Review For Test III

The Alliance System

• Congress of Berlin– Russo-Turkish War

(1877–78)– Bismarck

• Bismarck’s Alliance System– Dual Alliance– Three Emperor’s League– Triple Alliance– Isolated France

• Scramble for Africa– The Berlin Conference -

1884-1885

• Germany– William II - 1888– Bismarck's opposition– End of the Alliance

System

• Third French Republic– The Dreyfus Affair

Imperialism & Revolution

• The Spanish-American War (1898-1899) – Cuba and Puerto Rico– Battleship Maine

• China– The Boxer Rebellion

• Sino-Japanese War– Korea

• Russo-Japanese War– Port Arthur– Treaty of Portsmouth

• Theodore Roosevelt

• Russia – Industrialization

• Sergei Witte• Trans-Siberian Railroad

– Revolution of 1905• The October Manifesto• Duma

• Mexican Revolution– Porfirio Diaz– Emiliano Zapata– “Pancho” Villa– “tierra y librttad”– Constitution of 1917

Society at the Turn of the 20th Century

• Auguste Comte– Positivism– Father of Sociology

• Charles Darwin– The Origin of Species– “Natural Selection”

• “Social Darwinism”– Herbert Spencer– Thomas Henry Huxley

• Louis Pasteur– “Pasteurization”

• Robert Koch– Germ Research

• Ernst Mach– Experimentation

• William Rotegen– X-Rays

• Marie Curie– Radioactivity– Polonium and Radium

• Ernest Rutherford– Split the Atom

• Max Plank– Quantum Theory

• Albert Einstein– General Theory of Relativity

Society at the Turn of the 20th Century

• Sigmund Freud– Father of Psychoanalysis– The Interpretation of Dreams

• Carl Jung– Archetypal Ideas

• Ivan Pavlov– Behaviorism

• Friedrich Nietzsche– The Birth of Tragedy– Criticized Christianity &

Democracy– Ubermensch (Overman)

• Women’s Rights– Millicent Fawcett

• National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies

– Emmaline Pankhurst• Women’s Social and

Political Union

– Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention• Elizabeth Stanton• Susan B. Anthony

Society at the Turn of the 20th Century

• The Radio– Nikola Tesla– Guglielmo Marconi

• Thomas Edison– Role in the invention of:

• Phonograph• Dictaphone• Mimeograph• Moving Picture• Light Bulb

• Henry Bessemer– Steel

• Gottlieb Damlier– Automobile

• Henry Ford– Moving Assembly Line

World War I• Assassination Archduke

Francis (Franz) Ferdinand– Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina– The Black Hand

• The Schlieffen Plan– Count Alfred von Schlieffen

• The Battle of the Marne - September 1914

• Trench Warfare• British Tank - 1916• Battle of Gallipoli• The “Armenian Genocide”

• The War at Sea– British Blockade– German U-Boats– The Lusitania

• The Battle of Verdun– Erich von Falkenhayn– Henri Petain

• US Enters the War:– German Submarine

Warfare– Zimmerman Telegram

Russian Revolution

• Tsar Nicholas II• The February

Revolution– Tsar Nicholas Abdicates– The Provisional Council– The Petrograd Soviet

• Vladimir Lenin• The July Days Riots

• Leon Trotsky & the Petrograd Soviet

• The October Revolution– Bolshevik Coup

• Civil War– White Army– Red Army

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

End of WWI• WWI - The Tide Turns

– US Troops Arrive– Allied Counter-Attacks– Ottoman and Austrian Fronts

Collapse

• Wilson’s Fourteen Points• Kaiser Abdicates - November 9,

1918• The Treaty of Versailles

– January 1919– The “Big Four”

• Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.• David Lloyd George of Britain• Georges Clemenceau of France• Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy

– The League of Nations– Eastern Realignment:

• Republic of Austria• Kingdom of Hungary• Czechoslovakia• Yugoslavia• Italy - Trent and Trieste• Poland• British & French Mandates• Republic of Turkey• Romania• New Eastern States

– Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Colonies

– Germany• Alsace-Lorraine• Partial Disarmament• Rhine Demilitarized Zone• Reparations

