review of butterflies from asia and oceania subject to long-standing positive opinions 60... ·...

Review of butterflies from Asia and Oceania subject to long-standing positive

opinions

(Version edited for public release)

Prepared for the

European Commission Directorate General E - Environment

ENV.E.2. – Development and Environment

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

March, 2012

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UNEP-WCMC. 2012. Review of butterflies from Asia and Oceania subject to long-standing positive opinions. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

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The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

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Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1

Overview of the Status, Management and Trade of Birdwing butterflies (Ornithoptera, Trogonoptera and Troides spp.) in Asia and Oceania .................................. 2

SPECIES: Ornithoptera aesacus ................................................................................................................. 7 SPECIES: Ornithoptera chimaera ............................................................................................................ 10 SPECIES: Ornithoptera goliath ................................................................................................................ 15 SPECIES: Ornithoptera meridionalis ....................................................................................................... 22 SPECIES: Ornithoptera paradisea ............................................................................................................ 25 SPECIES: Ornithoptera priamus ............................................................................................................. 28 SPECIES: Ornithoptera rothschildi .......................................................................................................... 39 SPECIES: Ornithoptera urvillianus ......................................................................................................... 42 SPECIES: Ornithoptera victoriae ............................................................................................................. 46 SPECIES: Trogonoptera brookiana ........................................................................................................... 50 SPECIES: Troides amphrysus .................................................................................................................. 55 SPECIES: Troides criton .......................................................................................................................... 59 SPECIES: Troides cuneifera ..................................................................................................................... 61 SPECIES: Troides dohertyi ....................................................................................................................... 63 SPECIES: Troides haliphron .................................................................................................................... 65 SPECIES: Troides helena .......................................................................................................................... 68 SPECIES: Troides hypolitus ..................................................................................................................... 75 SPECIES: Troides miranda ...................................................................................................................... 78 SPECIES: Troides oblongomaculatus ....................................................................................................... 80 SPECIES: Troides plato ............................................................................................................................ 86 SPECIES: Troides prattorum ................................................................................................................... 88 SPECIES: Troides rhadamantus ............................................................................................................... 90 SPECIES: Troides riedeli .......................................................................................................................... 94 SPECIES: Troides vandepolli ................................................................................................................... 95

References .............................................................................................................................. 97

Introduction

1

Introduction

The Scientific Review Group may form ‘positive opinions’ for species/country combinations, indicating to Member States that, given current and anticipated levels of trade, introduction into the European Union would not be considered to have a harmful effect on the conservation status of the species or on the extent of the territory occupied by the relevant population of the species (Council Regulation EC No. 338/97).

Positive opinions for some species/country combinations have been in place for a relatively long time. For example, 300 positive opinions have been in place since 2001 or earlier (representing 1923 species/country combinations), and these have not been updated or replaced by any subsequent opinions or EU suspensions (SRG 58 document). At SRG 58, there was agreement to remove long-standing positive opinions for 1701 species/country combinations for which there was no or virtually no trade in wild or ranched individuals either globally or to the EU-27. Furthermore, for species-country combinations for which trade in wild or ranched specimens may be anticipated in future, there was agreement to produce in-depth species reviews, in order to determine whether the current longstanding positive opinions may still be warranted. This review of Asian and Oceanian butterfly species/country combinations with longstanding positive opinions is the second in a series of reports.

Trade data were extracted on 27th February 2012.

Overview

2

REVIEW OF BUTTERFLIES FROM ASIA AND OCEANIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING POSITIVE OPINIONS

Overview of the Status, Management and Trade of Birdwing butterflies (Ornithoptera, Trogonoptera and Troides spp.) in Asia and Oceania

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Birdwing butterflies belong to the Family Papilionidae (Swallowtail butterflies) and include three genera: Ornithoptera, Trogonoptera and Troides (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985; New and Collins, 1991; Ohya, 2001).

Ohya (2001) [the CITES standard nomenclature reference for birdwing butterflies] recognised 11 Ornithoptera species: O. alexandrae, O. victoriae, O. priamus, O. croesus, O. aesacus, O. chimaera, O. tithonus, O. rothschildi, O. goliath, O. paradisea and O. meridionalis, whereas Häuser et al. (2005) also considered O. richmondia as a valid species within the genus. In contrast, Nagypal (2008) listed only three recognized species within the genus: O. aesacus, O. priamus and O. croesus. The hybrids identified within the group include O. allottei (O. victoriae x O. priamus urvillianus) (McAlpine, 1970; Ohya, 2001), and O. akakeae (O. priamus poseidon x O. rothschildi) (Ohya, 2001).

Ohya (2001) recognised 19 Troides species: T. aeacus, T. amphrysus, T. andromache, T. criton, T. cuneifera, T. darsius, T. dohertyi, T. haliphron, T. helena, T. hypolitus, T. magellanus, T. minos, T. miranda, T. oblongomaculatus, T. plato, T. prattorum, T. rhadamantus, T. riedeli and T. vandepolli. Nagypal (2008) also recognised 19 species, but listing T. hypolitus instead of T. staudingeri. Häuser et al. (2005) did not consider T. hypolitus as a valid species, but included T. plateni and T. staudingeri in the genus.

Trogonoptera was reported to include two species, T. brookiana and T. trojana (Ohya, 2001; Häuser et al., 2005; Nagypal, 2008).

CONSERVATION STATUS

The distribution of birdwing butterflies was reported to extend from North India in the west to the Solomon Islands in the east (D'Abrera, 1975).

Birdwing butterflies include some of the world’s largest butterflies, with recorded wingspans up to 250 mm (Collins and Smith, 1995). Sexual dimorphism was considered to be characteristic of the group, with females being generally larger in size and males more colourful in appearance (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985). The development from egg to adult was reported to last several weeks (Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) reported that the eggs of birdwing butterflies may reach up to 4 mm in diameter, being the largest of all butterflies. Eggs were reported to be laid on the plants that the caterpillars use as a food source (Collins and Morris, 1985), typically Aristolochia spp. (Laithwaite et al., 1975). Some species were considered to be specialists, feeding only on one plant species (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Unresolved land-use conflicts were reported to be hindering efforts to establish effective protected areas in Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia (New and Collins, 1991).

Commercial collection was considered an additional threat (Collins and Morris, 1985), particularly for species occurring in geographically restricted areas (Parsons, 1995a). According to Parsons (1995a), butterflies were traded for three main purposes: 1) high value dead specimens for the specialist collector trade, 2) low value dead specimens for the decorative trade, and 3) live individuals, mainly aimed at live displays in greenhouses.

Due to their colourful appearance and large size, birdwing butterflies have long been in demand by collectors particularly in Europe and North America (Collins and Smith, 1995; Weissmann et al., 1995; Sands, 2008). Indeed, New and Collins (1991) regarded birdwing butterflies as the “most important component of insect trade, because of the high prices they command”. The highest prices were reportedly paid for rare species (New and Collins, 1991; Slone et al., 1997) and for females, because they were generally considered to be more difficult to collect (New and Collins, 1991). However, New (1997)

Overview

3

noted that “collecting in itself is only rarely a threat to butterfly species” and Slone et al. (1997) noted that little data were available on the impacts of over-collection on insect populations in general.

The trade in low value specimens traded in high quantities was considered to have a potentially drastic impact on local populations, as specimens were usually caught from the wild instead of reared in captivity (New and Collins, 1991). Large numbers of Papilionidae were reported to be used in the making of ornaments, or boxed for the tourist trade (New and Collins, 1991). According to Nijman (2010), a large part of the trade in low value species may be underreported.

Collins and Morris (1985) reported that some of the more common birdwing species were commonly kept in “butterfly houses”, i.e. greenhouses with tropical vegetation. Most individuals kept in these systems had reportedly been imported as either adult or pupae from native countries (Collins and Morris, 1985). However, the trade for live individuals was not considered as a significant threat to birdwing butterflies in general (Collins and Morris, 1985). Weissmann et al. (1995) noted that butterfly houses or gardens may have a positive overall impact on conservation, due to increased public awareness, and New and Collins (1991) regarded captive breeding in greenhouses as a potential tool to reduce the pressure on natural populations.

Ornithoptera spp.: The distribution of Ornithoptera spp. was considered to reach from the Indonesian Moluccas (Maluku Islands) in the west across New Guinea to the Solomon Islands in the east (D'Abrera, 1975). Nagypal (2008) considered the southern limit of the distribution to be in New South Wales in southeastern Australia, whereas Laithwaite et al. (1975) considered it to be in northern Australia.

Ornithoptera spp. were reported to show particularly strong sexual dimorphism, and use Pararistolochia or Aristolochia spp. as their primary food plant (Parsons, 1996). According to Collins and Morris (1985), Ornithoptera spp. generally laid less than 30 eggs per brood, which was considered to be fewer than other birdwings.

Ornithoptera spp. were reported to be in particularly high demand by collectors (Parsons, 1996), and amongst the most highly priced species in the market (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Parsons, 1995a; Parsons, 1995b; New, 1997). Due to their low reproductive rate and juvenile recruitment, they were considered particularly vulnerable to the impacts of heavy commercial exploitation (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Troides spp.: D'Abrera (1975) considered the distribution range of Troides spp. to be significantly wider than that of the other birdwing genera, reaching “over the entire Oriental (Indo-Sino-Malayan) Region and the northern part of the Australian Region with the easternmost representative occurring in New Guinea”. Nagypal (2008) considered the range of the genus to reach from India in the west to New Guinea in the east, and from China in the north to Indonesia in the south.

The genus was considered to display less strong sexual dimorphism than Ornithoptera (D'Abrera, 1975), and use Aristolochia spp. as their main food plant (Parsons, 1996).

The most colourful Troides spp. were reported to fetch high prices in the collector’s market (Laithwaite et al., 1975).

Trogonoptera spp.: The range of the genus was reported to include Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Palawan [the Philippines], Borneo/Kalimantan and Sumatra [Indonesia] (Nagypal, 2008).

Management

In the 1990s, Collins and Smith (1995) noted that national legislation to conserve individual species of swallowtail butterflies was mostly ineffective (particularly due to issues with species identification), and New and Collins (1991) noted issues with enforcement. In some range countries, trips were reportedly organized regularly for tourists to areas where protected butterfly species could be collected illegally (New and Collins, 1991).

New and Collins (1991) reported that the trade in dried butterfly specimens was very difficult to monitor as they could be sent through the post. They noted that the “control of illegal exploitation and trade poses severe problems unlikely to be alleviated solely by protective legislation” (New and Collins, 1991). TRAFFIC (2011) reported several seizures of birdwing butterflies (including various Ornithoptera spp., Trogonoptera brookiana and Troides spp. originating in Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia) and subsequent prosecutions between 1997 and 2011.

Overview

4

New and Collins (1991) estimated that a large part of the trade demand in Papilionidae could be met by ranching or farming. Slone et al. (1997) defined ranching as the “planting of butterfly larval food plants in or near natural habitat to attract butterflies from nearby forests”, whereas in butterfly farming, species were usually reared in greenhouse environments. Ranching was considered a favorable means of conservation, reducing the pressure on natural populations, producing undamaged specimens for trade, and preventing habitat destruction through creating alternative incomes to local inhabitants (Collins and Morris, 1985; Parsons, 1995a; Cranston, 2010). Nijman (2010) reported that the increased production of butterflies from breeding farms in Southeast Asia had significantly decreased wild harvesting in some countries.

However, Slone et al. (1997) noted that there was no information available on the benefits of ranching to the population size or extinction probability in the wild. Schütz (2000) raised concerns over the effects of increased availability of planted Aristolochia spp. in exposed areas on the populations of birdwings, as the plants were thought to possibly attract a high proportion of females, laying their eggs there rather than in their natural habitats, with the practice potentially resulting in overharvest of the population. However, well managed ranching was considered to support the conservation of birdwings (Schütz, 2000).

New (1997) noted that whereas the ranching operations usually targeted rare taxa for the collectors’ market, large volumes of butterfly trade involved common species captured mainly from the wild for artwork and tourist specimens.

Indonesia: The Act No. 5 of 1990 Concerning Conservation of Living Resources and their Ecosystems and Regulation No 8 regulate the management of wildlife, prohibiting the harvest and trade of protected species (Ministry of Forestry, 1990; President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Trade in specimens of species included in CITES Appendix II was reportedly only permitted if of captive bred origin, with harvest of wild specimens restricted to research and educational (including scientific collections in museums) purposes (Peggie, 2011). Export quotas and quotas for breeding stocks were reportedly set annually by the Indonesian CITES MA, SA and other stakeholders (AC22 Doc. 13.1), although export quotas do not appear to have been communicated to the CITES Secretariat (CITES, 2012). In 2008, quotas to collect specimens from the wild for breeding and/or research purposes were published in Decree SK.06/IV-KKH/2008 for a number of birdwing species, with zero quotas published for exports of wild specimens (Director General PHKA, 2008).

Much of the Indonesian trade in butterfly specimens was considered to be “poorly controlled” (New, 1997). It was noted that partly due to the complicated regulations, butterflies may be illegally harvested from the wild (AC22 Doc. 13.1).

Butterflies were reportedly produced for trade in Indonesia through ranching and farming (AC22 Doc. 13.1). Ranching was considered a potential means of conserving birdwing butterflies, particularly in Irian Jaya (Provinces of Papua and West Papua, comprising Indonesian New Guinea), which was regarded as a stronghold for many species (Collins and Morris, 1985). Parsons (1995a) reported that in the 1980s, there had been attempts and plans to establish large-scale butterfly farming in the region, noting that due to the lack of funding, these activities were eventually developed at a much smaller scale. It was reported that habitat enrichment with Aristolochia spp. had been carried out in some villages inside the Arfak Mountains National Park with the aim to produce ranched Ornithoptera spp. (Parsons, 1995a), mainly O. tithonus (Parsons, 1995b). According to Wells et al. (1999), approximately 1400 people living close to the Arfak Nature Reserve were involved in the rapidly expanding ranching activities. They reported that in 1996, pupae worth USD 100 000 were exported with help of a local NGO (Yayasan Bina Lestari Bumi Cendrawasih) and WWF to organize marketing, sales and shipments (Wells et al., 1999). They also noted that the local populations of butterflies had “apparently” not been affected by the ranching, and that in some cases, butterfly ranching had helped to reduce the conversion of forests to agriculture (Wells et al., 1999). The collection of live butterflies within the reserve was said to be strongly discouraged (Wells et al., 1999).

In Bali, butterfly farming was reportedly organised through the distribution of larvae to local farmers, who kept them in captivity and sold the pupae back to the manager for export preparation (AC22 Doc. 13.1).

Overview

5

Parsons (1995a) identified several reasons for the limited success of butterfly ranching and farming in Indonesia, including i) government bureaucracy, ii) lack of skills, iii) funding problems, and iv) fluctuations in world market prices. New (1997) noted that the local political conditions prevented the progress of the establishment of an agency for butterfly ranching. Furthermore, delays in the granting of export permits were seen to have acted as a disincentive for the local farmers (New, 1997).

It was reported that the Indonesian CITES SA conducted monitoring visits to the Indonesian butterfly farms and ranches, and presented suggestions to improve the facilities (AC22 Doc. 13.1).

Malaysia: Ornithoptera spp., Trogonoptera spp. and Troides spp. were included in the first Schedule of protected wildlife in the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716) of Peninsular Malaysia, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 2012). Troides spp. and Trogonoptera brookiana were included as protected species in the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 of Sabah, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Sabah Wildlife Department, 2012). All animal species listed in CITES Appendices I and II were included as protected in the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (Chapter 26) in the laws of Sarawak, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Forest Department Sarawak, 2012).

Prior to enactment of the above legislation, New and Collins (1991) reported that Malaysia was a main exporter of butterflies, and Collins and Smith (1995) considered the “immense” trade of Papilionidae from Malaysia to be “cause for concern”. They also noted that “due to the low prices per specimen there is probably little scope for sustainable commercial enterprise and it is likely that this trade will never be reconciled with the principles of conservation, but will continue as a steady drain on natural populations of swallowtails [Papilionidae]” (Collins and Smith, 1995). Meanwhile, Parsons (1995a) reported that there were attempts to develop sustainable butterfly farming in Malaysia.

Papua New Guinea: The Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966 and its amendment No. 42 of 1974 specified that the taking of protected fauna from the wild was only allowed with an authorized permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966; Papua New Guinea, 1974). Seven Ornithoptera spp. were reported to be listed as protected species under the Protection and Control Act: O. alexandrae, O. allottei, O. chimaera, O. goliath, O. meridionalis, O. paradisea and O. victoriae (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001). However, collecting and commercial marketing was reportedly allowed for ranched specimens through the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) (Jicki, 2007).

Prior to the development of IFTA in Papua New Guinea, it was reported that birdwing traders and expatriate collectors commonly bought large quantities of butterflies for low prices from local collectors (Collins and Morris, 1985). The primary aims of IFTA, established in 1974, were reported to include: producing butterflies in ranches and farms as a means to provide alternative income to rural households; ii) guaranteeing fair compensation for insect collectors and local producers, and iii) promoting the conservation of butterflies and their habitats (Parsons, 1995a; Slone et al., 1997). According to Small (2004), IFTA was authorized to produce all birdwing butterflies listed in CITES Appendix II for commercial exports since the 1990s. Hundreds of village farmers were reported to be associated with IFTA (Mercer, 1997; Cranston, 2010), ranching butterflies by planting host plants often on areas cleared for vegetable gardens, forest edges or secondary forests (Small, 2007; Cranston, 2010). Small (2007) reported that in this system, half of the pupae were collected for cages, leaving the other half to support wild populations, however noting that estimating the numbers of pupae was difficult in practice. The collected pupae were reported to be killed and dried as adults, stored in envelopes and sold to overseas collectors (New, 1997).

