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Changing the way the world connects
Review of RF Measurements for Walter
Les Smith
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved.
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Part 1 – Document Review
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 2
Part 1 – Document Review
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Scope of Presentation
� Apologise for length of this presentation� Review documents
� ETSI EN302 065 V1.2.1 (2009-05)� Walter D4.2 V1.0 Jul 2009� Walter D5.3 V1.0 2009-06-30
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 3
� Unofficial Leyio results
� Outline measurement techniques/theory� Measurement sensitivity� Tx duty cycle
� Outline measurements undertaken at CSR� BG1 only at this point
� Summary
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Errata
� WALTER D4.2� Typo paragraph 3.2: 10−12 watts� Should read 10−15 watts� Version on front page wrong
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 4
� Doc number missing (D4.2)
� ETSI Spec� ETSI: 2.7GHz to 3.1GHz missing (Table 3)� Should read 2.7 to 3.4GHz −70dBm/Hz� Para 5.8.2; replace ‘antenna(e)’ with ‘antenna(s)’
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Walter D4.2
� States best sensitivity achieved of −60dBm/MHz� Hence not possible to measure occupied bandwidth at
−26dB (now −13dB)� Range set to 3m� Not possible to measure emission limits in the standard
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 5
� Not possible to measure emission limits in the standard� Measurements in report seem to be using wrong ETSI
mask (maybe refers to older version)� Measurements with cryogenically cooled LNA (20Kelvin)
only covers 4 to 6GHz, hence we have no proof that it could measure down to −90dBm/MHz.
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Leyio Report
� Measured using� Tektronix RSA 6114A spectrum analyzer� Agilent Infiniium DSO 8000B
� Neither has the UWB demod personality
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 6
� Neither has the UWB demod personality� No provision for inter-packet spacing� Or different TFC (hopping) power levels
� Helps to focus the real-world problem, that of measuring actual products
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Part 2 – Noise Floor Analysis
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 7
Part 2 – Noise Floor Analysis
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Outline Measurement Theory
� Consider a system thus:
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 8
� Spec states −41.3dBm/MHz PSD at point A (EIRP)� ETSI spec limits apply at point A� Assume d is 3m
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Current ETSI Spec Limits
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
ET
SI
Spe
c dB
m/M
Hz
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12-90
-85
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
Frequency GHz
ET
SI
Spe
c dB
m/M
Hz
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Free-space Path Loss
-45
-40
Fre
espa
ce P
athl
oss
dB
Pathloss at 3m
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12-65
-60
-55
-50
Frequency GHz
Fre
espa
ce P
athl
oss
dB
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Rx Reference Antenna (1 to 18GHz)
12
13
14Antenna Gain
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 11
0 5 10 157
8
9
10
11
Frequency GHz
Ant
enna
Gai
n dB
i
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ETSI Limits at Rx Antenna Output (Point C)
-100
-95
-90
-85
Sig
nal L
evel
dB
m/M
HzETSI Spec at Rx Antenna Output 3.0m
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12-135
-130
-125
-120
-115
-110
-105
Frequency GHz
Sig
nal L
evel
dB
m/M
Hz
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ETSI Limits at Point C (Refer to Plot Above)
� The smaller the number, the more sensitivity we need to measure it
� Note the most difficult frequencies:� 1.6GHz: −128dBm/MHz� 2.7GHz: −126dBm/MHz
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 13
� 2.7GHz: −126dBm/MHz� 3.8GHz: −124dBm/MHz� Frequencies above 10.6GHz
� Now: thermal noise = 30+10*log(kTB) dBm/Hz� T is temperature in Kelvin� B is bandwidth in Hz
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Thermal Noise
-178
-176
-174
-172Thermal Noise variation with Temperature
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 14
-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50-190
-188
-186
-184
-182
-180
-178
Temperature C
Noi
se d
Bm
/Hz
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Overlay Thermal Noise and Convert to per Hz
-160
-150
-140Noise Analysis at 3.0m
Rx Signal
T = 1KT = 3K
T = 8K
T = 10K
T = 20KT = 190K
T = 290K
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12-200
-190
-180
-170
Frequency GHz
Sig
nal L
evel
dB
m/H
z
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Summary 3m Range
� ETSI requires we use an LNA with a NF to give >10dB above the noise floor
� We could measure in-band signal power at room temperature
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 16
temperature� The sensitivity required cannot be achieved even
with a noiseless LNA at 1 Kelvin for emissions at 1.6GHz and above 10.6GHz
� Let’s reconsider at 1m range…
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At 1m
-150
-140
-130Noise Analysis at 1.0m
Rx Signal
T = 1KT = 3K
T = 8K
T = 10K
T = 20KT = 190K
T = 290K
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 17
0 2 4 6 8 10 12-200
-190
-180
-170
-160
Frequency GHz
Sig
nal L
evel
dB
m/H
z
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Summary 1m Range
� Emissions at 1.6GHz using an LNA with 2dB NF and a 10dB SNR margin (ETSI) will need to be cooled to <8 Kelvin
� Above 10.6GHz the sensitivity required cannot
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 18
� Above 10.6GHz the sensitivity required cannot be achieved even with a noiseless LNA at 1 Kelvin
� Tests at Jodrell Bank Observatory used 20K (4GHz to 6GHz only)
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-140
-130
-120
-110Noise Analysis at 0.1m
Rx Signal
T = 1KT = 3K
T = 8K
T = 10K
T = 20KT = 190K
T = 290K
Above 10.6GHz: Use d = 0.1m
� Antenna far-field is very short
� Can use smaller separation
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 19
0 2 4 6 8 10 12-200
-190
-180
-170
-160
-150
-140
Frequency GHz
Sig
nal L
evel
dB
m/H
z
T = 290K
� LNA will need to be cooled to <190K
� (or use higher gain antenna)?
