Review of “Isms”

The belief that the history has been created by

conflicting interests--the bourgeoisie and the

proletariatSocialism

The belief that equality under the law and

constitutionalism are paramount to good

government

• Liberalism

Spreading of economic, political, social or other

control over foreign lands and people (post-industrial

age)• Imperialism

Strong sense of belonging to one group based on

language, culture, history; desire for unified country

• Nationalism

Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour

• Unifiers of Italy

Frederick Wilhelm, Otto von Bismarck

• Unifiers of Germany

Karl Marx, Frederick Engels

• Brains behind socialism

Alexis de Tocqueville

• Wrote “Democracy in America”• Liberal theorist• Supporter of Constitutional Monarchy• Supporter of Reform not revolution

The Communist Manifesto is written

by…

• Karl Marx and F. Engels

Sardinia, Papal States, Austrian territories,

Piedmont

• Before Italian Unification--all independent states

• Joined the Italian confederation

How could one consider Wisconsin a Nation?

• Unity brought about by winning the NFL Super Bowl

• Unified people through sports language and culture

• Everybody likes cheese

Germany after Napoleon I

• 38 German State Confederation

Germany over last 300 years

• 300 Germans provinces and princes• Holy Roman Empire• Peace of Augsburg• 30 Years War/Peace of Westphalia• Rise of Prussia• Hohenzollerns, Brandenburg• Confederation of the Rhine• German Confederation• Who should lead—Big Germans, Small

Germans

Herder’s romantic concept

• Volkgeist—spirit of the people

Other German romantic nationalists

• Grimms Brothers, Treischke, Fabri,

1848 Revolution in Prussia sequence

• Frankfurt Assembly• Attempt to unify Germans• Disagree over Big/Small Germans• Not organized• Crown offered to FW IV• Frederick William IV turns down crown• German Confederation 39 states

Austria areas of revolution

• Vienna—constitution, liberal, German• Prague—nationalist,

Czechs/Bohemians, failed, government crushed

• Budapest—Magyars/Hungarians, Kossuth, March Laws, crushed after several months (1849)

Theorist for Zionism

• Theodor Herzl

Theorist for Risorgimento/document

• Guiseppe Mazzini• Duties of Man• Romantic nationalist

Leader of the Hungarian Revolution 1848

• Louis Kossuth

Goals of Hungarians

• Liberal constitution• Autonomy for Magyars/Hungarians• Crushed by Austrian and Russian forces

Another 1848 Revolution in Austrian Empire

• Prague• Czechs/Bohemians• Also crushed

2 Revolutions in the Prussian Empire?

• Berlin and Frankfurt 1848

Goal and results of Berlin

• Assembly created• Coalition of workers and students/mid class• Desire for liberal constitution• Ultimately crushed due to lack of

organization, leadership

Goal results of Frankfurt

• Liberal constitution• Assembly formed• Unify germans• Looked to Austria first to lead (Big

Germany• Offered crown to Frederick Wilhelm IV• Turned down crown from the gutter

Biggest Problem with Frankfurt

• Lack of organization; waffled on who was to lead Germany

What were the results of the revolutions in Prussia and Austrian

Empires• Failed, but would eventually be successful

with the unification of Germany in 1871 and the Dual Monarchy of 1866 with Austrians and Magyars

What was the February Revo about in France?

• Workers and Mid. Class unhappy about “banquets” being delayed

• Wanted political and economic reforms

June Days?

• Workshops ended• Barricades• Cavagnac sent troops against people,

soldiers followed orders this time• Led to 2nd Republic, new constitution

Decembrists?

• 1825 uprising of Russian military officers• Wanted liberal changes• Wanted Constantine, not Nickolas

July Monarch?

• Louis Phillippe the bourgeois king• Pro business, middle class• Ineffective by 1848• Came to power in 1830 after Charles X

How were the French Revolutions different from those in other parts of

Europe in 1848?