The IFTA system was considered very successful in improving the conservation status of Papua New Guinean birdwing butterflies (Collins and Morris, 1985; Collins and Smith, 1995; Parsons, 1995a), and generating income sources for poor rural communities (Capinera, 2008; Cranston, 2010). However, Small (2007) stated that although the continuous collection of the same species from the same localities over a 25-year period indicated sustainable use of butterflies, there was no conclusive evidence that the ranching was conducted on a sustainable basis and had not eroded the integrity of populations.

Overview

6

IFTA was reported to have lost its support from the government and its monopoly status in butterfly exports due to a governance crisis in the 1990s (Small, 2004; 2007). Small (2007) considered IFTA to have been stagnant since the 1990s, showing a lack of capacity to conduct regular training and handle the payments to local ranchers and collectors. He found evidence of illegal trade of Ornithoptera spp. directly from IFTA farmers to tourists, with specimens exported from the country carrying fraudulent CITES export permits, and suggested that the illegal trade was harmful to the work of IFTA (Small, 2004).

Philippines: The management of wildlife resources was laid down in Republic Act No 9147 of 2001 (Philippines, 2001) and Administrative Order No. 01, Series of 2004 (DENR-DA-PCSD, 2004). All species listed in Appendix II of CITES were included in DENR Administrative Order No. 24 of 2007 (DENR, 2007) as endangered species. The collection of wildlife was reported to be subject to quotas (DENR-DA-PCSD, 2004). Information on these quotas, however, was not found to be available. Wildlife collector’s permits are issued with a validity of one to three years, with wildlife farming or culturing permits valid for three to five years (DENR-DA-PCSD, 2004).

The knowledge of distribution, status and biogeography of butterflies in the Philippines was generally considered to be limited (Danielsen and Treadaway, 2004).

Ornithoptera aesacus

7

INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE

SPECIES: Ornithoptera aesacus

SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera arruana obiana, Ornithoptera obiana, Ornithoptera

obiensis

COMMON NAMES: Obi Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère Obi (French)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from

Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Ornithoptera aesacus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 570 and 899 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 also consisted primarily of ranched bodies, mainly re-exported via Malaysia (Table 2).

Direct exports of O. aesacus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 3920 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 50 per cent were exported to Japan, 25 per cent to Malaysia and 12 per cent to the United States.

Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera aesacus from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Austria S R Importer

20

10

30

Exporter

T R Importer

30

40 6 76

Exporter

20

30 18

6 74

Belgium T R Importer

10

4 4

6 24

Exporter

10 6

8

16 40

Czech Republic T R Importer

4 2

6

Exporter

8

10 18

U Importer 2

2

Exporter

France P R Importer

22 4 26

Exporter

T C Importer

6

16

22

Exporter

R Importer

6 24 24

10 64

Exporter

6

28 56 44 30 22 72 258


8


Germany T C Importer 3

3

Exporter 3

3

R Importer

20 36 63 30 10 80 52 291

Exporter

2 56 30 90 32 46 80 112 448

Italy T R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

4 12

18

Lithuania T R Importer

Exporter

4

4

Poland P R Importer

2 2

Exporter

T R Importer

4

6

10

Exporter

4 8

10

2 24

Spain T R Importer

10

10

Exporter

10

10

United Kingdom T R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2

Subtotals

C Importer 3 6

16

25

Exporter 3

3

R Importer

2 30 64 101 88 34 144 80 543

Exporter

8 2 86 80 154 118 116 114 218 896

U Importer 2

2

Exporter

Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera aesacus to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial or personal purposes. (No trade was reported in 2002, 2009 or 2010).

Importer Source Reported by 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total

Czech Republic R Importer

16

16

Exporter

16

16

France R Importer

9

9

Exporter

9

2 2 13

Germany R Importer

4

6 2

12

Exporter

4

6 2

12

Portugal R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Spain R Importer

2 2

Exporter

2 2

United Kingdom F Importer

Exporter

2

2

R Importer

Exporter 1

2 2

2 7

Subtotals

Importer

13

22 2 2 39

(ranched only)

Exporter 1 13 2 2 24 4 6 52

Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera aesacus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2001).

Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

F Importer

30

4

34

Exporter

I Importer 2

2

Exporter


9


R Importer 200 2 865 544 319 160 54 12 23 2179

Exporter 240 327 712 784 416 203 256 254 728 3920

W Importer

2

2

Exporter

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states

Indonesia: Ornithoptera aesacus, an Indonesian endemic (Peggie, 2011), was reported to be restricted to the Obi island in the Moluccas west of Indonesian New Guinea (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Kondo et al., 2003), where it was considered “very rare and with restricted distribution” (Collins and Morris, 1985).

The habitat and ecology of O. aesacus were considered to be poorly known (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985; Nagypal, 2008), and Nagypal (2008) reported that it was rare in collections, including museum collections.

O. aesacus was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996a). Collins and Morris (1985) and Nagypal (2008) considered its conservation status to be unclear.

The extent of habitat loss was reported to threaten the species particularly in its northern range (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011) and it was suggested that the logging of most of the lowland forests on Obi Island may be the main reason for the “extreme rarity” of the species (Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) reported that although there was some “clandestine trade” of the species, this was not likely to pose a significant threat.

O. aesacus was not included in the list of protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade, the reported trade of O. aesacus from Indonesia was considered virtually nonexistent; however, it was noted that “the extent of unreported trade should be assessed” (WCMC et al., 1993).

Ornithoptera chimaera SRG60/

10


SPECIES: Ornithoptera chimaera

SYNONYMS: Schoenbergia chimaera

COMMON NAMES: Chimaera Birdwing (English), Chimère (French), Ornithoptère

chimère (French)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

IUCN RED LIST: Lower Risk/near threatened

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from all

countries formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera chimaera to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 186 and 339 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, almost all of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of ranched bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Malaysia and Australia (Table 2).

Direct exports of O. chimaera from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 1554 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 82 per cent were exported to Japan and 8 per cent to the United States.

Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera chimaera from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported 2001-2004).

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total


6

6

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

6

6

Belgium T C Importer

Exporter 8

8

R Importer

4 4

2 10

Exporter

8

6 14


Exporter

4 4

France P R Importer

4 4 9 17

Exporter

T R Importer

20 20

4 2 46

Exporter

53 24 18 4 50 149

Germany T R Importer

3 73 6 20 5 107

Exporter

15 76 28 24 15 158


11


Subtotals

C Importer

Exporter 8

8

R Importer

23 97 20 28 18 186

Exporter

68 108 52 28 75 331

Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera chimaera to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2005 or 2009-2010).

Importer Reported by 2006 2007 2008 Total

Belgium Importer

Exporter

2

2

France Importer

Exporter

1

1

Germany Importer 4

4

Exporter 4

4

Greece Importer

Exporter

2 2

Subtotals Importer 4

4

Exporter 4 3 2 9

Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera chimaera from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2002).

Source Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

C Importer

Exporter

50

50

I Importer

4

4

Exporter

R Importer

73 248 136 180 81

718

Exporter 3 80 316 172 176 205 46 556 1554

Papua New Guinea: Imports of Ornithoptera chimaera to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 408 and 1204 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 4). The export of 322 wild-sourced bodies in 2007 was also reported by Papua New Guinea, but not by EU importers. In addition, the import of two ranched live O. chimaera for personal purposes was reported by Italy in 2001.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia and Canada (Table 5).

Direct exports of O. chimaera from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 6). Of the 2090 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 53 per cent were exported to the United States, 19 per cent to Japan and 11 per cent to Australia.

Table 4. Direct exports of Ornithoptera chimaera from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total

Austria bodies P R Importer

8

8

Exporter

Belgium bodies T R Importer

Exporter

80

80


12


Czech Republic bodies T R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2 4 24 20

50

France bodies T R Importer

2 15

50

20

87

Exporter 12 52 28 117 86 20

315

W Importer

Exporter

220

220

Germany bodies S R Importer 6

6

Exporter

T R Importer 20 12

19 4 24 16 66 6 167

Exporter 7 48 14 56 44 24

193

W Importer

Exporter

26

26

Ireland bodies T R Importer

Exporter

2

12

14

Italy bodies T R Importer

Exporter 3

29

32

W Importer

Exporter

4

4

live P R Importer 2

2

Exporter

Malta bodies T R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Poland bodies P R Importer

8 4

12

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 2

2

4

W Importer

Exporter

12

12

Spain bodies T R Importer

4

4

Exporter 12 2 48 4 10

76

Sweden bodies P C Importer

2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

2

2

United Kingdom bodies P R Importer

30

30

Exporter

T R Importer

10 20 20 40

90

Exporter

64 50

114

W Importer

Exporter

60

60

Subtotals

C Importer

2

2

(bodies only)

Exporter

R Importer 26 14 25 23 14 124 44 130 6 406

Exporter 36 106 129 293 224 94

882

W Importer

Exporter

322

322


13

Table 5. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera chimaera to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported in 2003 or 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total


Exporter

6

6


10 10

Exporter

France T C Importer

Exporter

2

2

R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Germany P R Importer

12 4

4 20

Exporter

T R Importer

4 2

6

Exporter

6 14 8

28

Ireland T R Importer

Exporter 2

2

Portugal P R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Spain T R Importer

Exporter

2

2

United Kingdom E C Importer

Exporter

2

2

P R Importer

Exporter

4 2

6

- O Importer

Exporter

4

4

Subtotals C Importer

Exporter

2

2

4

O Importer

Exporter

4

4

R Importer

16 6

14 36

Exporter 2

2 6 24 12 2

48

Table 6. Direct exports of Ornithoptera chimaera from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).

Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total

bodies C Importer

63 4

20

87

Exporter

F Importer 44

30

74

Exporter

R Importer 15 36 24 40 164 116 62 24 38 519

Exporter 245 696 146 330 440 233

2090

W Importer

26 4

1

20 51

Exporter

1

290

291

derivatives R Importer

10

10

Exporter

live F Importer 4

4


14


Exporter

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Three subspecies were reported by Ohya (2001): Ornithoptera chimaera charybdis, O. c. chimaera, and O. c. flavidior.


Ornithoptera chimaera was reported to occur in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985; Lewis, 1985), at altitudes of 1000 m to 2000 m asl (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011). Straatman and Schmid (1975) reported that it was found across the whole of mainland New Guinea, however D'Abrera (1975) noted that the species was absent from the extreme western and eastern parts. Its preferred habitats were reported to include tall but open primary forests and steep valleys along water courses (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Collins and Morris (1985) reported that the species was specialized in one food plant, and Parsons (1983, in Collins and Morris, 1985) noted that females were found to carry 6-10 eggs, which was considered relatively low.

O. chimaera was classified as Lower Risk/near threatened in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996b). Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) described it as scarce but widely distributed. D’Abrera (1975) noted that the species was not present in large numbers in its traditional localities.

Collins and Morris (1985) reported that threats to the species were poorly known, however it was considered to tolerate controlled utilization potentially well.

Indonesia: Collins and Morris (1985) reported occurrence on some of the mountain ranges of Irian Jaya (Papua and West Papua Provinces). Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) considered its range to cover central Irian Jaya (western Papua Province), the Wandaman Mountains of the Vogelkop (northwestern West Papua Province), Weyland Mountains and Pegunungan Maoke (western part of the central highlands of Papua Province). D'Abrera (1975) considered the subspecies O. c. charybdis to occur in central to western Irian Barat (Papua and West Papua Provinces) as far as the Weyland Mountains in the east.

O. chimaera was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Papua New Guinea: Collins and Morris (1985) reported occurrence throughout the mountain areas of mainland Papua New Guinea. D'Abrera (1975) considered the subspecies O. c. flavidior to occur in the mountains of Huon Peninsula (eastern Papua New Guinea). Parsons (1983, in Collins and Morris, 1985) considered O. c. chimaera to be widely distributed, occurring in the central cordillera, Finisterre Mountains (northeastern Papua New Guinea) and mountains of the Huon Peninsula (eastern Papua New Guinea). D'Abrera (1975) reported that the species occurred in the north-western Bismarck range (central Papua New Guinea).

D'Abrera (1975) considered the species rare in the north-western Bismarck range, although it had previously been common in the area. The cause of the decline was suggested to be over-collection (D'Abrera, 1975).

O. chimaera was classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001) under the Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966, prohibiting its taking from the wild without an authorized permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966).

IFTA (2012) reported that a pair of O. chimaera was sold to buyers for USD 175.

Ornithoptera goliath SRG60/

15


SPECIES: Ornithoptera goliath

SYNONYMS: Schoenbergia goliath

COMMON NAMES: Goliath Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère goliath (French)



IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated



TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera goliath to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 3007 and 4335 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, almost all of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies, re-exported via Malaysia, Australia, Canada and the United States (Table 2).

Direct exports of O. goliath from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 10 336 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 52 per cent were exported to Japan, 18 per cent to the United States and 14 per cent to Canada.

Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. samson) from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.



20

30

50

Exporter

T R Importer

38

12 50

Exporter

30

38 62 20 12 162


20

12

10 42

Exporter 66

20 22

12

40 160


12

32 12

56

Exporter

24

52

14 90

Denmark P R Importer 6

6

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 6

6

France P R Importer

16 50 32 23 121

Exporter

T C Importer 30

30

Exporter

R Importer 96 149 90 22 22 134 90 2 186 152 943


16


Exporter 96 149 179 22 64 322 192 168 238 269 1699


10

Exporter

R Importer

380 250 267 214 70 234 198 1613

Exporter 10

16 400 170 417 312 132 266 236 1959

Italy T R Importer

6

6

Exporter

6 16

10 10

42


2

2

Exporter

2

2

Poland P R Importer

20

20

Exporter

T R Importer

4 6

10

Exporter 34

38 20 4 36

132

Slovakia T R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Spain T R Importer 20

10

30

Exporter 8

10

18

United Kingdom P R Importer 10

10

Exporter

T R Importer

8

8

Exporter 33 8

22

63

Subtotals

C Importer 40

40

Exporter

R Importer 132 149 110 422 298 431 376 190 464 395 2967

Exporter 253 157 219 472 310 775 582 460 536 571 4335

Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. samson) to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, mainly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2010).

Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total

Belgium R Importer

4

4

Exporter

1 2 6 2 4 8

23

Finland R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2

4

France R Importer

25

100

125

Exporter

26 1 100 6 4 1 2 140

Germany R Importer

8 10

6

24

Exporter

4 9 12 2 20 2

49

Greece R Importer

Exporter

6

6

Hungary R Importer

Exporter 2

2

Ireland R Importer

Exporter 2

2

Italy R Importer

2

2

Exporter

4

2 4

10

Netherlands R Importer

Exporter

2 2 4

Romania R Importer

Exporter

1

1


17


Spain C Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2

R Importer

2

2

Exporter

1

2

3

Sweden R Importer

Exporter

2

2

United Kingdom R Importer

Exporter

7 2 4 2 7

22

Subtotals C Importer 2 2

Exporter 2 2

R Importer 33 10 104 10 2 159

Exporter 4 5 38 26 112 36 20 23 4 268

Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. samson) from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, primarily for commercial purposes.

Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

C Importer

12

20

32

Exporter

F Importer

46

8

54

Exporter

R Importer 26 240 968 653 853 580 683 449 92 78 4622

Exporter 254 330 1334 926 1364 925 802 1119 1080 2202 10336

W Importer

4 100

104

Exporter

Papua New Guinea: Imports of O. goliath to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 1025 and 2874 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 4). The export of 496 wild-sourced bodies was also reported by Papua New Guinea, but not by EU importers. In addition, the import of four ranched live O. goliath for personal purposes was reported by Italy in 2001.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia and Canada (Table 5).

Direct exports of O. goliath from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 6). Of the 9082 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 51 per cent were exported to the United States, 22 per cent to Japan and 8 per cent to Australia. Papua New Guinea also reported the export of 1315 wild-sourced bodies 2001-2010, the majority of which were exported to the United States, Malaysia, Australia and the Russian Federation.

Table 4. Direct exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. supremus) from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).


Austria bodies T R Importer

Exporter

24

24


Exporter

2 200 14

216


2

2

Exporter

2 6 40 28

76


18


France bodies T R Importer 30 68 18

140

40

296

Exporter 104 240 43 246 188 80

901

W Importer

Exporter

140

140


6

Exporter

T R Importer 45 80

122 10 22 10 146 12 447

Exporter 66 226

167 171 57

687

W Importer

Exporter

86

86

Greece bodies T R Importer

Exporter

8

8

Hungary bodies T R Importer

Exporter

32

32


Exporter 2 20

14

36

Italy bodies P C Importer

2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 6

175 2

183

live P R Importer 4

4

Exporter

Lithuania bodies P C Importer

2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

2

2


Exporter

6

6


16 12

28

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 2

2

4

W Importer

Exporter

28

28


Exporter 22 3 10

35


2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

2

2

United Kingdom bodies P R Importer 20

30

50

Exporter

W Importer

Exporter 2

2

T R Importer

10 20 80 80

190

Exporter 20 4

2 64 76

166

W Importer

Exporter

240

240


19


Subtotal

C Importer

4

2

6

(bodies only)

Exporter

R Importer 101 150 18 122 20 212 106 278 12 1019

Exporter 222 503 246 705 489 213

2378

W Importer

Exporter 2

494

496

Table 5. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. supremus) to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. Trade was mainly for commercial and personal purposes. (Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).

Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Belgium bodies C Importer

Exporter

1

1

R Importer

Exporter

4

2

6

live R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Estonia bodies C Importer

2 2

Exporter

Finland bodies C Importer

Exporter

3

3

R Importer

Exporter

2

2

France bodies R Importer

Exporter

2

2 4

8

live R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Germany bodies R Importer

2 2 2

25 24 12

67

Exporter

2

2 3 8 40

55

Italy bodies R Importer

4

4

Exporter

10

10

Netherlands trophies C Importer

Exporter

1

1

Portugal bodies R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Spain bodies R Importer

2

2

Exporter 2

2 2

6

United Kingdom bodies R Importer

Exporter 4

6

4 6

20

live R Importer

Exporter

2

2

trophies C Importer

Exporter

2

2

Subtotals

C Importer

2 2

(bodies only)

Exporter

1

3

4

R Importer

2 2 2 4 25 24 14

73

Exporter 6 2

12 17 14 50 6 2

109


20

Table 6. Direct exports of Ornithoptera goliath (including Ornithoptera g. supremus) from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).

Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total

bodies P C Importer

20

4

24

Exporter

R Importer

2 3

24 29

Exporter

W Importer 2

2

Exporter

S R Importer

10

10

Exporter

T C Importer 26

1313 9

10 150

1508

Exporter

F Importer 72 49

72 40

233

Exporter

I Importer

40

40

Exporter

R Importer 125 166

120 638 490 130 40 200 1909

Exporter 876 1221 2069 1182 1914 1820

9082

W Importer

47 8 40 2 40

212 100 449

Exporter

1

1314

1315

- C Importer

6

6

Exporter

R Importer

90 224

314

Exporter

derivatives T R Importer

10

10

Exporter

live P F Importer 4

4

Exporter

Subtotals

C&F Importer 98 69 1319 81 44

10 150

1771

(bodies only)

Exporter

I Importer

40

40

Exporter

R Importer 125 266 224 122 641 490 130 40 224 2262

Exporter 876 1221 2069 1182 1914 1820

9082

W Importer 2 47 8 40 2 40

212 100 451

Exporter

1

1314

1315

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) reported seven subspecies: Ornithoptera goliath procus, O. g. goliath, O. g. samson, O. g. ukihidei, O. g. atlas, O. g. supremus and O. g. titan.


Ornithoptera goliath was reported to occur in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea (Collins and Morris, 1985; Lewis, 1985), with a wide range reaching from Seram (part of the Moluccas, west of New Guinea) to Goodenough Island (east of New Guinea) (D'Abrera, 1975). Parsons (1996) noted that although its main range was on mainland New Guinea, the species was also present in many adjacent islands. It was found at altitudes up to 2300m (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011) and Laithwaite et al. (1975) considered its preferred habitat to be dense rainforests.


21

D'Abrera (1975) reported that there was little biological information available for the species.

Straatman and Schmid (1975) considered O. goliath as one of the rarest Ornithoptera spp., noting that it was “always rare and very local”. Collins and Morris (1985) described it as scarce. However, according to Parsons (in litt. to Collins and Morris, 1985), the species may be common in some areas and was suggested not to require protected species status.

Indonesia: Within Indonesia, the species was reported to occur in Irian Jaya (Provinces of Papua and West Papua) and the Moluccas (west of New Guinea) (Collins and Morris, 1985); Parsons (1996) also reported occurrence on the island of Waigeo close to the northwestern coast of New Guinea.

O. goliath was classified as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Papua New Guinea: The species was reported to occur in mainland Papua New Guinea and on the Goodenough Island (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985).

O. goliath was classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001) under the Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966, prohibiting its taking from the wild without an authorized permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966).

According to Small (2004), ranching of O. goliath on IFTA farms was highly profitable prior to 1995, when the world market prices declined sharply, and since then, many farmers had stopped harvesting the species. Market prices for a pair of O. goliath through IFTA were reported to vary between USD 55 and USD 125 (IFTA, 2012).

Small (2004) reported that specimens of O. goliath were sold by local butterfly farmers and collectors to foreign tourists in Bulolo, and exported using permits obtained through corruption.

Ornithoptera meridionalis SRG60/

22


SPECIES: Ornithoptera meridionalis

SYNONYMS: Schoenbergia meridionalis

COMMON NAMES: Ornithoptère méridional (French)


RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Papua New Guinea

IUCN RED LIST: Endangered

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from

Indonesia first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 29/10/2001. Previous negative opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.

Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from Papua New Guinea formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Ornithoptera meridionalis to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 73 and 240 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The import of four ranched derivatives in 2007 was also reported by the United Kingdom, but not by Papua New Guinea.

The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted of two ranched bodies re-exported to Ireland via Canada in 2002 and one trophy re-exported to the United Kingdom via Malaysia in 2009 (neither of which were reported by the importers).

Direct exports of O. meridionalis from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 2). Of the 407 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 37 per cent were exported to the United States, 29 per cent to Japan and 13 per cent to Australia.

Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera meridionalis from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported 2009-2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total


4

4

Exporter

4

4


Exporter

2 4 10 6

22


8 2

2

12

Exporter 12 16 7 18 2

55


6

Exporter

T R Importer 12 18

2

4

36

Exporter 36 44

10 4 4

98



23


Exporter

2

2


Exporter

8

8


2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 1

2

3


4 4

Exporter

T W Importer

Exporter

4

4


Exporter 2 2 8 6 6

24


8

8

Exporter

T R Importer

1

1

Exporter

2

2 12

16

W Importer

Exporter

4

4


4

4

Exporter

Subtotals

C Importer

2

2

(bodies only)

Exporter

R Importer 18 26 6 2 1 14

4 71

Exporter 51 72 25 44 24 16

232

W Importer

Exporter

8

8

Table 2. Direct exports of Ornithoptera meridionalis from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2009; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).

Term Source Purpose Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 Total

bodies C P Importer

2 2

4

Exporter

T Importer

17 2

2

21

Exporter

F T Importer

4

4

Exporter

R P Importer 2

2

Exporter

T Importer 5 6

2

4 4

21

Exporter 110 115 80 75 17 10

407

- Importer

24

24

Exporter

W T Importer

2

2

Exporter

12

12

derivatives C T Importer

7 7

Exporter


24

Term Source Purpose Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 Total

live F P Importer 2

2

Exporter

TAXONOMIC NOTE

According to D'Abrera (1975), Ornithoptera meridionalis was previously considered to be a subspecies of O. paradisea, which it resembles (Laithwaite et al., 1975). Ohya (2001) listed two subspecies: O. m. meridionalis and O. m. tarunggarensis.


Ornithoptera meridionalis was reported to occur in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, in mainland New Guinea (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) considered typical habitats to include primary and secondary lowland rainforests, usually at altitudes of 20-200 m. It was reported to be specialized in one foodplant, Aristolochia schlechteri (Parsons, 1984), and to carry five to seven large eggs, which was considered to be a relatively low number compared to other birdwings (D'Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985).

O. meridionalis was classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996c). Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) described it as “very rare and localized but not uncommon where it occurs”.

Main threat was considered to include habitat destruction, combined with low reproduction rate (Haugum, 1984 in litt. to Collins and Morris, in Collins and Morris, 1985). Although noting that the species was in high demand by butterfly collectors and belonged to the most highly priced collection specimens in the world, Collins and Morris (1985) stated that “no threats are known to be posed by illegal collecting and trade, nor by legitimate dealing”.

Papua New Guinea: O. meridionalis was reported to be mainly found on the southern part of the southeastern peninsula of Papua New Guinea, with single localities also reported in the Southern Highlands Province (central mainland Papua New Guinea) and East Sepik Province (northern mainland Papua New Guinea) (Collins and Morris, 1985). D'Abrera (1975) reported that small populations were found in the south-east coast in relatively inaccessible areas.

The populations in Papua New Guinea were considered to be “seriously threatened by habitat destruction and change”, mainly due to forest destruction and timber extraction (Collins and Morris, 1985). D'Abrera (1975) reported that a population in the Brown River area in the Central Province had been “practically obliterated” due to over-collecting.

O. meridionalis was classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001) under the Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966, prohibiting its taking from the wild without an authorized permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966).

Small (2004) reported that specimens of O. meridionalis were sold by local butterfly farmers and collectors to foreign tourists in Bulolo, and exported using permits obtained through corruption. According to IFTA (2012), the price for a pair of O. meridionalis, USD 500, was the highest of all Ornithoptera spp. ranched by IFTA.

Ornithoptera paradisea SRG60/

25


SPECIES: Ornithoptera paradisea

SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera schoenbergi, Schoenbergia paradisea

COMMON NAMES: Butterfly of Paradise (English), Paradise Birdwing (English),

Tailed Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère de paradis (French)



IUCN RED LIST: Lower Risk/least concern


countries formed on 11/02/1998; this was removed on 02/12/2011 for Papua New Guinea.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera paradisea to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 1631 and 1204 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, almost all of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Malaysia and Australia (Table 2).

Direct exports of O. paradisea from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 6350 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 49 per cent were exported to Japan and 20 per cent to Malaysia.

Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera paradisea from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.



10

10

Exporter

T R Importer

6 6

Exporter

16

20 12 10 6 64


10

4

6 20

Exporter 8

10 4

4

14 40

Czech Republic T R Importer 2

6

8 4

20

Exporter 2

12

18

12 44

Denmark P R Importer 2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 2

2

France P R Importer

10 12 32 13 67

Exporter

S R Importer 5

5


26


Exporter

T C Importer 6

6

Exporter

R Importer 56 12 24 18 2 40 34

24 18 228

Exporter 51 12 48 18 14 100 72 52 50 110 527


4

Exporter

R Importer

172 140 130 78 48 150 48 766

Exporter 4

14 250

164 122 70 162 52 838

Italy T R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

4 10 3 19


4

4

Exporter

4

4

Poland P R Importer

14

4 18

Exporter

T R Importer

8 6 6

20

Exporter 2

4 26 6 14

52

Spain T R Importer 4

8

12

Exporter 4

8

12

United Kingdom P R Importer 6

6

Exporter

T R Importer

8

8

Exporter 17 8

4

29

Subtotals

C Importer 10

10

Exporter

R Importer 75 12 38 200 144 200 136 84 210 95 1194

Exporter 90 20 74 294 32 290 232 170 232 197 1631

Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera paradisea to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched O. paradisea, primarily for commercial purposes.

Importer Term Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Belgium bodies Importer

Exporter

2

2

Czech Republic bodies Importer

Exporter

10

10

Estonia bodies Importer

1 1

Exporter

France bodies Importer

31 6 2

39

Exporter

31 18 2

4

55

Germany bodies Importer

6 6

2

14

Exporter

1 12 8

2

23

Portugal bodies Importer

Exporter

2

2

Spain bodies Importer

4

4

Exporter 2

2 4

8

United Kingdom bodies Importer

Exporter

2

2

4

8

trophies Importer

Exporter

1

1


27

Importer Term Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Subtotals

Importer

37 12 2 2

4

1 58

(bodies only)

Exporter 2 3 43 40 4 2 2 8 4

108

Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera paradisea from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, primarily for commercial purposes.


C Importer

4

4

Exporter

F Importer

6

6

Exporter

R Importer 22 84 1240 419 698 438 349 144 122 20 3536

Exporter 80 88 1280 688 976 569 410 582 572 1105 6350

W Importer

4

4

Exporter

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) listed eight subspecies: O. paradisea arfakensis, O. p. borchi, O. p. chrysanthemum, O. p. demeter, O. p. flavescens, O. p. galatea, O. p. occidentalis and O. p. paradisea.


Ornithoptera paradisea was reported to occur in northwestern Papua New Guinea and in Irian Jaya (Provinces of Papua and West Papua), and according to unconfirmed records, it was also found in some adjacent islands (Haugum and Low, 1978 in Collins and Morris, 1985). Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) described it as a widespread species, occurring in seven main areas, however Collins and Morris (1985) noted that distribution records were incomplete. Preferred habitats were considered to include mature primary and secondary forests in hilly areas (Collins and Morris, 1985), and forested valleys (Laithwaite et al., 1975) at altitudes between 500-1000 m (Borch and Schmid, 1975) to 2000 m asl (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011).

The species was reported to be specialised in one food plant and to produce eight to ten eggs (Collins and Morris, 1985).

O. paradisea was classified as Lower Risk/least concern in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996d). Collins and Morris (1985) considered its conservation status to be poorly known. Borch and Schmid (1975) stated that despite its relatively wide distribution, its population size was “rather limited”.

D'Abrera (1975) described O. p. paradisea as “well known and much sought after by collectors”, and stated that “consequently its numbers are being depleted”. Collins and Morris (1985) described O. paradisea as a “particularly attractive” species belonging to the most highly priced collection specimens in the world; however, they noted that although the species had high demand in trade, no clear threats had been identified.

Mercer (1997) reported that a Wildlife Area had been established in Papua New Guinea near Madang town on the northern coast to protect populations that had been rediscovered in 1991 after having been thought extinct.

Indonesia: Collins and Morris (1985) reported that the species was found particularly in the west and northeastern parts of Irian Jaya (Papua and West Papua Provinces) where they described it as “very local”, however “well distributed”.

O. paradisea was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

The species was reported to occur in several Reserves and proposed Reserves within Irian Jaya (Papua and West Papua Provinces) (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Ornithoptera priamus

28


SPECIES: Ornithoptera priamus

SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera caelestis, Ornithoptera priamus caelestis, Ornithoptera

richmondia

COMMON NAMES: Common Birdwing (English), Common Green Birdwing

(English), New Guinea Birdwing (English), Priam's Birdwing (English)

RANGE STATES: Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands



PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for all countries formed on

11/02/1998 and removed for wild and ranched specimens from Australia and Solomon Islands on 02/12/2011.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera priamus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 8161 and 13 253 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, almost all of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). Quantities of ranched bodies imported into the EU-27 have increased 2001-2010 (Figure 1). In addition, the import of 100 ranched live O. priamus was reported by Germany in 2004, but not by Indonesia.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Malaysia, Australia, Canada and the United States (Table 2).

Direct exports of O. priamus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 included 47 748 ranched bodies and 14 040 ranched live O. priamus, according to data reported by Indonesia (Table 3). These were primarily exported to the United States, Singapore, Japan and Canada.


29

Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera priamus poseidon) from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010.

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Austria bodies S R Importer

200

100

300

Exporter

T R Importer

100

390 490

Exporter

200

100 405 40 390 1135


50

100 100

20 270

Exporter

175 50

50

200

140 615

Czech Republic bodies T R Importer 150

20

359 34

563

Exporter 150

40

20

429

430 1069

U Importer 4

4

Exporter

Denmark bodies P R Importer 6

6

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 6

6

France bodies P R Importer

30 50 40 35 155

Exporter

S R Importer 10

10

Exporter

T C Importer 80

80

Exporter

R Importer 10 56 155 60 164 619 450 32 364 162 2072

Exporter 126 56 155 60 304 760 1100 570 492 1404 5027

Germany bodies T C Importer 2

2

Exporter

R Importer

630 1015 394 252 124 824 440 3679

Exporter

70 730 660 634 430 384 884 640 4432

live T R Importer

100

100

Exporter


4

4

Exporter

4 36

30 56

126


30


Lithuania bodies T R Importer

Exporter

26

26


110

30 140

Exporter

T R Importer

116 60 60

236

Exporter 4

190 162 60 130

12 558

Slovakia bodies T R Importer

Exporter

20

20


100

100

Exporter 4

100

104

United Kingdom bodies T R Importer

50

50

Exporter 11 50

74

135

Subtotals

C Importer 82

82

(bodies only)

Exporter

R Importer 176 56 275 690 1383 1339 992 825 1262 1077 8075

Exporter 301 281 315 990 1328 1592 1990 1948 1492 3016 13253

U Importer 4

4

Exporter


31

Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera priamus poseidon) to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, for either commercial or personal purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Belgium C Importer

Exporter

2

2

4

R Importer

Exporter

18 2 6

26

Denmark R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Finland R Importer

4

4

Exporter

6

6

France C Importer

2

2

Exporter

R Importer

53

100

58 15 226

Exporter

56

100

2 2 8

168

Germany C Importer

Exporter

6

6

R Importer

10

2 2

14

Exporter

5 15

2

22

Greece R Importer

1

1

Exporter

12 2

14

Ireland F Importer

Exporter 2

2

R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Italy C Importer

4

4

Exporter

8

8

R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Netherlands F Importer

Exporter

6

6

R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Portugal C Importer

Exporter

2

2

R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Slovakia R Importer

2 4

6

Exporter

2 4

6

Spain C Importer

2

2

Exporter

6 2

8

R Importer

6

6

Exporter

6 2

8

Sweden R Importer

Exporter

2 1

3

United Kingdom C Importer

Exporter

16

16

F Importer

Exporter 18

18

R Importer


32

Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Exporter

12

24

146 32

214


2

4

2

8

Exporter

12 18 2 10

2

44

F Importer

Exporter 20

6

26

R Importer

63

104

11 64 15 257

Exporter

7 72 30 110 34 4 168 52

477

Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera priamus poseidon) from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010.

Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

bodies P R Importer

195

195

Exporter

T C Importer 200

520 400 114 1234

Exporter

F Importer

200 402 200

204

1006

Exporter

I Importer

9 9

Exporter

R Importer 650 906 1250 2790 4090 2810 2534 2092 1323 1064 19509

Exporter 1710 1316 3438 4764 6761 6652 4589 5430 4919 8169 47748

W Importer

200

200

1

401

Exporter

live T R Importer

Exporter

1840 2800 2100 2300 2700 2300 14040

W Importer

100

100

Exporter

Z C Importer

540

540

Exporter

R Importer

200

200

Exporter

W Importer

660

660

Exporter

Subtotals

C&F Importer 200

200 402 200 520 604 114 2240

(bodies only)

Exporter

I Importer

9 9

Exporter

R Importer 650 906 1250 2790 4090 2810 2729 2092 1323 1064 19704

Exporter 1710 1316 3438 4764 6761 6652 4589 5430 4919 8169 47748

W Importer

200

200

1

401

Exporter


33

Figure 1. Direct exports of ranched bodies of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera priamus poseidon) from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010.

Papua New Guinea: Imports of O. priamus to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 included 3378 and 13 701 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 4). Quantities reported by Papua New Guinea were substantially higher than those reported by EU Member States 2002-2005; Papua New Guinea has not specified whether its annual reports are based on permits issued or actual trade.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of captive-bred and ranched bodies re-exported via Australia Singapore and the United States (Table 5).

Direct exports of O. priamus from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 included 49 221 ranched bodies and 3988 wild-sourced bodies, according to data reported by Papua New Guinea (Table 6). These were primarily exported to the United States, Canada, Australia, the Russian Federation and Japan.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

No

. of

bo

die

s

Importer

Exporter


34

Table 4. Direct exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera p. admiralitatus, O. p. bornemanni, O. p. demophanes and O. p. poseidon) from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).


Austria bodies P C Importer

2

2

Exporter

R Importer

20

20

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

239

239


Exporter

100 75 80 165

420

Czech Republic bodies T R Importer 294 38

332

Exporter 10 130 54 254 200

648

Denmark bodies T R Importer 50

50

Exporter 50

50

France bodies T R Importer 145 166 2

220

100

633

Exporter 423 1450 66 1443 843 162

4387

W Importer

Exporter

500

500

French Guiana bodies T R Importer

Exporter

2

2


30

Exporter

T R Importer 692 315

495 10 74 124

8 1718

Exporter 838 1405 232 249 714 119

3557

W Importer

Exporter

444

444


Exporter

130 463

593


90

90

Exporter

63

63


Exporter 6 60

24

90


2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

50

50

Exporter 6 401 512 50

2

971

live P R Importer 5

5

Exporter

T R Importer

43

43

Exporter


6

6

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

6 58

64


Exporter

4

4

Netherlands bodies T R Importer

Exporter

45

84

129


35



40 18

58

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 88

126 18

232

W Importer

Exporter

58

58

Slovenia bodies T R Importer

Exporter

40

40

Spain bodies P R Importer

8

8

Exporter

T R Importer

20

20

Exporter 72 14 50 188 80

404


3

3

Exporter

T C Importer

20

20

Exporter

R Importer

Exporter

23

23


10

20

Exporter

T R Importer

36

240 40

316

Exporter 1 53 2

450 37

543

W Importer

Exporter

240

240


10

10

Exporter

Subtotals

C Importer

27

6

33

(bodies only)

Exporter

R Importer 1221 519 72 523 46 394 404 158 8 3345

Exporter 1494 3743 1692 2375 2749 406

12459

W Importer

Exporter

1242

1242

Table 5. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera p. bornemanni and O. p. poseidon) to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. Trade was primarily for commercial or personal purposes. (Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).


Belgium bodies C Importer

Exporter 100

10

110

R Importer

Exporter

2 8 18

12

40

live R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Czech Republic bodies C Importer

Exporter

58

58

R Importer

12

12

Exporter


2 2

Exporter

R Importer

1 1


36


Exporter

Finland bodies C Importer

Exporter

4 10

14

R Importer

Exporter 2

5

7

France bodies C Importer

20

2

22

Exporter 84 4

6

94

F Importer

Exporter

15 15

R Importer

4

4

Exporter

14 10 15

39

W Importer

Exporter

116

116

live R Importer

Exporter

4

4


8 10 2

57 6 2

85

Exporter

9

19 45 6

79

Hungary bodies R Importer

Exporter 4

4

Italy bodies C Importer

16

16

Exporter

4

4

R Importer

Exporter

2

4

6

Malta trophies C Importer

Exporter

1

1

Netherlands bodies R Importer

Exporter

2

2

6

10


Exporter

1

2

3


6

6

Exporter

4

4

Sweden bodies C Importer

Exporter

8

8

United Kingdom bodies C Importer

4

4

Exporter

2

62

64

O Importer

Exporter

61

61

R Importer

4

4

Exporter 26

9 2 2 1 10 6

56

U Importer

1

1

Exporter

1

1

trophies C Importer

Exporter

4

4

Subtotals

C&F Importer

20

16 2

4 2 44

(bodies only)

Exporter 184 4 14

60 4 80 6

15 367

O Importer

Exporter

61

61

R Importer

8 10 2 4 57 6 8 16 1 112


37


Exporter 32 9

14 43 77 35 26 12

248

U Importer

1

1

Exporter

1

1

W Importer

Exporter

116

116

Table 6. Direct exports of Ornithoptera priamus (including Ornithoptera p. admiralitatus, O. p. bornemanni, O. p. demophanes, O. p. euphorion, O. p. miokensis and O. p. poseidon) from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes. (Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).

Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

bodies C Importer 220 556 2005 97 1208

170 320 260

4836

Exporter

F Importer

320 935 364 100

342

2061

Exporter

I Importer

20

20

Exporter

R Importer 2104 436 86 899 2411 2070 1046 362 272

9686

Exporter 7018 11506 9203 10036 7011 4447

49221

W Importer 373 850 116 1060 81 82

983 366

3911

Exporter 1 5 1 26 4

3951

3988

derivatives C Importer

937 937

Exporter

R Importer

10

10

Exporter

live F Importer 15

15

Exporter

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ornithoptera priamus was considered to resemble O. richmondia, the latter however being smaller in size (Braby, 2000). Female specimens were reported to be very similar to those of O. alexandrae and O. allottei (D'Abrera, 1975).

Ohya (2001) distinguished four groups of subspecies: Priamus (O. p. priamus, O. p. macalpinei, O. p. euphorion, O. p. richmondia), Poseidon (O. p. hecuba, O. p. arruana, O. p. gebeensis, O. p. teucrus, O. p. kasandra, O. p. poseidon, O. p. pronomus, O. p. demophanes, O. p. boisduvalii), Admiralitatis (O. p. admiralitatis) and Eastern (O. p. bornemanni, O. p. miokensis, O. p. urvillianus, O. p. caelestis).


Ornithoptera priamus was regarded as a widespread species (Nagypal, 2008). According to Parsons (1996), its range extended from the Indonesian island of Sulawesi in the west through New Guinea to the Solomons in the east, and the southern limit of its range was in northeastern Australia. Laithwaite et al. (1975) considered the Moluccas (west of New Guinea) to form the western limit of the range.

The species was considered to be highly dimorphic (D'Abrera, 1975) and morphologically variable (Nagypal, 2008). O. priamus was reported to be adapted to a wide range of habitats (Nagypal, 2008), and able to feed on various different Aristolochia spp. food plants (Braby, 2000), although some subspecies were found to be specialized in one food plant (D'Abrera, 1975). It was described as a “prolific breeder” (D'Abrera, 1975), able to lay up to fifty eggs, which was considered high compared to the rarer Ornithoptera spp. (Straatman, 1969).


38

O. priamus was considered to be the most common (WCMC et al., 1993) and best known birdwing butterfly (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Nagypal, 2008). It was found to be typically the most numerous species in areas where its range overlapped with other birdwing species (D'Abrera, 1975). New (1997) considered it abundant and not needing protection, and Collins and Morris (1985) regarded it to be generally common, however noting that some subspecies may “merit special consideration”. Within Australia, the species was considered to be “often common locally”, and it was noted that it was established in some residential areas due to high abundance of food plants (Braby, 2000). O. priamus was also considered easier to breed compared to other Ornithoptera spp. (AC22 Doc. 13.1).

In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade (WCMC et al., 1993), O. priamus was not considered to be threatened at the species level. Some subspecies, particularly O. p. euphorion, O. p. miokensis, O. p. arruana and O. p. hecuba were considered to be of conservation concern and appear in trade; however, it was noted that there was no evidence to suggest that trade would form a significant threat to these subspecies, particularly if it mainly involved ranched specimens (WCMC et al., 1993).

Indonesia: O. priamus was reported to occur in Irian Jaya (Provinces of Papua and West Papua), the Moluccas (west of New Guinea) and Lesser Sunda Islands (southern Indonesia) (Collins and Morris, 1985).

The species was reported to be ranched within its distributional range in Indonesia, and farmed outside its range (AC22 Doc. 13.1). Ranching operations had been established in the Arfak Mountains area, where local people were reported to benefit from trade (AC22 Doc. 13.1). Syaputra (2011) reported that the company PT Ikas Amboina produced farmed birdwing butterflies for national and international markets in several Provinces, including Papua, South Sulawesi and Bali. O. priamus were reportedly caught from the wild for captive breeding purposes, however the catch was limited by a quota of 300 individuals per year in the West Papua Province and the Moluccas (Syaputra, 2011). The breeding method was considered considerably more successful compared to other farming operations in the country: eggs were harvested and protected from predators in containers, hatched larvae were placed in host plants covered with protective netting, and live pupae were sold to buyers (Syaputra, 2011).

It was reported that O. priamus was present in several butterfly gardens in Indonesia (AC22 Doc. 13.1). Syaputra (2011) reported that approximately 1000 specimens produced by PT Ikas Amboina were sold to the Bali Butterfly Park per week to maintain tourist activities in the park. The Bali Butterfly Park was reported to sell captive-bred specimens to the collector trade (Syaputra, 2011).

Syaputra (2011) reported that according to the regulations established by the Ministry of Forestry, ten per cent of individuals produced by captive breeding were used to restock wild populations. However, he recommended reduced collection from nature to maintain viable wild populations of butterflies (Syaputra, 2011).

O. priamus was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999)

Papua New Guinea: In addition to mainland Papua New Guinea, Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) reported O. priamus occurrence in many offshore islands, including the Bismarck Archipelago, Trobriand (Kiriwina) Island, D’Entrecasteaux Island, Woodlark Island, Louisiade Archipelago and Bougainville.

Parsons (1984) considered the species common in Papua New Guinea. However, based on observations in the East Sepik Province during 1989, Hawkeswood (2003) considered the subspecies O. p. poseidon to be “not common” in the area.

Some subspecies occurring in Papua New Guinea were considered to be threatened by habitat loss, restricted range and overcollecting (Collins and Morris, 1985).

O. priamus was not classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001).

Small (2004) reported that O. priamus had been ranched for trade in Papua New Guinea since 1978. The prices reported by the Insect Farming and Trading Agency were the lowest of Ornithoptera spp., varying between USD 5 and USD 50 for different subspecies and colour forms (IFTA, 2012).

Ornithoptera rothschildi SRG60/

39


SPECIES: Ornithoptera rothschildi

SYNONYMS: Schoenbergia rothschildi

COMMON NAMES: Rothschild's Birdwing (English)






TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Imports of Ornithoptera rothschildi to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 2184 and 3122 ranched bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Malaysia, Canada and Australia (Table 2).

Direct exports of O. rothschildi from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted almost entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 10 051 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 47 per cent were exported to Japan and 28 per cent to the United States.

Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera rothschildi from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies.

Importer Purpose Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Austria S Importer

50

50

100

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter

56

80 40

176

Belgium T Importer

10

12 22

Exporter

10

42 52

Czech Republic T Importer 24

24 20

68

Exporter 24

24

52 100

France P Importer

10 26 26 23 85

Exporter

S Importer 10

10

Exporter

T Importer 64 33

32 50 130 150 10 100 62 631

Exporter 14 33

32 90 200 166 206 204 150 1095

Germany T Importer

190 360 122 122 50 106 196 1146

Exporter

20 240 340 182 182 120 186 216 1486

Italy T Importer

2

2


40

Importer Purpose Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Exporter

2

10 10

22

Poland P Importer

10

10

Exporter

T Importer

10 20

30

Exporter 7

30 10 20

67

Slovakia T Importer

Exporter

10

10

Spain T Importer 50

10

60

Exporter 9

10

19

United Kingdom P Importer 20

20

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 65

30

95

Subtotals

Importer 168 33

222 462 282 312 160 252 293 2184

Exporter 119 33 20 328 472 392 408 440 450 460 3122

Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera rothschildi to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2007).

Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 Total

Austria bodies R Importer

Exporter

6

6

Belgium bodies R Importer

Exporter

6 2 4

12

Estonia bodies R Importer

2 2

Exporter

France bodies R Importer

100

100

Exporter

1

100

2

103


10

10

Exporter

1 2 11 5

19

Greece bodies R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Hungary bodies R Importer

Exporter 2

2

Ireland bodies F Importer

Exporter

1

1

R Importer

Exporter 2

2

4

Netherlands bodies R Importer

Exporter

2

2

trophies R Importer

Exporter

1

1


Exporter 2

2

Slovakia bodies R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2


6

6

Exporter 2

6 1

9

United Kingdom bodies R Importer

Exporter

5 4 2 8 6

25


41

Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 Total

Subtotals

F Importer

(bodies only)

Exporter

1

1

R Importer

10 100

6 2 2 120

Exporter 8 1 3 28 111 8 18 11

188

Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera rothschildi from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes.


C Importer

40 40

80

Exporter

F Importer

28

28

Exporter

R Importer 10

660 235 878 524 986 395 62 4 3754

Exporter 54 51 960 672 1078 1070 1494 1051 816 2805 10051


Indonesia: The range of Ornithoptera rothschildi was reported to be restricted to Indonesia (Parsons, 1995b; 1996), where it was considered endemic to the Arfak Mountains in the northwestern part of the West Papua Province (Collins and Morris, 1985; Kondo et al., 2003). It was described as a montane species, generally found at altitudes between 1800 m and 2450 m asl (Collins and Morris, 1985).

O. rothschildi was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996e). In spite of its restricted distribution, it was not considered rare and was reported to be abundant in some areas (Haugum and Low, 1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) noted that its conservation status was poorly known.

Collins and Morris (1985) considered habitat disturbance as a potential threat to the species. Haugum (1983, in litt. to Collins and Morris, 1985) reported that the species was under heavy pressure of commercial exploitation in Indonesia. Collins and Morris (1985) regarded commercial collection as a possible threat, but noted that its impacts were unknown. They recommended an assessment of the conservation status of the species and the impacts of commercial trade (Collins and Morris, 1985).

The status and restricted distribution of this species were considered to require the close monitoring of trade in this species (Peggie, 2011).

Ornithoptera urvillianus SRG60/

42


SPECIES: Ornithoptera urvillianus

SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera priamus burkei

COMMON NAMES: D'Urville's Birdwing (English)

RANGE STATES: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands



PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from

Papua New Guinea formed on 11/02/1998.

Current Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild and ranched specimens from Solomon Islands first applied on 03/09/2008 and last confirmed on 07/09/2011. Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Solomon Islands first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 01/10/2007. Previous negative opinions for ranched specimens from Solomon Islands formed on 14/09/2007 and for wild specimens on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Ornithoptera urvillianus to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 899 and 1673 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, and 202 ranched live O. urvillianus, reported by the importer only (Table 1). Papua New Guinea reported the export of 738 wild-sourced bodies to the EU-27 in 2007 but not of this trade was reported by the importers.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Canada and Australia (Table 2).

Direct exports of O. urvillianus from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched and wild-sourced bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 4145 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 56 per cent were exported to the United States and 24 per cent to Malaysia.

No trade has been reported as O. priamus urvillianus.

Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera urvillianus from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported 2004-2005 or 2009-2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 Total

Austria bodies P R Importer

20

20

Exporter


60

Exporter


26

140

200 366


43

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008 Total

Exporter 154

2 50

206

W Importer

Exporter

560

560


6

Exporter

T R Importer 19 90

10

189 308

Exporter 118

30

148

W Importer

Exporter

110

110


20

20

Exporter 3

432

435

live P R Importer 2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

200

200

Exporter


10 8 18

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

3

3

W Importer

Exporter

18

18


Exporter 22

20

42

Sweden bodies T C Importer

100

100

Exporter

R Importer

Exporter

100

100


1

1

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

1

1

W Importer

Exporter

50

50

Subtotals

C Importer

100

100

(bodies only)

Exporter

R Importer 85 116 40 151 10 397 799

Exporter 297

557 81

935

W Importer

Exporter

738

738

Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera urvillianus to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2002or 2006; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).


Belgium bodies P R Importer

Exporter

2

12

14

Estonia bodies T R Importer

2 2

Exporter

France bodies P R Importer

Exporter

2

2


44


Ireland bodies P R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Italy bodies P R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Netherlands bodies P R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Portugal bodies P R Importer

Exporter

4

4


Exporter

2

2

T R Importer

Exporter

6

6


Exporter

4

4


Exporter

2

2 12

16

S R Importer

Exporter 20

20

T R Importer

Exporter

4

20

24

trophies T R Importer

Exporter

4

4

Subtotals

C Importer

(bodies only)

Exporter

4

4

R Importer

2 2

Exporter 20 2 10 2

24 36

94

Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera urvillianus from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies, predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2008 or 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).