The 1920s• France

– Conservative & Unstable– Invasion of the Ruhr Mine

• Britain– Franchise– The Labour Party

• Ramsey McDonald

• British Empire– India

• Mohandas Gandhi

– Ireland• Sinn Fein

– Irish Republican Army (IRA)• Civil War - 1921-1923

• U.S.– “Roaring Twenties”– Prohibition– Gangsterism– Immigration Acts

• The Dawes Plan– Charles Dawes

• Italy– Benito Mussolini

• Fasci di Combattimento– “Bands of Combat”– Facists

– The Black Shirts– Black shirt March on Rome– The Lateran Accord

The 1920s

• Germany / The Weimar Republic– Reparations Payments– Mass Inflation– National Socialist German

Workers Party - Nazi• Twenty-Five Points• Captain Ernst Roehm • Sturmabteilung

– “SA”

– Adolf Hitler• Vienna• Beer Hall Putsch• Mein Kampf

• Russia - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics– The Cheka– Dictatorship of the Proletariat– New Economic Policy (NEP)– Lenin’s death– Josef Stalin vs. Leon Trotsky

• China– May Fourth Movement– Nationalist Party (KMT)– Communist Party (CCP)– Chiang Kai-shek– Northern Exhibition– Communist Massacre

The Great Depression

• The US Stock Market Crash– Thursday, October 24, 1929– Banking & Economic Crisis– Spread to Europe

• Britain– Ramsey McDonald– The National Government

• France– Violence– Popular Front– Leon Blum– Edouard Daladier

• U.S.– Herbert Hoover

• “Hoovervilles”• Hoover Dam

– Franklin D. Roosevelt• New Deal• Social Reform

• Italy– Pontine Marshes– Corporatism– Military Mobilization

Germany in the Depression

• President Paul Von Hindenburg

• Chancellors– Heinrich Bruning– Franz von Papen– General Kurt von Schleicher– Adolf Hitler

• Reichstag Fire– February 27, 1933– Dutch communist– Article 48– Civil liberties

• The Enabling Act– March 23, 1933– Hitler Rules by decree

• Night of the Long Knives– Internal Purge

• The Schutzstaffel – Heinrich Himmler

• Full Employment– Labor Front

• Four Year Plan– Herman Goring

Russia in the Depression & Asian Conflict

• Russia– The Five Year Plan

• Gosplan

– Collectivization– Dekulakization– The Great Purge

• Sergei Kirov– Assassination

• The Show Trials• Gulags

• The Asian War Begins– The Manchurian

Railroad– The Mukden Incident– Battle at Marco Polo

Bridge – The United Front

• Communists• Nationalists

Road to WWII

• Italy– Invasion of Ethiopia

• The Spanish Civil War– Spanish Popular Front– Falangists– General Francisco Franco– “Practice Arena for

WWII”

• New Alliances– Rome-Berlin Axis Pact – Anti Comintern Pact

• Germany & Policy of Appeasement– The Anschluss

• Annexation of Austria

– Czechoslovakia• Sudetenland

– Issues with Poland• Danzig

• Nazi-Soviet Pact• Nazi Invasion of Poland

– September 1, 1939 – Blitzkrieg– European War Begins

World War II

• Early German Expansion– Poland, Demark,

Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg

• Fall of France– Henri Petain– Vichy France– Charles De Gaulle

• Free French

• Battle of Britain– Winston Churchill– Strikes on airfields– Bombing of London

• North Africa– Erwin Rommel

• The Soviet Union– Operation Barbarossa– Russian Winter

• Hitler’s Plans– Lebensraum– Poland / Slavs– Holocaust

• Ghettos• “The Final Solution”• Concentration camps• Warsaw Uprising

World War II• Japanese Expansion

– General Hideki Tojo– December 7, 1941 – Pearl

Harbor

• Allies in the Pacific– Midway Island

• Battle of Stalingrad– Turning Point

• D-Day– Dwight D. Eisenhower

• The Battle of the Bulge– Germany’s last western offensive

• Hitler committed suicide

• “Island Hopping”• Hiroshima / Nagasaki• Treaty on USS Missouri• “Big Three” Conferences

– Yalta, Potsdam– United Nations– War Crimes Trials– Russian/Polish Border

• Division of Germany– US, France, Britain, USSR

• Division of Japanese Empire– General Douglas MacArthur– New Government & Constitution

The Cold War & Decolonization• Cominform (Communist

Information Bureau)• “Iron Curtain”• US Policy of Containment

– The Truman Doctrine

• European Recovery– George C. Marshall– The Marshall Plan

• Decolonization Begins– India

• Mohandas Gandhi– Hindu Congress Party

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Muslim League

– British leave India – 1947

– South Africa• Afrikaner National Party• Apartheid

– Israel• Balfour Declaration• UN resolution• 1948 Arab–Israeli War

• German Split– The Berlin Blockade

• Airlift

– Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)• “West Germany”

