Review

Industrialization/Economic Development, Political Geo,

Agriculture

Indus/Econ Dev.

• Industrialization leads to development– Agriculture based first – Industry brings investments (FDI), company’s and

therefore jobs = urbanization may lead to overcrowding of cities

– Services come after deindustrialization

Indus/Econ Dev.

• How to calculate development– Use economic, social and demographic (pop.

characteristics) indicators– HDI (developed by UN): GDP per capita,

education, literacy rate, and life expectancy– GDP influences all the other indicators: the more

money a country has = the more money it can spend on improving education/literacy rate and providing medical care to increase life expectancy

– GDP gap b/w MDC and LDC is widening

Indus/Econ Dev.• Industrial Revolution brings technologies that

“develop” people– Sewer systems; medicines; urbanization; raised living

standards– Started in GB then diffused to Europe and NA– Cottage industry factories

• Cause and effects– Invention of steam engine (uses coal to heat water

and create steam)– Lowered death rates = increase in population (stage 2)– Medical revolution for current LDCs to stage 2

Indus/Econ Dev.• Islands of development = uneven distribution of

development within a country• One super developed city within an undeveloped country

• International Division of labor– People earn money in different ways = different jobs =

different skills required = different pay– Primary, secondary jobs more in LDCs; less income– Tertiary jobs found in MDS; more income

• Trends: – MDCs: deindustrialization = more tertiary jobs– LDCs: more industry jobs as countries develop

Indus/Econ Dev.• Gender equality helps a country develop:

more opportunities for women = more women in workforce = lower TFR, more tax payers.–Women need positions of power (GEM) to

make a difference in their own lives.• Islam in Middle East prohibits gender equality

and thus further development

• GDI and GEM

Indus/Econ Dev.

• Development models– Self-sufficiency• Balanced growth throughout countries; domestic

companies flourish

– International trade/Rostow’s development model (5 stages)• Focus on one or two items and produce those then trade

with other countries for what you are not producing yourself• Creates dependency/neocolonialism?

– Cheap labor is exploited; uneven development (islands of dev,)

Indus/Econ Dev.

• 4 Asian dragons successfully applied the IT approach

• IT attracts FDI; WTO promotes IT model• Barriers to economic development– Debt: not repaying loans makes countries scared

to loan more– Disease: increases CDR– Corruption/instability

Indus/Econ Dev.

• Development takes toll on environment and cultures: more production = bigger effects

• EPZ- Maquilladoras; NAFTA• Special economic zones in China• Tourism brings money but hurts culture• Agriculture: desertification, increased

fertilizers can wreak havoc on environment

Indus/Econ Dev.

• World bank- loans for development• IMF- helps stabilize currency in country– created by UN to promote stability and

development after WWII and to avoid another Great Depression

– Idea is that LDCs will take money to improve their infrastructure (schools, roads, public services/goods) which will attract more foreign businesses to open or domestic business to expand

– LDCs can then repay the loans through taxes collected for supplying pubic services/goods

Indus/Econ Dev.

• Fair trade • Cut out exploitive middle men who want to

maximize profits. Work directly with the producers and workers so more profits can be returned to them.

• World Systems Theory– World is one world market/economy– Countries work together: some are in the core-

performing tertiary jobs- and some are in the periphery (performing primary and secondary jobs) = int’l division of labor!

Indus/Econ Dev• Where to locate a factory that manufactures

goods? Where is optimal location?– Manufacturing gives something value

• Situation factors- transp. to and from factory– Proximity top inputs/raw materials• Bulk-reducing

– Proximity to markets• Bulk-gaining• Single-market manufacturers/just in time

delivery/perishable products

Indus/Econ Dev

• Site factors- unique characteristics: – Labor- most important, esp. for labor intensive

industries; skilled (post-Fordist) vs unskilled (Fordist) workers; Land- rural cheaper than urban for factory

– Environmental- availability of hydroelectricity; cultural amenities to attract workers (sports teams)

– Capital (money)- technopoles attract skilled labor and loans for specific industries; MDCs are favored because banks scared to give risky loans to LDCs

• Footloose industries

Indus/Econ Dev

• 4 shipping modes• Break of bulk points made possible by

containerization• Weber’s least costs theory- Manufacturing

plants will locate where costs are the least – Transportation costs most important- weight of

product and distance = transport costs– Labor costs and agglomeration costs also

considered

Indus/Econ Dev

• Some industries are either:– Attracted to new regions• Right to work laws that discourage unions in south• Deindustrialization of Rustbelt sunbelt gets jobs• Cheap labor overseas: offshoring outsourcing

– Stay in old regions• Skilled labor already there- no money wasted training• Just in time delivery

Indus/Econ Dev

• Economic base= collection of basic industries• Basic industries fuel more basic industries– The money you have coming in from outside the

settlement (from basic industries) brings in new money to spur more nonbasic industries

– Multiplier effect: economic base expansion from the industries already there• Steel in Pittsburgh (basic) led to the rise of barge

industry (nonbasic)

Indus/Econ Dev• Capitalism: market forces of supply and demand

dictate prices. Profits are encouraged. Large gaps between rich and poor. Meshes well with democracies (both have freedoms)- US, West Europe

• Socialism: government control of basic items (food, energy, transportation, health care)- higher taxes needed to pay for these = redistribution of wealth- Switzerland

• Communism: total govt control over everything! Same salary for everyone- no incentive to succeed; govt determines your profession. China and SU!