C Importer

8 207

215

Exporter

F Importer 160

160

Exporter

R Importer 313 22

50 50 530 140 50 1155

Exporter 739

146

3260

4145

W Importer

120 100

220

Exporter

2803

2803

TAXONOMIC NOTE

D'Abrera (1975) considered O. urvillianus as “a distinct species on the grounds of its total isolation and marked differentiation, in both sexes, from other Priamus species”. Kondo et al. (2003) and McAlpine (1970) also regarded the taxon as a distinct species.

However, Collins and Morris (1985) and Capinera (2008) treated Ornithoptera urvillianus as a subspecies of O. priamus, and Nagypal (2008) found that fertile offspring could be produced when crossing O. p. urvillianus with O. p. poseidon, concluding that this indicated that O. urvillianus was not an independent species.


45

The CITES Standard Reference (Ohya, 2001) also considers the taxon to be a subspecies of O. priamus (O. p. urvillianus). However, to date, O. urvillianus has been treated as an accepted taxon by the CITES community. UNEP-WCMC has highlighted this discrepancy to the CITES Secretariat and to the nomenclature expert for fauna.


Ornithoptera urvillianus was reported to occur in eastern Papua New Guinea and in the Solomon Islands, excluding San Cristobal (D'Abrera, 1975) and Rennell (Collins and Morris, 1985).

It was described as a common (D'Abrera, 1975) or relatively common species, which could be easily ranched (WCMC et al., 1993). It was reported to have high market demand (WCMC et al., 1993), and population declines were reported in some areas in the Solomon Islands due to overcollection and the loss of habitat (Straatman, 1969; D'Abrera, 1975).

Papua New Guinea: O. urvillianus was reported to occur in eastern Papua New Guinea, in the New Ireland Province and the autonomous region of Bougainville, where it was considered common (D'Abrera, 1975).

The species was reported to be ranched in Papua New Guinea, as part of the activities of the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) (WCMC et al., 1993). In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade, the trade of ranched specimens from IFTA was recommended “to be encouraged”, and was not considered a cause of concern. However, it was noted that more information was needed on the population ecology of the species and the sustainability of ranching (WCMC et al., 1993).

O. urvillianus was not classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001). It was traded through IFTA under the name O. p. urvillianus, for the relatively low price of USD 10 per pair (IFTA, 2012).

Ornithoptera victoriae SRG60/

46


SPECIES: Ornithoptera victoriae

SYNONYMS: Aetheoptera victoriae

COMMON NAMES: Queen Victoria's Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère de la reine

Victoria (French)

RANGE STATES: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands




Papua New Guinea formed on 11/02/1998.

Current Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild and ranched specimens from Solomon Islands first applied on 03/09/2008 and last confirmed on 07/09/2011. Previous Article 4.6(b) import suspension for wild specimens from Solomon Islands first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 01/10/2007. Previous negative opinion for ranched specimens from Solomon Islands formed on 14/09/2007 and for wild specimens from Solomon Islands on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Ornithoptera victoriae to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 included 507 and 1028 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The export of 203 wild-sourced bodies in 2007 was also reported by Papua New Guinea, but not by EU importers. In addition, the import of two ranched live O. victoriae was reported by Italy in 2001 and the import of five ranched derivatives was reported by the United Kingdom in 2007; neither transaction was reported by Papua New Guinea.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia (Table 2).

Direct exports of O. victoriae from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched and wild-sourced bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 2093 ranched bodies and 733 wild-sourced bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 44 per cent were exported to the United States, 16 per cent to Malaysia and 14 per cent to Japan.

Table 1. Direct exports of Ornithoptera victoriae (including Ornithoptera v. reginae and O. v. regis) from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).



Exporter

8

8


2

14

Exporter

4

4


47



8 4

50

4

66

Exporter 32 30 15 80 72 30

259

W Importer

Exporter

118

118

Germany bodies T R Importer 66 62

20 50 100

40 29 367

Exporter 116 154 4 61 60 100

495

W Importer

Exporter

40

40


Exporter

4

4


Exporter 3

2

5

W Importer

Exporter

4

4

live P R Importer 2

2

Exporter


Exporter

2

2


Exporter

2

2


8 8

16

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 2

4

6

W Importer

Exporter

16

16

Slovenia bodies T R Importer

Exporter

4

4


2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

4

4

Exporter

2 4 6 10

22


2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

2

2


6

Exporter

T R Importer

10

20

30

Exporter 6

2

4

12

W Importer

Exporter

25

25


5

5

Exporter

Subtotals

bodies C Importer

2

2

(bodies only)

Exporter

R Importer 84 70 6 26 60 150 28 52 29 505

Exporter 159 194 41 147 154 130

825


48


W Importer

Exporter

203

203

Table 2. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera victoriae (including Ornithoptera v. reginae and O. v. regis) to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2003 or 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).



Exporter

6

6


Exporter

2 4 4 10


Exporter

3 6

1 10

live T R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Germany bodies P R Importer

2 4 6 14 26

Exporter

T R Importer

6

6

Exporter

6 10 4 6

26

Italy bodies T C Importer

Exporter 2

2


Exporter

2

2


2

2

Exporter


Exporter

2

2

T R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2 2

4

United Kingdom bodies S R Importer

Exporter 2

2

- O Importer

Exporter

7

7

Subtotals

C Importer

(bodies only)

Exporter 2

2

O Importer

Exporter

7

7

R Importer

8 4 10 14 36

Exporter 2

6 6 13 16 14 5 62

Table 3. Direct exports of Ornithoptera victoriae (including Ornithoptera v. reginae and O. v. regis) from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes. (Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).


bodies C Importer 2 44 34

20 60

160

Exporter

F Importer 24

2 2

28

Exporter

I Importer

4

4

Exporter


49


R Importer 44 82 33 24 6 280 129 100 8

706

Exporter 228 418 119 186 463 679

2093

U Importer 168

168

Exporter

W Importer

46 4

1 46

173 65

335

Exporter

5 1

727

733

derivatives C Importer

60 60

Exporter

live F Importer 2

2

Exporter

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) listed seven subspecies: Ornithoptera victoriae regis, O. v. archeri, O. v. rubianus, O. v. isabellae, O. v. victoriae, O. v. reginae and O. v. epiphanes.


Ornithoptera victoriae was considered widespread in Solomon Islands and Bougainville in Papua New Guinea (Collins and Morris, 1985). Lewis (1985) considered its range to be restricted to the Solomon Islands. It was described as a strongly dimorphic species (D'Abrera, 1975) with a wingspan of up to 175 mm (Laithwaite et al., 1975).

Macfarlane (1983, in litt. to Collins and Morris, in Collins and Morris, 1985) regarded it as “not rare”, and D'Abrera (1975) considered it to be “common wherever it occurs”.

O. victoriae was considered to be in demand by collectors (Collins and Morris, 1985). Macfarlane (1983, in litt. to Collins and Morris, in Collins and Morris, 1985) considered commercial collection, as well as habitat destruction, as potential threats to the species. In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade (WCMC et al., 1993), unregulated trade from the Solomon Islands was regarded to be of potential concern. Straatman (1969) reported that the species had almost completely disappeared from the Honiara region in the Solomon Islands due to habitat destruction and overcollection.

Papua New Guinea: Within Papua New Guinea, the species was reported to be restricted to the island of Bougainville, where it was considered to be common (Collins and Morris, 1985).

O. victoriae was classified as a protected species in Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996, in Van Helden, 2001) under the Papua New Guinea Fauna (Protection and Control) Act of 1966, prohibiting its taking from the wild without a permit (Papua New Guinea Office of Legislative Counsel, 1966). According to WCMC et al. (1993), only the marketing of ranched specimens was allowed, and the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) was responsible for monitoring ranching activities to secure the release of a sufficient proportion of adults to the wild.

In 1975, D'Abrera expressed concern over illegal trade in O. victoriae for international markets (despite its protected status), reporting that three commercial collectors had “set up quite a profitable industry for themselves among the indigenous people of Buin” (D'Abrera (1975).

In the 1993 CITES Review of Significant Trade, trade was regarded not to present a significant threat to O. victoriae, and trade in ranched specimens from Papua New Guinea was “to be encouraged”. However, it was noted that ecological studies should be undertaken to guarantee long-term sustainability (WCMC et al., 1993). Concern was expressed that wild-caught individuals collected from the Solomon Islands would be sold under the IFTA scheme as sourced in Papua New Guinea (WCMC et al., 1993).

Trogonoptera brookiana SRG60/

50


SPECIES: Trogonoptera brookiana

SYNONYMS: Ornithoptera brookiana, Troides brookiana

COMMON NAMES: Rajah Brooke's Birdwing (English), Ornithoptère de Brooke

(French), Rajah Brooks fågelfjäril (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar (?),

Philippines, South China Sea (disputed territory), Thailand

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Malaysia


PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched species from all countries

formed on 11/02/1998, and removed for Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Philippines, South China Sea and Thailand on 02/12/2011.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Imports of Trogonoptera brookiana to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 686 and 961 ranched bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, all of which were traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada and Australia (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. brookiana from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 4602 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 81 per cent were exported to Japan.

Table 1. Direct exports of Trogonoptera brookiana from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).

Importer Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Austria Importer

80

36 12 128

Exporter

80 36

12 128

Belgium Importer

4

4 8

Exporter

4

24 28

Czech Republic Importer

27

27

Exporter

27

27

France Importer

20 100 32 10 6 111 279

Exporter

20 140 32 56 2 142 392

Germany Importer 30 80 24 20 20 20

194

Exporter 20 80 44 40 54 20 40 298

Italy Importer

Exporter

30

30

Poland Importer

10 40

50


51

Importer Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Exporter

10 40

50

United Kingdom Importer

Exporter

8

8

Subtotals Importer 30 100 124 146 97 62 127 686

Exporter 20 100 184 174 213 52 218 961

Table 2. Indirect exports of Trogonoptera brookiana (including Trogonoptera brookiana albescens) to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies for personal, commercial or educational purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003, 2007 or 2010).

Importer Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 Total

Belgium Importer

Exporter

3

3

Finland Importer

3

3

Exporter

3

3

Greece Importer

1

1

Exporter

1

1

Slovakia Importer

1 1

Exporter

1 1

Spain Importer

3

3

Exporter

3

3

United Kingdom Importer

Exporter 1

3

4

Subtotals Importer

3

4 1 8

Exporter 1 3 3 7 1 15

Table 3. Direct exports of Trogonoptera brookiana from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).

Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

C Importer

Exporter

100

100

R Importer 20 561 600 690 230 30 43 2174

Exporter 20 1035 908 863 482 395 899 4602

Malaysia: Imports of Trogonoptera brookiana to the EU-27 directly from Malaysia over the period 2001-2010 included 957 and 905 wild-sourced bodies and 67 and 87 captive-bred bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively (Table 4). Export of a small number of wild and captive-bred trophies was also reported by Malaysia but not by EU importers.

A small quantity of bodies originating in Malaysia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada and the United States (Table 5).

Direct exports of T. brookiana from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of wild-sourced and captive-bred bodies (Table 6). Smaller quantities of live individuals, trophies and specimens were also exported. Bodies were mainly exported to the United States, with trade levels decreasing in recent years.

Table 4. Direct exports of Trogonoptera brookiana from Malaysia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2004).


Czech Republic bodies T W Importer

100

100

Exporter

Denmark bodies P C Importer

Exporter 2

2

Estonia bodies T C Importer

1 1


52


Exporter

trophies T C Importer

Exporter

1 1

France bodies T C Importer

55

55

Exporter

55

55

W Importer

280 100 30 350

760

Exporter

280 100 30 350 6 20

786


Exporter

2 2

Germany bodies T C Importer

11

11

Exporter 7

11

18

W Importer

20

37

57

Exporter

40

57 20

117

Ireland bodies T W Importer

Exporter

2

2

Malta trophies T C Importer

Exporter

2

2

Poland bodies T W Importer

40

40

Exporter

trophies T W Importer

Exporter

40

40


Exporter

10

10

United Kingdom bodies T C Importer

Exporter

2

2

- I Importer 6

6

Exporter


Exporter

1

1

Subtotals

bodies C Importer

55

11

1 67

Exporter 9

55 10 13

87

I Importer 6

6

Exporter

W Importer

280 120 170 350

37

957

Exporter

280 142 30 350 63 40

905

trophies C Importer

Exporter

3 3 6

W Importer

Exporter

40

40

Table 5. Indirect exports of Trogonoptera brookiana to the EU-27 originating in Malaysia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2003, 2007 or 2010).


Denmark W Importer

Exporter

1

1

Finland W Importer

3

3

Exporter

3

3

Germany W Importer

Exporter

1

1

Italy W Importer

Exporter

1

1

Netherlands W Importer


53


Exporter

4 4

Spain W Importer

4

4

Exporter

4

4

Sweden W Importer

Exporter

1

1

United Kingdom F Importer

Exporter 4

1

5

W Importer

Exporter

1

3 4

Subtotals F Importer

Exporter 4

1

5

W Importer

3

4

7

Exporter

2 1 3 1 5 7 19

Table 6. Direct exports of Trogonoptera brookiana (including Trogonoptera brookiana albescens) from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes.


bodies C Importer 1110

500 600 70 15 74 20

2389

Exporter 1280

140 970 115 130 195 57

2887

F Importer

140

140

Exporter

I Importer

126

126

Exporter

R Importer 6

6

Exporter

W Importer 110 616 1233 156 986 117 135 37 51 10 3451

Exporter

1145 1686

400

190 67 20 15 3523

live C Importer 10

10

38

58

Exporter 50

5 10

40

105

I Importer

1 1

Exporter

W Importer 14

1 9

24

Exporter

220

220

specimens C Importer

1

1

Exporter

I Importer

21

21

Exporter

trophies C Importer

Exporter

27 117 144

W Importer

Exporter

341 10 351

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) listed ten subspecies: Trogonoptera brookiana albescens, T. b. mollumar, T. b. trogon, T. b. jikoi, T. b. toshikii, T. b. mariae, T. b. cardinaali, T. b. natunensis, T. b. brookiana and T. b. haugumei.


54


Trogonoptera brookiana was reported to occur in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam (Collins and Morris, 1985), Myanmar and Philippines (Matsuka, 2001) and Thailand (Hoskins, 2012). Its preferred habitats were considered to include tropical rainforests (Laithwaite et al., 1975; Hoskins, 2012), lowland and low montane forests and streams (Garbutt et al., 2006). Based on an experimental study, Dahelmi et al. (2008) reported that the development from egg to adult lasted in average 56 days.

Collins and Morris (1985) considered T. brookiana to be locally common and not threatened, but noted that large numbers of specimens were harvested for decorative trade. It was considered to be one of the most common birdwing species for sale globally, with trade in decorative specimens largely unreported (WCMC et al., 1993). Parsons (1995a) stated that the collection of T. brookiana for trade had “few, if any adverse effects” on populations. Reportedly, the prices of T. brookiana had declined rapidly with increased supply since the 1960s (Parsons, 1995a).

According to WCMC et al. (1993), the species was easily caught in the wild, and hence widespread ranching had not been developed.

T. brookiana was reported to be abundant in logged forest habitats and roadsides (Cleary et al., 2005), however its abundance was negatively affected by fire and the isolation of forest fragments (Cleary and Genner, 2006; Hirowatari et al., 2007).

The species was selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade based on an initial review conducted in 1991 (WCMC et al., 1993). Trade was not considered a significant threat, with the most common subspecies most widely traded (WCMC et al., 1993). However, some concern was expressed towards the large numbers of specimens in trade, and the large proportion of unreported trade (WCMC et al., 1993). Furthermore, four lesser-known subspecies with restricted geographical distribution were considered to be vulnerable to habitat loss and potentially of high interest to collectors (WCMC et al., 1993).

Indonesia: T. brookiana was reported to occur in Sumatra, Mentawai Islands and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) (Collins and Morris, 1985). D'Abrera (1975) reported that the subspecies found in Borneo was T. b. brookiana, whereas T. b. trogon occurred in Sumatra, and T. b. natunensis in Bunguran (Natuna Islands, northwestern coast of Borneo).

T. brookiana was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Syaputra et al. (2009) recorded the species in the Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park in Kalimantan.

Malaysia: T. brookiana was considered to be widely distributed in Malaysia (Hoskins, 2012). D'Abrera (1975) reported that the subspecies T. b. albescens was found in the Central States of Malay Peninsula, whereas T. b. brookiana occurred in Borneo and T. b. trogon occurred in Trengganu (Terengganu) (north-eastern Peninsular Malaysia) and probably Johore (southern Peninsular Malaysia).

The species was reported to be common in Borneo (Garbutt et al., 2006), where it was found in Danum Valley and Mount Kinabalu (Garbutt et al., 2006).

Hoskins (2012) considered the Malaysian populations to be localized, however noting that the species was very abundant in some areas. Nagypal (2008) reported that the species was more common in West Malaysia than in other range areas. Hoskins (2012) reported that T. brookiana was killed “in vast numbers”, mainly by children in Malaysia, and sold as low value specimens to dealers who sold them to gift shops. He described the harvesting process as follows: “The majority are badly damaged because the children are unskilled with butterfly nets, and often use crude methods of killing – sometimes the butterflies are attracted to a sticky ‘bait’ which glues their wings to the ground, or sometimes they are killed by throwing small stones at them” (Hoskins, 2012).

T. brookiana was reported to have protected status in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 2012; Forest Department Sarawak, 2012; Sabah Wildlife Department, 2012). In the 1990s, WCMC et al. (1993) considered the legal restrictions to have “little impact on trade”.