– German Democratic Republic (GDR)• “East Germany”

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• The Warsaw Pact

The Cold War & Decolonization

• Civil War in China– Chiang Kai-Shek– Mao Tse-Tung

• Korean War– 38th parallel– North invades– UN Police Action– China intervenes– June 16, 1953 –

Armistice

• Vietnam– Ho Chi Minh– French Invasion– Guerilla Warfare– Battle of Dien Bien Phu– Vietnam Divided– National Liberation Front

• Viet Kong

The Cold War & Decolonization• Egypt

– Gamal Abdel Nasser

• Suez Conflict (Sinai War)– 1956– Nationalization– Britain, France, Israel– US/Soviet Reaction

• USSR– The Secret Speech – Khrushchev– “De-Stalinization”– The Hungarian Revolution of

1956• Imre Nagy

• Space Race Begins– Sputnik

• Soviet Union

– Explorer I• United States

• Decolonization in Africa– Ghana

• Kwame Nkrumah

– Kenya• Kikuyu• State of Emergency• Jomo Kenyatta• Independence - 1963

The Cold War & Decolonization

• Algerian War– Effects in France

• Charles de Gaulle• The Fifth French Republic

– Algerian Independence 1962

• 1960 – The Year of Africa• South Africa

– African National Congress– Nelson Mandela– Sharpeville Massacre– South African Republic

• Cultural Movements– Feminism

• Simon de Beauvior– The Second Sex

• Betty Freidan– The Feminine Mystique

– Civil Rights• Discrimination

– Segregation– Voting rights– Violence

• Brown v. Board of Education• Rosa Parks• Martin Luther King Jr.

The Cold War & Decolonization

• Events in Germany– The Berlin Wall

• Cuba– Bay of Pigs

• President Kennedy• CIA• Failure

– Missile Crisis• Nuclear Launch sites• US Ultimatum• Blockade• Soviets Response

• The USSR– Leonid Brezhnev

• Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty– “Brezhnev Doctrine”

– Prague Spring - 1968• Czechoslovakia • Alexander Dubček

• The Vietnam War– Lyndon Johnson

• Bombardments

– Richard Nixon• Vietnamization

– Cease-fire - 1973

The Cold War• Space Race Continues

– First Men in Space• Yuri Gagarin• John Glenn

– Moon Landing• Apollo 11

• China– The Great Proletarian Cultural

Revolution

• China & the US– “Ping Pong Diplomacy”

• Détente – “Relaxation”• The Strategic Arms Limitation

Talks - SALT

• The Yom Kippur War / The 1973 Arab-Israeli War– Egypt & Syria– Yom Kippur & Ramadan

• Anwar Sadat – President of Egypt

• Yasser Arafat – Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

• Iranian Revolution - 1979– Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini– Hostage Crisis - 444 days

The Cold War• Iran – Iraq War

– Saddam Hussein– War of Attrition

• Cultural Movements & Technology– Americanization– Environmentalism

• Earth Day• Gaylord Nelson• Club of Rome - 1968• Chernobyl, Ukraine

• Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan– Mujahedeen Rebels– International Reaction– “Soviet Vietnam”

• Ronald Regan– USSR – “Evil Empire”– Strategic Arms Defense

Initiative – SDI• The “Star Wars” Program

• USSR– Mikhail S. Gorbachev– Perestroika

• “restructuring”

– Glasnost• “openness”

– 1988 Constitution

The 1989 Revolutions

• Poland– General Jaruzelski– Solidarity– Lech Walesa

• Hungary– Janos Kadar

• Germany– Fall of the Berlin Wall– Reunification - 1990

• Bulgaria– Todor Zhikov

• Czechoslovakia– Velvet Revolution– Velvet Divorce -1993

• Czech Republic• Slovakia

• Romania– Nicolae Ceaușescu

• China– Deng Xiaoping– Student Protest– Tiananmen Square

Massacre

End of the Cold War• Persian Gulf War

– Air Strikes– SCUD– Norman Schwarzkopf– Stockpiled Weapons– Operation Desert Storm

• Fall of Soviet Communism– August 1991 Coup Attempt

• Russia After Communism– Boris Yeltsin– War in Chechnya– The Oligarchs– Vladimir Putin

• South Africa– F.W. De Klerk– Nelson Mandela– End of Apartheid

• European Unification– Treaty of Maastricht– EEC Becomes European

Union– The Euro