Political Geo

• State vs nation/ nation-state vs stateless nation• Soveriegnty/self-determination• One Korea? Taiwan?• Polar regions; Antarctic for research only• Law of the Sea- 200 mile EEZ• Large state vs microstate

Political Geo

• Development of state concept– Relatively new idea to carve Earth into states– City-states were collected into empires– Empires (Roman Empire) broke up into

fragmented kingdoms– The “puzzle piece” kingdoms were united into

modern Euro countries– Europeans spread state concept through

colonialism/imperialism

Political Geo

• Colonialism vs imperialism– Colonialism- God, Glory and Gold; happened first;

mostly in sparsely populated or uninhabited areas; started in 1400s with Age of Exploration and finding new route to Asia

– Imperialism- came later (about 1800s); invasion and control of lands where people are, living and governments exist (in Asia and Africa)• Berlin conference: carve up Africa in 1884 for European

powers• Decolonization of Asia and Africa after WWII

Political Geo

• Size – larger countries may have more possibilities available to them as far as carrying capacity – Determines type of government (federal vs unitary)?

• Shape – can foster or hinder effective organization of the state. (Elongated vs compact)

• Location – relative and absolute– Landlocked – very disadvantageous relative location

• Cores and Capitals – Core area is the nucleus from which a state grew and developed – usually contains the capital city.

Political Geo

• State shapes: compact; elongated; prorupted (for two reasons); perforated (surrounded country = enclave); fragmented (2 types)

• Enclave= Lesotho; Vatican City; San Marino• Exclave= Bangladesh; Alaska and Hawaii • Landlocked- have to maintain friendly relations

with states or they cut off trade• Africa has most: RRs helps get trade to interior

• Choke points

Political Geo

• Types of boundaries: physical, geographic, cultural (geometric, religious and language)– boundaries go below and above, too!

• Types of Geometric boundaries: antecedent (before settlement); subsequent (after); Consequent (accommodates differences); Superimposed (forced upon landscape); Relic (once was boundary but not anymore)

• Frontier vs boundary

Political Geo

• Boundaries inside states include country boundaries; voting and school districts, etc.

• Irredentism• Unitary vs federal govt- which works best with

larger or smaller states?

Political Geo

• Electoral Geo: census, reapportionment, redistricting; gerrymandering is illegal but hard to prove

• Voting districts are redrawn every 10 years with the census

• Based on the census, the 435 Representatives are then reapportioned to States who gained population

• Redistricting happens if you gain or lose a Rep because you must have 1 rep per district

Political Geo

• Nationalism: centripetal vs centrifugal forces– Devolution, which is the movement of power from

central government to regional governments within the state, with centrifugal forces

– Regional autonomy to appease unhappy group so they do not break away from country

– Most devolution occurs on borders: Russia and Ukraine!

– Quebec separatists movements; Also in Basque, Israel with Palestinians and other stateless nations

Political Geo

• Geopolitics• Ratzel’s organic state theory- countries need

living room (labensraum)– Hitler used!• Spykman’s Rimland Theory– Protect the Rim of the heartland = naval/sea

power important• Mackinder’s Heartland theory– Controlling Euraisa (the world island) would =

world domination– Led to Containment policy during Cold War

Political Geo• Cold War Geography– US (capitalism/democracy) vs. Soviet Union

(communism) = bipolar balance of world power– Satellites were SU countries in Eastern Europe used

as buffers between Russia and West Europe• Iron curtain

– “proxy wars” = indirect wars b/w US and SU• Korea; Cuban missile crisis; Vietnam (Domino theory);

Afghanistan (when we helped the Taliban!)

– Berlin Wall; Germany and Berlin divided into E and W

Political Geo

• Cooperation– Economic: EU; NAFTA; OPEC– Political: UN (replaced League of Nations in 1945

after WWII); peace keepers that rely on troops from individual countries’ armies

– Military: NATO (Allies); Warsaw Pact (former Soviet Union)

– Economic more important than military now– These organizations are known as supranational

organizations; they make for a multi-polar world = MANY countries hold power

Political Geo

• Terrorism: no universal definition; goal of instilling fear

• Differs from assassinations: military vs civilian targets

• Al-Qaeda: bin Laden’s jihad fighters• States support terrorism by harboring,

funding/supplying weapons, working with terrorists to plan attacks

Political Geo

• Afghanistan-US helped Mujahedeen fight Soviets (part of Cold War containment); was former home of Taliban until US invasion after 9/11

• Iraq- Shia and Sunni Muslims fighting for power after Hussein removed

• Iran- 1979 Iranian revolution• Pakistan- Taliban fleeing into Pakistan and

controlling border regions b/w Pak. and Afg.