Troides amphrysus SRG60/

55


SPECIES: Troides amphrysus

COMMON NAMES: Golden Birdwing (English), Malay Birdwing (English)

RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore,

South China Sea, Thailand


IUCN RED LIST: Not Evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from all

countries formed on 11/02/1998 and positive opinion removed for wild and ranched specimens from Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Singapore, South China Sea and Thailand on 02/12/2011.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Imports of Troides amphrysus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 2098 and 2069 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany, Austria and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada, Australia and the United States (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. amphrysus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 5189 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 54 per cent were exported to Japan and 25 per cent to the United States.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides amphrysus from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.



40

40

Exporter

T R Importer

76

584

660

Exporter

40

76 100

216


Exporter

10 10


14

66

80

Exporter

14

86

100

France T C Importer 104 14

45

163

Exporter 104

104

R Importer

60 12 40 65 80

10 267

Exporter

14 60 12 105 110 80 60

60 501


320 150 143 6

64 49 732

Exporter

330 20 299 6 96 64 49 864

Italy T R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2 6

6

14

Poland P R Importer

20

20


56


Exporter

T R Importer

40 24 24

88

Exporter

50 40 24 44

158

Spain T R Importer

30

30

Exporter

30

30


16

16

Exporter

16

50

6

72

Subtotals

C Importer 104 14

45

163

Exporter 104

104

R Importer

90 332 232 298 186 90 648 59 1935

Exporter

30 74 432 207 455 192 392 64 119 1965

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides amphrysus to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2000, 2005 or 2009-2010).

Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2008 Total

Belgium C Importer

Exporter

2

2

Finland F Importer

Exporter 2

2

France R Importer

Exporter

2 1 3

Greece R Importer

Exporter

1 1

Ireland C Importer

Exporter

2

2

R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Slovakia R Importer

1 1

Exporter

1 1


Exporter

2

2

F Importer

Exporter 2

2

R Importer

Exporter

3 1 4


Exporter

2 2 2

6

F Importer

Exporter 4

4

R Importer

1 1

Exporter

7 4 11

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides amphrysus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2003).


C Importer 60

30

90

Exporter 300

300

R Importer

105 574 362 614 152 17

1824

Exporter

50 878 970 1218 835 537 107 594 5189


57

Malaysia: Imports of Troides amphrysus to the EU-27 directly from Malaysia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 473 and 557 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, 75 per cent of which were wild-sourced (Table 4). The main importers were Germany and France.

The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Malaysia 2001-2010 consisted of four wild-sourced bodies exported via Canada to the United Kingdom in 2007 (reported by Canada only) and two wild-sourced bodies exported via Canada to Finland in 2008 (reported by Finland only).

Direct exports of T. amphrysus from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of wild-sourced and captive-bred bodies exported to Japan, the United States and Canada (Table 5).

Table 4. Direct exports of Troides amphrysus from Malaysia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was for commercial purposes.

Importer Term Source Reported by 2001 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

France bodies C Importer

80

80

Exporter

80

80

W Importer 38

20

58

Exporter 76

20 20 10

126

Germany bodies C Importer

40

40

Exporter

50

50

W Importer

4 50 80 159

2 295

Exporter

138 159

4 301

Malta trophies C Importer

Exporter

1

1

Subtotals

C Importer

80

40

120

(bodies only)

Exporter

130

130

W Importer 38 4 70 80 159

2 353

Exporter 76

20 158 169

4 427

Table 5. Direct exports of Troides amphrysus (including Troides amphrysus ruficollis) from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes.


bodies C Importer

10 4 93

107

Exporter 21

40

26 167 96 2

352

F Importer

40

40

Exporter

I Importer

10

10

Exporter

R Importer

2 2

Exporter

W Importer 8 16

82

6 71 30

213

Exporter

16 84 4

156 286 80 187 813


2

2

Exporter

I Importer

10

10

Exporter

trophies C Importer

Exporter

1 28 29


58

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) recognized 16 subspecies: Troides amphrysus ruficollis, T. a. naokoae, T. a. arkumene, T. a. euthydemus, T. a. simeuluensis, T. a. astrea, T. a. niasicus, T. a. vistara, T. a. amphrysus, T. a. perintis, T. a. kuris, T. a. chrysomelas, T. a. flavicollis, T. a. actinotia, T. a. hilbert and T. a. kecilensis.


Troides amphrysus was reported to occur in Brunei Darussalam (Nagypal, 2008), Malaysia, Indonesia (Peggie, 2011), Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand (Lekagul et al., 1977; in Barzdo, 1985).

T. amphrysus was generally found to be a lowland species, although it was reported to occur also at higher elevations in Borneo (D'Abrera, 1975).

The species was considered to be fairly common (Nagypal, 2008) and was not considered to be rare nor threatened across most of its range, with the exception of Malaysia (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Indonesia: T. amphrysus was reported to occur in Sumatra, Java (Nagypal, 2008) and Kalimantan (Cleary and Genner, 2006).

T. amphrysus was found to be a dominant species in continuous habitats in Kalimantan, while the species was rare in isolated forest fragments and absent in areas of burned forest (Cleary and Genner, 2006). However, the species, considered a liana specialist, was also found to be more abundant along forest edges in Borneo (typically showing higher densities and variety of lianas), than within unlogged forest (Cleary et al., 2005).

Malaysia: T. amphrysus was considered locally vulnerable and at risk in Peninsular Malaysia (Barlow, 1983; in Collins and Morris, 1985).

The species is protected in Malaysia, making it illegal to take, keep or trade specimens without a licence (Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 2012; Forest Department Sarawak, 2012; Sabah Wildlife Department, 2012).

T. amphrysus was reported to occur in the Imbak Valley forest reserve [Sabah], where it was considered to be one of the most common Troides species found (Jalil et al., 2008).

Troides criton SRG60/

59


SPECIES: Troides criton






TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Troides criton to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 1596 and 1407 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Australia and Canada (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. criton from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 5457 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 65 per cent were exported to Japan and 15 per cent to the United States.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides criton from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported in 2001-2004).


Austria T R Importer

84

84

Exporter

84 1

85


24

10 34

Exporter

24

40 64


36 20

56

Exporter 10

56

10 76

France T C Importer 100

100

Exporter

R Importer 60 164 24

20

268

Exporter 180 190 24 20 20 52 486

Germany T R Importer 720 70 82

30 80 982

Exporter 150 126 66 86 30 80 538

Italy T R Importer 2

2

Exporter 2 6

8

Poland P R Importer

10

10

Exporter

T R Importer

20 20 20

60

Exporter 30 10 20 50

110


Exporter

40

40

Subtotals

C Importer 100

100

Exporter

R Importer 782 264 234 56 70 90 1496

Troides criton SRG60/

60


Exporter 372 332 258 213 50 182 1407

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides criton to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2004 or 2009-2010).

Importer Source Reported by 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total

Finland R Importer

Exporter

2

2

France R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Greece R Importer

Exporter

2 2

Poland I Importer 1

1

Exporter

Spain R Importer

Exporter

2

2


Exporter

2

2

Subtotals I Importer 1

1

Exporter

R Importer

Exporter

4 4 2 10

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides criton from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).


C Importer

20 20

Exporter

F Importer

40

40

Exporter

R Importer 120 560 618 615 221 40

2174

Exporter 460 880 1002 653 581 657 1224 5457

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) recognized two subspecies: Troides criton criton and T. c. critonides.

CONSERVATION STATUS in range state

Indonesia: Troides criton was reported to occur in Sulawesi and the northern Moluccas, including Obi (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003) and was noted to be mainly found in the interior of islands (Nagypal, 2008).

Little was reported to be known about the species’ habitat and life history (Nagypal, 2008). However, D'Abrera (1971; in Collins and Morris, 1985) considered it to be “reasonably common” and Nagypal

(2008) presumed the species to be common through at least part of its range. T. criton was not known to

be threatened (Collins and Morris, 1985; Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003).

T. criton was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Troides cuneifera SRG60/

61


SPECIES: Troides cuneifera

COMMON NAMES: Golden Birdwing (English)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand



PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Positive opinion for wild and ranched specimen from all range

countries formed on 11/02/1998 and removed for Malaysia and Thailand on 02/12/2011.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia published an export quota for 540 live individuals in 2001. However, there has been no reported trade in live Troides cuneifera to the EU-27 or elsewhere 2001-2010.

Imports of T. cuneifera to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 1029 and 1584 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada, Australia and the United States (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. cuneifera from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 2748 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 43 per cent were exported to Japan and 19 per cent to Canada and 15 per cent to the United States.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides cuneifera from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.



70

20

90

Exporter

T R Importer

120

120

Exporter

40 70

120 20

250


10

20

30

Exporter

10

20

10 40


36

36

Exporter

10

38

10 58


30

Exporter 10

10

R Importer

40

40 100 34

14 32 260

Exporter

20 100

80 80 64 60 10 44 458


106 150 20 41

41 41 399

Exporter

270 60 76 20 86 2 60 574

Italy T R Importer

Exporter

6

6

12

Poland T R Importer

20 8 8

36

Exporter

10 40 8 8

66

Troides cuneifera SRG60/

62


Spain T R Importer

16

16

Exporter

16

16


12

12

Exporter

12

50

38

100

Subtotals

C Importer 10 20

30

Exporter 10

10

R Importer

52 116 260 156 223 64 55 73 999

Exporter

32 140 400 176 202 270 218 12 124 1574

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides cuneifera to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial or personal purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2002, 2004-2005, 2007 or 2009-2010).

Importer Source Reported by 2003 2006 2008 Total

Denmark R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Greece R Importer

Exporter

2 2

Ireland R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Spain C Importer 4

4

Exporter 4

4

R Importer

2 2

Exporter

2 2


Exporter

2

2

Subtotals C Importer 4

4

Exporter 4

4

R Importer

2 2

Exporter

6 4 10

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides cuneifera from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes.


C Importer 60 40

100

Exporter 90

90

R Importer

100 41 414 176 300 20 32 20 1103

Exporter

130 243 297 404 418 504 208 144 400 2748

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) recognized three subspecies: Troides cuneifera paeninsulae, T. c. sumatrana and T. c. cuneifera.


Troides cuneifera was reported to occur in Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra and Java) (Barzdo, 1985) and the species was noted to occur at altitudes between 1000 and 1500m (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011).

T. cuneifera was not considered to be rare, nor was it known to be threatened across most of its range (Collins and Morris, 1985). The species was reported to occur in both primary and secondary forests (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011).

Indonesia: The species was reported to be declining in Sumatra, due to human activities, including increased cultivation (Nagypal, 2008).

T. cuneifera was not listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Troides dohertyi SRG60/

63


SPECIES: Troides dohertyi

SYNONYMS: Troides rhadamantus dohertyi, Troides vordermani

COMMON NAMES: Talaud Black Birdwing (English)




PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimen from Indonesia

formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Troides dohertyi to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 244 and 304 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 was one captive-bred body imported to Spain via Canada for personal purposes (reported by both the importer and the re-exporter).

Direct exports of T. dohertyi from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 2). Of the 1200 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 75 per cent were exported to Japan and 14 per cent to the United States.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides dohertyi from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2004).


Belgium R Importer

Exporter

6 6


4 2

6

Exporter

6

4 10

France C Importer 20 4

24

Exporter 20

20

R Importer

20 24 44

88

Exporter

4

4 46 44

98

Germany C Importer 6

6

Exporter 6

6

R Importer

10 20 20

50

100

Exporter

20 40 20 60

140

Italy R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Poland R Importer

6 2 4

12

Exporter

6

2 6

14

Spain R Importer

6

6

Troides dohertyi SRG60/

64


Exporter

6

6


2

2

Exporter

2

2

Subtotals C Importer 26 4

30

Exporter 26

26

R Importer

2 30 56 66 8 52

214

Exporter

6

16 66 86 34 60 10 278

Table 2. Direct exports of Troides dohertyi from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2003-2004).


C Importer

6

6

Exporter 80

80

F Importer

4

4

Exporter

R Importer

50 218 330 40 18 6 662

Exporter

6 120 332 302 200 140 100 1200

W Importer

10

10

Exporter


Indonesia: Troides dohertyi, an Indonesian endemic (Peggie, 2011), was reported to occur on Sangihe and the Talaud islands (Peggie, 2011). The species was reported to inhabit lowland and particularly coastal areas (Collins and Morris, 1985).

The species was reported to take nectar from Mussaenda flowers, with Aristolochia tagala thought to likely be its larval food plant (Collins and Morris, 1985). However, the ecology of the species was considered to be poorly known (Collins and Morris, 1985).

The coastal areas of particularly the Talaud Islands and Sangihe were reported to be most affected by development and habitat conversion (Nagypal, 2008) and this species was considered to be threatened by habitat loss, particularly considering its restricted distribution, and it was unclear whether the species would be able to adapt to secondary vegetation composition (Collins and Morris, 1985). The prospects for the population were considered “far from bright” (Nagypal, 2008).

T. dohertyi was categorised as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, but it was noted that the assessment needed updating (Gimenez Dixon, 1996f).

The species was not included in the list of protected species within Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999), however Collins and Morris (1985) noted that omission of this species in previous Regulations may be due to T. dohertyi being considered a subspecies of the protected T. rhadamantus (Haugum, 1984; in Collins and Morris, 1985).

The species was thought to possibly benefit from some protection within the Karakelang Hunting Reserve, located on the largest of the Talaud Islands (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Troides haliphron SRG60/

65


SPECIES: Troides haliphron






TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Troides haliphron to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 3058 and 3736 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada, Australia and the United States (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. haliphron from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 6986 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 67 per cent were exported to Japan, 13 per cent to the United States and 12 per cent to Canada.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides haliphron from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.



80

50

130

Exporter

T R Importer

30

30

Exporter

40 80

30 170 20

340


40

40

Exporter

40

40 80


154 20

174

Exporter

10

214

10 234


146

Exporter 80

80

R Importer

20 40 60 314 50

72 30 586

Exporter

66 60 40 100 396 50 76 60 80 928


715 560 97 78

296 50 1796

Exporter

12 765 320 113 70 216 276 50 1822

Italy T R Importer

Exporter

26

26

Poland P R Importer

10

10

Exporter

T R Importer

20 28 28

76

Exporter

44

28 58

130

Spain T R Importer

30

30

Exporter

30

30


40

40

Exporter

40

26

66


66


Subtotals

C Importer 80 66

146

Exporter 80

80

R Importer

60 755 700 471 226 232 388 80 2912

Exporter

106 112 885 504 509 244 760 356 180 3656

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides haliphron to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2004, 2006 or 2010).


Czech Republic C Importer

Exporter

4

4

F Importer

Exporter

4

4

Finland F Importer

Exporter 2

2 4

Greece R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Ireland F Importer

Exporter

2

2

Netherlands C Importer

Exporter

4

4

Slovakia R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2

Spain C Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2

F Importer

Exporter

4

4

R Importer

2

2

Exporter

8 4

12


Exporter

6

2

8

Subtotals C&F Importer

2

2

Exporter 2 2 14 4

2 24

R Importer

4

4

Exporter

6

8 10

24

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides haliphron from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2001).


C Importer 40

40

Exporter

R Importer

120 216 589 624 704 250 80

2583

Exporter 110 123 600 976 1068 962 1080 849 1218 6986

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) recognized 12 subspecies: Troides haliphron haliphron, T. h. pallens, T. h. pistor, T. h. purahu, T. h. naias, T. h. bellwoni, T. h. ariadne, T. h. heptanonius, T. h. rikyu, T. h. iris, T. h. staudingeri, and T. h. ikarus.


Indonesia: The range of Troides haliphron was reported to include Sulawesi, Sumbawa and the Tanimbar Islands as the outermost points of its distribution (D'Abrera, 1975).


67

In the 1980s, the species was not considered to be rare, nor was it known to be threatened (Collins and Morris, 1985). It was later considered to be common throughout most of its range, locally outnumbering other butterfly species (Nagypal, 2008). On Sumbawa, the species was considered to be very common, while it was noted that it was unknown on Lombok, despite only being 16 km away (D'Abrera, 1975).

T. haliphron was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Troides helena

68


SPECIES: Troides helena

COMMON NAMES: Black-and-gold Birdwing (English), Common Birdwing

(English)

RANGE STATES: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (?), China,

Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam




range countries formed on 11/02/1998 and removed for Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam on 02/12/2011.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Imports of Troides helena to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 included 4120 and 5298 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). In addition, the import of smaller quantities of ranched live individuals was reported in 2002 and 2004.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted of bodies (various sources) re-exported via Canada and Australia (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. helena from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched live individuals and bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Almost all live individuals were exported to Singapore whereas bodies were mainly exported to Japan, Canada and the United States.

Troides helena

69

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides helena from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010.


Austria bodies S R Importer

100

20

120

Exporter

T R Importer

228

244 472

Exporter

100 100

228 193 20 244 885


100 20

20

12 152

Exporter

100 20

20

42 182


20

398

418

Exporter

20

20

418

10 468

U Importer 1

1

Exporter

France bodies T C Importer 20 20

40

Exporter 20

20

R Importer

100 20 20 350 70

93 46 699

Exporter

20 100 20 150 380 90 190 46 94 1090

Germany bodies T C Importer 300

300

Exporter 300

300

R Importer

500

290 320 152 101

307 80 1750

Exporter

500 40 360 270 208 100 260 286 80 2104

live T R Importer

100

100

200

Exporter

100

100

200


2

2

Exporter

2

6 30 1 39


26

26

Exporter

T R Importer

20 20 20

60

Exporter

40 6 20 46

112


10

10

Exporter

10

10

United Kingdom bodies T R Importer

70

70

Exporter

70

18

88

live T R Importer

Exporter

700

700

Troides helena

70

Subtotals

C Importer 320 20

340

(bodies only)

Exporter 320

320

R Importer

500 290 330 442 558 439 438 400 382 3779

Exporter

590 360 500 492 594 476 1113 382 471 4978

U Importer 1

1

Exporter

Troides helena SRG60/

71

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides helena to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2006 or 2010).

