the plant to another

Light blue __________________ a specialized plant tissue that transports water and minerals from one part of the plant to another

Pink __________________ a change in the growth of a plant in response to gravity

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Xylem

Vascular Tissue

pistil

chlorophyll

phloem

stomata

stamen

pollination

gymnosperm

angiosperm

pollen

dormant

gravitropism

phototropism

cotyledon

petal

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ANIMALSVOCABULARY:

-vertebrate, invertebrate, herbivore, carnivore, bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry, metamorphosis, hibernation, camouflage, predator, prey, endotherm, ectotherm, migration, adaptation,

Questions:1. What is the difference between warm-blooded and coldblooded?

2. What is the difference between predator and prey? Give examples.

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