Ag./Rural Land Use

• Agriculture- deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

• Ag hearths = the early civilizations: Nile River, Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent), Indus River, Huang He River, West Africa

• Multiple hearths because environment determines what is grown

Ag./Rural Land Use

• First (Neolithic) Ag Rev- 10,000 years ago when H/Gs started to practice ag on purpose

• Second Ag Rev- new farming techniques and technology brought about by Industrial Rev. increased yields.

• Third Ag Rev (Green Revolution)- miracle seed brings an end to over-population scares (for now); GMOs, seeds can grow closer together = more productivity and greatly increased yields; INDIA

Ag./Rural Land Use• Hunters and gatherers settled down to create

first civilizations that grew enough food to support large population (H/Gs still exist)

• Vegetative (roots) and seed ag• Subsistence (LDCs) vs commercial (MDCs)– Purpose of farming (sell crops off land?)– % farmers in labor force/use of machinery (more

needed to famr=less technology=LDC)– Farm size (big=commercial; small=subsistence)– Relations to other business (only in MDCs with

agribusiness)

Ag./Rural Land Use

• Types of Ag depend on climate• LDCs1. Shifting cultivation– Tropics; low pop densities; extensive; environmentally

friendly?– Know the process: slash, swidden, burn, farm, repeat

2. Pastoral Nomadism– Dry areas in N Africa; massively extensive; land

disputes with sedentary famers (Darfur, “Code of the West [ranchers]); do not eat animals- trade milk for grains; transhumance

Ag./Rural Land Use

3. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture– Asia; use land to the max; manual labor; double

cropping; crop rotation

4. Plantation Farming- only one that is not a form of subsistence ag. – Monocropping; sell cash crops; bring in workers

and house them on plantation – Used in US before Civil War with slaves; cotton and

tobacco; abolition of slavery decreased their use

Ag./Rural Land Use

• MDCs1. Mixed Crop and Livestock– Crops feed animals; income all year; corn and

soybeans; Corn Belt (Iowa)

2. Dairy Farming– perishable; milkshed; refrigeration allows it to be

produced further from markets and not spoil– Where climate is too wet/cold for growing; labor

intensive and very expensive to start and maintain

Ag./Rural Land Use3. Grain Farming– Grown for consumption by humans; wheat for flour is

world’s leading export crop; breadbasket in Parries; heavily mechanized for efficiency

– Winter and spring wheat belts- can grow all year; Palouse in Washington state

4. Livestock Farming– Where too dry or bad soil for crops; 1860s expansion:

rancher (semi-nomadic) would take cattle to RR to be slaughtered in Chicago to feed growing cities in East

– Code of the West and Range Wars: barbed wire to fence in land

Ag./Rural Land Use

5. Mediterranean Ag.– Certain climates and landscape needed= same all

around world– Located near water on west coasts of warm winds

(Cali-Pacific ocean; Mediterranean Sea); olives, grapes (for wine)

6. Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming– US southeast; truck farming; migrant workers;

specialize in few crops; NE uses as alternative to expensive dairy famring

Ag./Rural Land Use

• Policies of wealthy countries (LDCs get hurt)– High tariffs on imported crops from LDCs– Subsidies (govt’s payments = tax money to pay

farmers!)• Food deserts– As a result of the distance between farmers and

consumers, low-income urban and rural areas face the issue of not having access to fresh, nutritious food (processed cheaper than fresh)

– Grocery shop as gas stations, not Publix

Ag./Rural Land Use

• MDC and LDC farmers face same problem of raising enough money to survive but reasons are different

• Von Thunen model (transport costs important!)– Market location– Bid rent vs transport costs will determine most

profitable crop to grow – Perishability and weight factor in to location needs

and transport costs

Ag./Rural Land Use

• Vertical integration = combine steps in the supply chain/production process (agribusiness can be example)

• Commercial farming challenges = farm crisis – Overproduction lowers price of crop = need subsidy

to survive– Sustainable Ag. (organic farming): limited

chemicals, smart use of land= sustainable for the environment

Ag./Rural Land Use

• Subsistence farming challenges– Must feed growing population while urbanization is

pulling people from the farms• Boserup’s ways

– Grow food for export instead of domestic consumption (dependency theory)• Dilemma: farmers who grow export crops need to be fed

by the shrinking # of subs. farmers (going to work in factories). $ from selling crops to MDCs may have to be used to buy food/other needs from MDCs

Ag./Rural Land Use

• Farming in cities- garden plots/rooftop gardens• Desertification- over grazing Sahara in Africa

creating the Sahel• Drug crops can replace food crops in LDCs- more

$• Eating livestock is inefficient: needs more energy

to produce, waste grain on animal feed• Livestock contributes large amounts of

greenhouse gasses = global warming and pollution

Ag./Rural Land Use

• Land use during westward expansion (manifest destiny)– Metes and bounds: use physical features as

boundaries– Township and range: even squares, used to

facilitate the sale of land– Long lots: French system- Quebec, Louisiana;

provide access to something, usually road or river (for connectivity/communication purposes)