Importer Source Reported by 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 Total

Belgium C Importer

Exporter

2

20

22

Finland F Importer

Exporter 2

2

Greece R Importer

Exporter

4

4

Ireland C Importer

Exporter

4

4

Italy C Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

4

6

F Importer

Exporter 2 7

9

R Importer

Exporter

4

4


Exporter

1

2 3

Poland I Importer

1

1

Exporter

Slovakia R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2

Spain C Importer

Exporter

5

5

R Importer

4

4

Exporter

4

18 2 24


Exporter

2

2

R Importer

Exporter

1

4

8 13


2

2

Exporter

4 13 7 4 2 20 50

I Importer

1

1

Exporter

R Importer

6

6

Exporter

4 5 1 4 24 12 50

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides helena from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2002).


bodies P R Importer

2

2

Exporter

T C Importer 1120

20 1140

Exporter 2980

2980

R Importer

100 282 350 494 542 370 164 2 2304

Exporter

1312 600 1040 860 780 949 927 1438 7906

live T R Importer

1780 600

2380

Exporter

1700 3500 2960 3100 2100 2100 2700 2600 20760

W Importer

600

600

Exporter

Z R Importer

2200 1100 1400 2000 6700

Exporter


72


specimens P W Importer

3

3

Exporter

Subtotals bodies C Importer 1120

20 1140

(main terms only)

Exporter 2980

2980

R Importer

100 282 350 496 542 370 164 2 2306

Exporter

1312 600 1040 860 780 949 927 1438 7906

live R Importer

1780 600 2200 1100 1400 2000 9080

Exporter

1700 3500 2960 3100 2100 2100 2700 2600 20760

W Importer

600

600

Exporter

Malaysia: Imports of Troides helena to the EU-27 directly from Malaysia over the period 2001-2010 included 90 and 1005 live, captive-bred individuals and 83 and 78 bodies (wild-sourced and captive-bred), according to importers and the exporter respectively (Table 4). The main importers were the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.

The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Malaysia 2001-2010 consisted of two captive-bred bodies exported via Canada to Finland in 2006 and two wild-sourced bodies exported via Canada to Spain in 2008 (neither of which were reported by the importers).

Direct exports of T. helena from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of live, captive-bred individuals exported to the United States and Singapore (Table 5).

Table 4. Direct exports of Troides helena from Malaysia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was for commercial purposes.



2 2

Exporter

trophies C Importer

Exporter

2 2

France bodies W Importer

40

40

Exporter

40

40

Germany bodies C Importer

22

22

Exporter 5

22

27

W Importer

4

5

6 15

Exporter

5

6 11

live C Importer

20

20

Exporter 50

50

Hungary live C Importer

10

10

Exporter

10

10

Netherlands live C Importer 20

20

Exporter 150

45

195

trophies C Importer

Exporter

1

1

Poland trophies W Importer

Exporter

40

40

United Kingdom bodies C Importer

4

4

Exporter

live C Importer

40

40

Exporter 250 100 300

100

750

trophies C Importer

Exporter

4

4

Subtotals bodies C Importer

22 4 2 28

Exporter 5

22

27


73


W Importer

4

40 5

6 55

Exporter

40 5

6 51

live C Importer 20 20 40

10

90

Exporter 450 100 300

100 55

1005

trophies C Importer

Exporter

5 2 7

W Importer

Exporter

40

40

Table 5. Direct exports of Troides helena from Malaysia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. Trade was predominantly for commercial purposes.


bodies C Importer 50

50

Exporter 52

40

27 9

128

I Importer

110

110

Exporter

W Importer

59

10

69

Exporter

111 4 100

215

live C Importer 1219 1152 1585 1742 1141 735 1035 810 295 290 10004

Exporter 1685 1140 1737 2045 1535 905 1313 855 535 360 12110

W Importer

235 10 30 120 395

Exporter


1

1

Exporter

I Importer

10

10

Exporter

trophies C Importer

Exporter

8 26 34

W Importer

Exporter

10

10

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) recognized 22 subspecies: Troides helena cerberus, T. h. euthycrates, T. h. spilotia, T. h. heliconoides, T. h. ferrari, T. h. typhoon, T. h. dempoensis, T. h. rayae, T. h. hermes, T. h. isara, T. h. nereis, T. h. helena, T. h. nereides, T. h. antileuca, T. h. sagittatus, T. h. propinquus, T. h. bunguranensis, T. h. venus, T. h. mosychlus, T. h. orientis, T. h. sugimotoi, and T. h. hephaestus.


Troides helena was reported to have the widest distribution of the genus (Nagypal, 2008), including India, Indo-China, Hainan, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, western Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, and the Sulawesi Region (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003). It was reported to range from sea level up to 1000 m asl (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011).

The species, laying up to 200 eggs, was found to have a survival rate to adulthood of 62.5% in captivity (Syaputra, 2011). Development from egg to adult stage was recorded at 64-70 days (Nurjannah, 2010). Aristolochia and Thottea were noted to be food plants of the species (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003), with its larvae reported to have been observed feeding on Aristolochia tagala throughout the majority of the species’ range (Nagypal, 2008).


74

T. helena was considered to be common in most of its distribution range (Nagypal, 2008). The species was found to colonize new areas and was considered an “exotic intruder” on the Adaman Islands (Khatri, 1993).

The ranching of T. helena was not considered to be difficult (Nurjannah, 2010).

Indonesia: Reported to occur in Sumatra, Java, Bali, western part of Lesser Sunda Islands, Kalimantan, Sulawesi (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011). The species was found to have colonized Krakatoa [Sunda Strait], a volcanic island which emerged permanently in 1930, where T. helena was considered to be moderately common and well established in coastal forests and along forest edges of the eastern coast (New and Thornton, 1992).

Although T. helena was found in rice paddy fields at Salak Mountain [Java], it was noted that the species should be considered a visitor in such habitats, as it relied on forests for survival (PEKA-Indonesia, 2009).

The species was reported to be bred by PT Ikas Amboina and the Bali Butterfly Park in Indonesia (Syaputra, 2011).

T. helena was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

In the 1990s, the species had been found to occur in Bantimurung Nature Reserve in South Sulawesi (Noerdjito and Amir, 1992).

Malaysia: While the species was considered to be often common throughout its range, it was noted to

be Vulnerable in Peninsular Malaysia (Collins and Morris, 1985; Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003).

The species is protected in Malaysia (Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, 2012; Forest Department Sarawak, 2012; Sabah Wildlife Department, 2012).

T. helena was reported to occur in Imbak Valley forest reserve (Jalil et al., 2008) and in Endau Rompin National Park in Johor (Zaidi et al., 2009).

Troides hypolitus SRG60/

75


SPECIES: Troides hypolitus

SYNONYMS: Ripponia hypolitus






TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Troides hypolitus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 2198 and 2880 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importer was Germany. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Australia, Canada, the United States and Malaysia (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. hypolitus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 5658 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 57 per cent were exported to Japan and 20 per cent to the United States.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides hypolitus from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.



80

20

100

Exporter

T R Importer

70

200 270

Exporter

60 80

70 114

200 524


20

40 20

10 90

Exporter

20 4

60

26 110


10

104 6

120

Exporter

10

10

130

10 160

France P R Importer

10

10

Exporter

T C Importer 100 68

20

188

Exporter 100

100

R Importer

48 4 100 78

6 62 298

Exporter

68

48 28 176 108 82 20 44 574


120

190 40 366 116 40 75 100 1047

Exporter

120

190 80 418 150 100 95 80 1233

Italy T R Importer

4

4

Exporter

4 6

26

36

Poland P R Importer

10

10

Exporter

T R Importer

20

20


76


Exporter

30 10

16

56


41

41

Exporter

41

46

87

Subtotals

C Importer 100 68

20

188

Exporter 100

100

R Importer

120 51 258 128 496 314 184 87 372 2010

Exporter

229 70 338 156 610 434 468 115 360 2780

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides hypolitus to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies. (No trade was reported in 2001 or 2004-2006).


Belgium C Importer

Exporter

2

2

Estonia R Importer

2 2

Exporter

France R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Greece R Importer

Exporter

8

8


Exporter

2

2

Slovakia R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2

Spain R Importer

6

6

Exporter

8

8


Exporter 2

2

F Importer

Exporter

2

2

R Importer

Exporter

2

2


Exporter 2 2 2

6

R Importer

6 2 2 10

Exporter

2 18 4

24

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides hypolitus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial or personal purposes.


C Importer 120

8

128

Exporter 590

590

I Importer

20

20

Exporter

R Importer

200

85 396 447 322 270 110 40 1870

Exporter

250 100 282 936 863 680 846 425 1276 5658

W Importer

10

10

Exporter


77

TAXONOMIC NOTE Ohya (2001) recognized four subspecies: Troides hypolitus cellularis, T. h. sulaensis, T. h. antiopa, and T. h. hypolitus. Morisode (2005) reported the description of a new subspecies, Troides hypolitus sangirensis ssp. nov., from Sangir Islands in Indonesia.


Indonesia: Troides hypolitus was reported to occur in northern and southern Sulawesi, Talaud Island, Sula and Banggai Islands and the Moluccas; its presence on Obi was unclear (D'Abrera, 1975). The species was reported to occur in altitudes up to 600m (Peggie, 2011).

It was noted that large parts of Sulawesi had been subject to forest clearing, with the species not observed in cleared areas or areas of secondary growth (D'Abrera, 1975). However, the species was not considered to be rare nor threatened (Collins and Morris, 1985; Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003).

T. hypolitus was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Troides miranda SRG60/

78


SPECIES: Troides miranda

RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia




countries formed on 11/02/1998 and removed for Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia on 02/12/2011.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Troides miranda to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 92 and 102 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1).

The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted of two ranched bodies exported via Canada to Spain in 2001 and two captive-born bodies exported via Canada to Spain in 2002 (neither of which were reported by Spain).

Direct exports of T. miranda from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 2). Of the 541 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 90 per cent were exported to Japan.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides miranda from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2001, 2003, 2007-2008 or 2010).

Importer Source Reported by 2002 2004 2005 2006 2009 Total

Belgium R Importer

20

20

Exporter

20

20

France F Importer 4

4

Exporter 4

4

R Importer

4 20

24

Exporter

4 30

34

Germany R Importer

20

4 20 44

Exporter

20

4 20 44

Subtotals F Importer 4

4

Exporter 4

4

R Importer

40 4 24 20 88

Exporter

40 4 34 20 98

Table 2. Direct exports of Troides miranda from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).


C Importer

Exporter

190

190

R Importer

54 3 240 40

337

Exporter 2 54 53

160 170 102 541

Troides miranda SRG60/

79

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) recognized three subspecies: Troides miranda neomiranda, T. m. miranda and T. m. hayamii.


Troides miranda was reported to occur in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra) and Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak) (Robinson, 1976; in Barzdo, 1985). The species’ range was reported to include mainly the mountains in northern and southern Sumatra, while it was known from the lowlands in Borneo (Nagypal, 2008).

Very little was considered to be known about the population status of the species (Nagypal, 2008), but it was not considered to be rare, nor was it know to be threatened (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Indonesia: The species was sampled more often in logged forests than in primary forests in Borneo – however it was noted that this may be due to the species being found higher in the canopy in primary forests, where it would not have been picked up by the sampling method used and the authors called for cautious viewing of such comparative studies (Willott et al., 2000).

T. miranda was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Troides oblongomaculaus

80


SPECIES: Troides oblongomaculatus

SYNONYMS: Troides helena oblongomaculatus





all range countries formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Indonesia published an export quota for 675 live individuals in 2001. However, there has been no reported trade in live Troides oblongomaculatus to the EU-27 or elsewhere 2001-2010.

Imports of T. oblongomaculatus to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 2048 and 2729 ranched bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). Germany was the main importer.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia, Canada and the United States (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. oblongomaculatus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted entirely of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 3094 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 49 per cent were exported to Japan and 24 per cent to the United States.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides oblongomaculatus from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies. (No trade was reported 2002-2003).

Importer Purpose Reported by 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Austria S Importer

40

40

Exporter

T Importer

60

60

Exporter

60 122 20

202

Belgium T Importer

40

40

Exporter

40

10 50

Czech Republic T Importer

104

104

Exporter 102

10

104

10 226

Denmark P Importer 30

30

Exporter

T Importer

Exporter 30

30

France P Importer

10

10

Exporter

T Importer

16 320 28

10 10 384


81

Importer Purpose Reported by 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Exporter 40

56 330 78 50 10 12 576

Germany T Importer

350 460 242 112

120 40 1324

Exporter

450 170 331 90 126 100 40 1307

Italy T Importer

Exporter

6

6

Poland T Importer

20 20 16

56

Exporter 57

34

20 16

127

Spain T Importer

Exporter 113

113

United Kingdom T Importer

Exporter

50

42

92

Subtotals Importer 30 350 476 582 270 160 130 50 2048

Exporter 342 500 270 667 330 418 130 72 2729

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides oblongomaculatus to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial or personal purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2002, 2004 or 2010).


Belgium F Importer

Exporter 2

2

Finland R Importer

Exporter

2

2

France R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Greece R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Ireland R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Italy F Importer

Exporter 6

6

R Importer

2

2

Exporter

4

8

12

Slovakia R Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2

Spain R Importer

2

2

Exporter

6 4

10


Exporter

2

2 4

U Importer

1 1

Exporter

1 1


Exporter 8

8

R Importer

2

4

6

Exporter

4 6 14 10 2 36

U Importer

1 1

Exporter

1 1


82

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides oblongomaculatus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in ranched bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2002-2003).

Reported by 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Importer 24 40 270 80 341 160 50

965

Exporter 367 140 626 300 483 461 236 481 3094

Papua New Guinea: Imports of Troides oblongomaculatus to the EU-27 directly from Papua New Guinea over the period 2001-2010 included 2225 and 6178 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 4). In addition the import of 100 live individuals in 2003 was reported by Italy but not the exporter.

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea 2001-2010 consisted primarily of ranched bodies re-exported via Australia, Singapore and Canada (Table 5).

Direct exports of T. oblongomaculatus from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 6). Of the 13 299 ranched bodies reported as exports by Papua New Guinea, 46 per cent were exported to the United States, 20 per cent to the Russian Federation, 14 per cent to Australia and 13 per cent to Canada.

Table 4. Direct exports of Troides oblongomaculatus (including Troides o. papuensis) from Papua New Guinea to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).



1

1

Exporter

R Importer

20

20

Exporter

T R Importer

20 20

Exporter


Exporter

45 80

125

Czech Republic bodies T C Importer

2

2

Exporter

R Importer 22 29

51

Exporter 7 7 80 360 300

754

Denmark bodies T R Importer 100

100

Exporter 100

100

France bodies T R Importer 6 50

200

256

Exporter 156 902 6 504 304 2

1874

W Importer

Exporter

400

400

French Guiana bodies T R Importer

Exporter

4

4


6

Exporter

T R Importer

390

900

102 2 20 1414

Exporter 110 612

901 60

1683

W Importer

Exporter

200

200


Exporter

30

30


Exporter

2

2



83


Exporter

100 200

2

302

live T R Importer

100

100

Exporter


3

3

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

3

3


Exporter

4

4


20

20

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter 8

134

142

W Importer

Exporter

20

20


2

2

Exporter

T R Importer

20

20

Exporter 20 2 60 22

104


100

100

Exporter

R Importer

Exporter

100

100


10

10

Exporter

T R Importer

200

200

Exporter

20 40

60 10

130

W Importer

Exporter

201

201

Subtotals (bodies only)

C Importer

2 101

3

106

Exporter

R Importer 134 469 20 922

10 322 202 40 2119

Exporter 401 1645 669 1900 724 18

5357

W Importer

Exporter

821

821

Table 5. Indirect exports of Troides oblongomaculatus (including Troides o. papuensis) to the EU-27 originating in Papua New Guinea, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies primarily for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2008-2010).


Belgium R Importer

Exporter

2

2

Czech Republic C Importer

Exporter

3

3

Finland R Importer

Exporter

10

10

France C Importer

Exporter 2

2

R Importer

Exporter

1 2 3

Germany R Importer

4 10

12

26

Exporter

2 10

12


84


Italy C Importer

3

3

Exporter

R Importer

2

2

Exporter

4

4


Exporter

2

2

Spain C Importer

Exporter

4

4


Exporter 20

36 10

66


3

3

Exporter 2 4

3

9

R Importer

4 10

2 12

28

Exporter 20

2 36 18 21 2 99

Table 6. Direct exports of Troides oblongomaculatus (including Troides o. papuensis) from Papua New Guinea to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2010; Papua New Guinea’s annual reports 2008-2010 have not yet been received).


bodies C Importer 18 500 588

5

1111

Exporter

F Importer

200

410

610

Exporter

R Importer 541

2 631 56 500

100 200 2030

Exporter 1416 4667 1875 2211 2098 1032

13299

W Importer 4 9 40

2

55

Exporter

5 1

677

683

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) recognized six subspecies: Troides oblongomaculatus thestius, T. o. bouruensis, T. o. oblongomaculatus, T. o. bandensis, T. o. hanno and T. o. papuensis.