• Not nationalistic• More economic in nature• Ended with republic, but then empire of

Napoleon III

What other areas of the world have written

about and fought for national identity?

• Greece, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Chechnya, Taiwan, etc.

Slogan Blood and Iron

• Otto von Bismarck

Realpolitik

• Do whatever is necessary to carry out goals

• Bismarck

In a nutshell, how was Germany unified?

• 3 wars—• Danish• Austrian/7 Weeks• Franco Prussian—ended Second Empire of

Napoleon III

French Revolution was this kind of

revolution

•Liberal Revolution

In order to unify Italy, Cavour allied with what

country?•France

Give the sequence of unification of Italy—

• Piedmont Sardinia coalition with France• War against Austria—Lombardy added• Win at Magenta and Solverino• Venetia added• Garibaldi from South to Rome—added

Sicily and lower boot• Victor Emmanuel becomes Const monarch• Rome added/Papal states, plebiscites

Leader of 2nd Republic and 2nd

Empire in France?• Napoleon III

_______________ is the belief that the world should be viewed _______________ without the

emotions of the Romantics.

–Realism, Realistically

Romanticists valued ____________ and had a

passionate interest in the____________.

• Individualism, past

Romanticism challenged the Enlightenment and stressed

__________ and _____________.

• Emotion, sentiment

Indochina, Algeria, Tunisia

• French colonies• Assimilation emphasized• Revolutions necessary to

decolonize

Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico

• American “Spheres of Influence”

• After Spanish American War

Motivations for Imperialism…

• Raw materials and markets• Civilizing mission• Living space• National power

New imperialism is different from old

colonialism in what way?

• Industrial age• Need for markets and raw materials• Highest stage of capitalism

Lenin believed it was the highest stage of

Capitalism• Imperialism due to

industrialism• Need for markets and resources

Key imperialists:

• Stanley, Livingstone• Kichener• Rhodes• DeBrazza• Leopold II

South Africa, Egypt, India, Ghana, Nigeria

• English colonies• gradual decolonization

emphasized

Cecil Rhodes, Emigration Societies

• Rhodes was an British Imperialist• Cairo to Capetown Railroad design• Emigration Societies got men and

women to go to colonies

Imperialism’s Affect on Women--

• Need for talented women in the colonies

• Serve national needs of mother country

• Jill of all trades

Imperialism’s Affect on Indigenous people?

• Outside control of resources• Outside control of economy and

gov’t• People begin to want independence

Africa was known as the Dark Continent--Why?

• Europeans did not know much about the interior of Africa

• Diseases and lack of maps/transportation kept them along coastal areas

True or False: Decolonization is the process of getting

independence from imperialists

• True

What is militarism?

• Build up of military• Desire to use military to carry out

goals of expansion

Define Social Darwinism

• Based on Charles Darwins scientific theory• Belief that survival of the fittest applied to

society and social problems too• Belief that powerful countries would take

over weaker ones

Vocab that means having and wanting to use lots of weapons

• Militarism

Belief in the power of technology and looking forward

• Modernism

Burma and Singapore controlled by:

• England

Cambodia, Laos, and Annam/Vietnam controlled by:

• France

Thailand was unique in imperialist history because:

• It remained independent

Saigon and Rangoon were:

• Major cities in Asia

Coffee, palm oil, and sugar

• Food resources exported from Asia

Tin, rubber, cotton

• Natural resources used in industry

What did DeLesseps do?

• Frenchman who built the Suez Canal• Tried to build the Panama Canal and failed

Who was Leopold II?

• King of Belgium• Brutal control of the Congo in Africa

Who were Stanley and Livingstone?

• Stanley was a reporter and Livingstone was an explorer and missionary

• Explored Africa

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

• British imperialist• Leader of Rhodesia• Idea man behind Cairo to Capetown

railroad

Who was Shaka?

• Great leader of the Zulu tribe