The distribution of Troides oblongomaculatus was reported to include Sulawesi, central Moluccas and New Guinea (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003), making it the easternmost Troides species (D'Abrera, 1975). The altitudinal limit of this species was considered to be 1000 m asl, with a few records from higher altitudes on Buru (Nagypal, 2008).

The species was considered to be quite common (Peggie, 2011), particularly in areas where Aristolochia tagala, its larval food plant, grows, with the species also being found in villages and even towns (Nagypal, 2008). In the 1980s, the species was considered “certainly not threatened” (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Ranching of T. oblongomaculatus was reported to be very effective (Parsons, 1995a).

Indonesia: T. oblongomaculatus was reported to occur in Sulawesi and the central Moluccas (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003). However, disagreements on the distribution of the species on Sula Islands (Moluccas) were reported (Vane-Wright and de Jong, 2003).

The species was not listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Papua New Guinea: T. oblongomaculatus was considered a relatively recent arrival on Papua New Guinea, where it was reported to only occur on the main Island but “not yet” on any of the other islands


85

(D'Abrera, 1975). The species was noted to still be extending its range within Papua New Guinea (M. Parsons, 1991, pers. comm. in Nagypal, 2008). T. oblongomaculatus was reported to be the only Papuan Troides species (de Jong, 2007).

The species was reported to occur from sea level to moderate altitudes and was found across the whole island, where it was considered to be well settled (D'Abrera, 1975). T. oblongomaculatus was considered to be “at least common” in Papua New Guinea (Slone et al., 1997).

T. oblongomaculatus was reported to be one of the main species being ranched by the Papua New Guinea Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) (Collins and Morris, 1985). In the 1980s, T. oblongomaculatus was reported to be commonly sold on the butterfly market in Papua New Guinea (Collins and Morris, 1985) and the effectiveness of ranching of the species was reported have led to overproduction, with consequent introduction of supply moratoria in the mid 1980s (Parsons, 1995a).

In the 1980s the species was reported not to be protected in Papua New Guinea (Collins and Morris, 1985).

Troides plato

86


SPECIES: Troides plato

SYNONYMS: Troides haliphron plato




PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia

formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Imports of Troides plato to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 516 and 563 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada and Australia (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. plato from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 1852 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 92 per cent were exported to Japan.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides plato from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.



10

10

Exporter

T R Importer

40

40

Exporter

40 10

40

90


30

30

Exporter

30

30


14

14

Exporter

14

14


40

Exporter 40

40

R Importer

20

10 40 24

3 97

Exporter

20

10 60 24

3 117


60

40 116

39 24 279

Exporter

60 7 90 10

20 30 25 24 266


6

6

Exporter

6

6

Subtotals

C Importer 40

40

Exporter 40

40

R Importer

60 26 70 136 40 64 14 39 27 476

Exporter

66 67 130 20 60 84 44 25 27 523

Troides plato

87

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides plato to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2002, 2005-2007 or 2009-2010).


Greece R Importer

Exporter

4 4

Spain C Importer

2

2

Exporter 2 2

4

R Importer

Exporter

2 2


Exporter

2

2

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides plato from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2002-2003).


C Importer 30

30

Exporter 120

120

R Importer

168 240 270 200 180 8

1066

Exporter

190 220 334 270 280 328 230 1852


Indonesia: Troides plato was reported to be endemic to Timor Island (Collins and Morris, 1985). Specimens were reported to be mainly collected from the western, Indonesian, part of Timor, but the species was noted to be also known from East Timor (Nagypal, 2008).

In the 1980s, the species was reported to have been considered to be “rather abundant” (Tsukada and Nishiyama, 1982; in Nagypal, 2008). However, other authors considered it to be very rare overall (D'Abrera, 1971; Collins and Morris, 1985) and only locally common (D. L. Hancock, 1984, in litt. to Collins and Morris, 1985). In the 1980s, the species was considered to require monitoring and research (Collins and Morris, 1985). Furthermore, D’Abrera (1975) had previously raised concerns over the rates of deforestation on Timor and considered the survival of this species to be uncertain.

T. plato was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

The species was reported to be successfully reared outside its distribution range (Weissmann et al., 1995).

Troides prattorum

88


SPECIES: Troides prattorum

COMMON NAMES: Buru Opalescent Birdwing (English)






TRADE PATTERNS:

Indonesia: Indonesia published an export quota for 360 live individuals in 2001. However, there has been no reported trade in live Troides prattorum to the EU-27 or elsewhere 2001-2010.

Imports of T. prattorum to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 284 and 371 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importers were Germany and France. The only indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in Indonesia 2001-2010 was two captive-bred bodies re-exported via Canada to the United Kingdom for personal purposes in 2009 (this trade was not reported by the United Kingdom).

Direct exports of T. prattorum from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted of ranched and captive-bred bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 2). Bodies were mainly exported to Japan, Canada and Malaysia

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides prattorum from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.



30

30

Exporter

T R Importer

Exporter

30 30

8 68


20

20

Exporter

20

20


10

4 14

Exporter

10

4 14


21

Exporter 21

21

R Importer

15

40

55

Exporter

60

60

120


4

Exporter 4

40

44

R Importer

35 20 41 40

136

Exporter

4 35

41

80


4

4

Exporter

4

4

Subtotals

C Importer 25

25

Troides prattorum

89


Exporter 25

40

65

R Importer

29 55 50 81 40 4 259

Exporter

4 104 85

101

12 306

Table 2. Direct exports of Troides prattorum from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported in 2006).


C Importer

80

2

82

Exporter 25

150

175

R Importer

100 9 21 150

8

288

Exporter

90 100 108 54

6 14 66 438


Indonesia: Troides prattorum, an endemic to Buru Island in Indonesia (Peggie, 2011), was reported to be restricted to the islands’ mountainous interior (Nagypal, 2008).

The interior of Buru Island was considered to be little disturbed, at least until the 1970s (D'Abrera, 1975), which was thought to indicate a more positive outlook for the population, compared to T. dohertyi, a species inhabiting the coastal areas of Buru (Nagypal, 2008).

Very little was considered to be known about the life history of the species (Nagypal, 2008).

T. prattorum was categorized as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List, although it was noted that the assessment needed updating (Gimenez Dixon, 1996g).

The restricted range of the species was considered to put it at risk from habitat loss, while the effects of commercial harvest were unknown in the early 1980s (Collins and Morris, 1985). T. prattorum was reported to be the most colorful of the species in the genus (Laithwaite et al., 1975) and was noted to sell at higher prices than most other Troides species (Collins and Morris, 1985).

T. prattorum was not listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Troides rhadamantus

90


SPECIES: Troides rhadamantus

SYNONYMS: Troides bazilanicus, Troides belzanor

RANGE STATES: Philippines

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Philippines


PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for wild specimens from the

Philippines formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Philippines: Imports of Troides rhadamantus to the EU-27 directly from the Philippines over the period 2001-2010 included 1350 and 5001 live individuals and 931 and 2088 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were traded for commercial purposes (Table 1).

Indirect trade into the EU-27 originating in the Philippines 2001-2010 mainly consisted of captive-bred bodies re-exported via Australia and Canada (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. rhadamantus from the Philippines to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of captive-bred live individuals and bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). The majority of bodies were exported to the United States whereas live individuals were exported to many countries including the Russian Federation, Canada, the United States, the Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides rhadamantus from the Philippines to the EU-27, 2001-2010. (No trade was reported in 2001; the Philippines annual reports for 2008 and 2010 have not yet been received).

Importer Term (unit) Purpose Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total


50 50

Exporter

T C Importer

Exporter

20

20

Czech Republic bodies T C Importer

500

500

Exporter

40

40

Finland bodies T C Importer

Exporter

40

40

France bodies T C Importer

240

240

Exporter

244

20

264

live T C Importer

Exporter

195 180 260

340

975

Germany bodies T C Importer

Exporter

120 40

160

F Importer

1

1

Exporter

live P R Importer

100

100

Exporter

T C Importer

Troides rhadamantus

91

Importer Term (unit) Purpose Source Reported by 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Exporter 10

46 40 30

1970

2096

R Importer

128 572 700

Exporter

Italy bodies T C Importer

Exporter

97

97

Luxembourg live T C Importer

Exporter

80

80

Netherlands bodies T C Importer

100

100

Exporter

200

840

1040

live T C Importer

Exporter 97

100

197

Poland bodies T C Importer

Exporter

100

100

Romania live T C Importer

70

70

Exporter

Spain bodies T C Importer

40

40

Exporter

12 80 10

25

127

live T C Importer

50

50

Exporter

113

113

Sweden live T C Importer

Exporter

140

140

United Kingdom bodies T C Importer

Exporter

200

200

derivatives T C Importer

200 200

Exporter

derivatives (l) T C Importer

100 100

Exporter

live T C Importer

374 374

Exporter

100 1030 240

30

1400

- I Importer

56

56

Exporter

Subtotals

bodies C & F Importer

100

741 40

50 931

(main terms only)

Exporter

400

1356 160 50

122

2088

live C Importer

50

70

374 494

Exporter 107

341 1250 530

2773

5001

I Importer

56

56

Exporter

R Importer

100 128 572 800

Exporter

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides rhadamantus to the EU-27 originating in the Philippines, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal or commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2002, 2004 or 2010).


Belgium C Importer

Exporter 2

6

8

Greece C Importer

Exporter

2

2

Italy C Importer

2

2

Exporter

4

4

Slovakia C Importer

2

2

Exporter

2

2

Spain C Importer

Troides rhadamantus

92


Exporter

12 4

16


Exporter

8 6 14

R Importer

Exporter

4

4


2

2

4

Exporter 2 4 6 12 16 6 46

R Importer

Exporter

4

4

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides rhadamantus from the Philippines to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. (The Philippines annual reports for 2008 and 2010 have not yet been received).


bodies P C Importer

8

8

Exporter

I Importer 1

1

Exporter

T C Importer

224 379 499 322 80

4110 5614

Exporter

2475 620 981 513 543

50

5182

F Importer

100 150 100

350

Exporter

I Importer

240

33

273

Exporter

R Importer

50

75

125

Exporter

W Importer

100

100

Exporter

egg (live) B C Importer

50

50

Exporter

P C Importer

60

30

90

Exporter

S C Importer

30

30

Exporter

T C Importer

160

530

690

Exporter

live E C Importer

2345 2080 1304 2259 7988

Exporter

R Importer

125

125

Exporter

W Importer

110 40 75 80 305

Exporter

P C Importer

14

30

44

Exporter

W Importer

30

30

Exporter

S C Importer

50

50

Exporter

T C Importer

298 1290 1864 3185 2635 935 1335 6020 993 18555

Exporter

964

1250 15755 11160 31275

40945

101349

I Importer

30

30

Exporter

R Importer

69

50

119

Troides rhadamantus

93


Exporter

U Importer

12

12

Exporter

W Importer

50 170 60 76 356

Exporter

Z C Importer

240 490

80 810

Exporter

I Importer

100 50

150

Exporter

W Importer

80 80

Exporter

Subtotals bodies C & F Importer

324 529 607 322 80

4110 5972

(main terms only)

Exporter

2475 620 981 513 543

50

5182

I Importer 1 240

33

274

Exporter

R Importer

50

75

125

Exporter

W Importer

100

100

Exporter

live C Importer

312 1340 1864 3185 2635 3550 3905 7324 3332 27447

Exporter

964

1250 15755 11160 31275

40945

101349

I Importer

100 80

180

Exporter

R Importer

69

175

244

Exporter

W & U Importer

12

160 240 135 236 783

Exporter

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) recognized two subspecies: Troides rhadamantus rhadamantus and T. r. plateni.


Philippines: Troides rhadamantus was reported to occur in the entire Philippine archipelago, although further research was noted to be required to establish the actual distribution of the species (D'Abrera, 1975). Nagypal (2008) reported the species to range across the Philippines (excluding the Cuyo group, Palawan, Balabac and Domoran), with an uncertain distribution in Babuyan, Batan and several of the smallest islands and Palawan.

It was reported to occur in forest habitats at altitudes between 1000 and 2000 m asl (Endo and Ueda, 2004; in Peggie, 2011). On Camiguin Island, T. rhadamantus was sampled from montane areas, as well as in agroecosystem areas and dipterocarp forests (Toledo and Mohagan, 2011). Pupae were reported to be often found on Aristolochia tagala plants in gardens (Nagypal, 2008).

Although T. rhadamantus was considered the most common species of birdwing butterfly in the Philippines (Nagypal, 2008), it was found to be very rare locally at Mount Hamiguitan [Province of Davao Oriental, Mindanao Island] (Mohagan and Treadaway, 2010).

T. rhadamantus, due to its CITES listing, was listed as endangered in Administrative Order No. 24 of 2007 (DENR, 2007). Administrative Order No. 01 of 2004 requires species- and location-specific quotas to be approved by the Secretary (DENR, 2004). No further information on quotas could be located, but Administrative Order No. 19 (DENR, 2002) provides “Guidelines on Trade of Captive Bred butterflies”.

T. r. plateni was reported to be easier to ranch or breed than Trogonoptera trojana (J. Peterson, pers. comm., undated, in Nagypal, 2008).

Troides riedeli

94


SPECIES: Troides riedeli




PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimen from Indonesia

formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Troides riedeli to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 20 ranched bodies imported by France in 2006 and 50 ranched bodies imported by Germany in 2006 (reported by both the importers and the exporter). All trade was for commercial purposes. There were no reported indirect imports in the EU-27 of T. riedeli originating in Indonesia 2001-2010.

Direct exports of T. riedeli from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 consisted of ranched and captive-bred bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The majority of ranched bodies and all the captive-bred bodies were exported to Japan.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides riedeli from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2005).

Source Reported by 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

C Importer

Exporter

100

100

R Importer 50 100 80 16

246

Exporter 50

120 68 410 648


Troides riedeli was reported to be endemic to the Tanimbar Islands [to the east of Timor] (Collins and Morris, 1985), where it was thought to have been collected from the largest island of the group, Pulau Yamdena (Nagypal, 2008).

In the 1980s, the species was considered to require monitoring and research and while it was not considered to be rare, the limited distribution was noted to require an immediate classification as Vulnerable, should any disturbance occur (Collins and Morris, 1985).

T. riedeli was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Troides vandepolli

95


SPECIES: Troides vandepolli




PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from all range


Current positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS:

Imports of Troides vandepolli to the EU-27 directly from Indonesia over the period 2001-2010 consisted of 223 and 341 bodies, according to importers and the exporter respectively, the majority of which were ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 1). The main importer was Germany. A small quantity of bodies originating in Indonesia was also imported indirectly into the EU-27 2001-2010, via Canada and Australia (Table 2).

Direct exports of T. vandepolli from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27 over the period 2001-2010 mainly consisted of ranched bodies traded for commercial purposes (Table 3). Of the 1719 ranched bodies reported as exports by Indonesia, 81 per cent were exported to Japan.

Table 1. Direct exports of Troides vandepolli from Indonesia to the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies.

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Austria T C Importer

Exporter

60

60

R Importer

22

8 30

Exporter

6

8 14


Exporter

10 10


9 5

14

Exporter

17

10 27

France T C Importer

20

20

Exporter

12

12

R Importer

4 6 12

4 4 30

Exporter

32 6

18 4 6 66


20 8 4 10 61

103

Exporter

18

10 61

89

Italy T R Importer

Exporter

6 1

7

Poland P R Importer

6

6

Exporter

T C Importer

Exporter

4

4

R Importer

6 4 4

14

Exporter

12

14

26

Troides vandepolli

96

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total

Spain T R Importer

6

6

Exporter

6

6


Exporter 20

20

Subtotals

C Importer

20

20

Exporter

76

76

R Importer

24 32 42 23 70 12 203

Exporter 20 50 24

71 66 34 265

Table 2. Indirect exports of Troides vandepolli to the EU-27 originating in Indonesia, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies for personal, commercial or educational purposes. (No trade was reported in 2001, 2003-2005, 2007 or 2010).



Exporter

1

1

Finland R Importer

Exporter

2 2

Greece R Importer

1

1

Exporter

2

2

Spain F Importer

Exporter 2

2


Exporter

1

1


Exporter 2

2

R Importer

1

1

Exporter

2 2 2 6

Table 3. Direct exports of Troides vandepolli from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 2001-2010. All trade was in bodies predominantly for commercial purposes. (No trade was reported 2001-2003).


C Importer

20

20

Exporter

652

652

R Importer 10 222 148 554 126 12 7 1079

Exporter 30 248 286

326 323 506 1719

W Importer

4

4

Exporter

TAXONOMIC NOTE

Ohya (2001) recognized three subspecies: Troides vandepolli honrathiana, T. v. parrottei and T. v. vandepolli.


Indonesia: Troides vandepolli was reported to occur in Java and Sumatra (Barzdo, 1985), with its range being restricted to mountainous areas (Nagypal, 2008).

The species’ range was reported to have been severely reduced in Sumatra, due to the expansion of agricultural areas at the expense of forestland and it was thought to only survive in slopes not yet of interest for development (Nagypal, 2008). Despite the species being noted to have a wider distribution in the northern parts of Sumatra, little was considered to be known about the species status (Nagypal, 2008).

The species was considered to be uncommon (Collins and Morris, 1985) and Endangered (PEKA-Indonesia, 2009).

References

97

T. vandepolli was listed as a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

T. vandepolli was reported to occur in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, but only very low numbers were found in a survey of butterflies in the park [Sumatra] (PEKA-Indonesia, 2009).

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