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Summary
� Measurement distances should be� < 1.0GHz 3m� 1.0 to 10.6GHz 1m� > 10.6GHz 0.1m
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 20
� Emissions� LNA cooling required at 1.6GHz to 8K (not feasible)?� LNA cooling required >10.6GHz to 190K
� Suggest ETSI review these emission limits
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Part 3 – Tx Power Analysis
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 21
Part 3 – Tx Power Analysis
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UWB Signal Characteristics
� Time Frequency Codes� TFC {1,2,3,4} Three band hopping� TFC {5,6,7} Single band� TFC {8,9,10} Two band hopping
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 22
� Modulation� QPSK:53, 80, 106, 160, 200Mbps
� DCM:320, 400, 480Mbps
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UWB Signal Showing Inter-Symbol Spacing
� Symbol period 312.5ns
� With fixed inter-symbol spacing allows:
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 23
allows:� synth time to hop
to new frequency� PHY to use
overlap-and-add to mitigate multipath
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UWB Signal Showing Inter-Frame Spacing
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 24
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Frame Timing
� During beaconing: one packet is transmitted every 65ms (super-frame)� Average power is extremely small
� During data transfer, the number of packets transmitted in a super-frame can be any number from zero to full utilisation using inter-frame spacing (SIFS) = 10µs
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 25
utilisation using inter-frame spacing (SIFS) = 10µs� Average Tx power extremely variable
� During burst mode with minimum inter-frame spacing (MIFS) of 1.875µs� Average Tx power is likely to be higher
� Length of Frame is under control of the MAC� Average power will be variable
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Question …
� Given a product such as the Leyio, how do you know� which TFC it will use?� what data-rate/modulation it will use?� what the packet/frame length it will use?
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 26
� whether in burst mode?� data latency to read/write to flash� Is the unit operating in high power
� The report mentions it sending 2GB in 200 seconds, this is an averaged rate of 80Mbps, but did it use 480Mbps and use a duty cycle of 1:6? (This would save battery power)
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Tx Power Requirements (1)
� Global Specs: EIRP < −41.3dBm/MHz� Consider TFC8, 9 or 10
� 2 band hopping (each band is notionally 528MHz)� Tx is on each frequency half of the time� So a Rx tuned to one frequency with a bandwidth of
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 27
� So a Rx tuned to one frequency with a bandwidth of 1MHz will only ‘see’ a signal half the time
� Hence the silicon may turn up its Tx power by 3dB and it will still meet the per 1MHz requirements
� TFCs 1-4� 3 band hopping� Tx power is increased by 4.8dB above single band
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Tx Power Requirements (2)
� So if we were to measure average power� One band non hopping TFCs 5,6,7
−41.3dBm + 10*log(528) + 10*log(1) = −14.1dBm� Two Band hopping TFCs 8,9,10
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 28
−41.3dBm + 10*log(528) + 10*log(2)= −11.1dBm� Three Band hopping TFCs 1,2,3,4
−41.3dBm + 10*log(528) + 10*log(3)= −9.3dBm
� Hence in all TFCs� Tx power is still −41.3dBm per 1MHz
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Part 4 – Conducted Measurements at CSR
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 29
Part 4 – Conducted Measurements at CSR
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Equipment Used for Measurements at CSR
� Room temperature, range 1m� LNA 1.8dB noise figure, gain 35dB� Reference Rx antenna R&S HF906� UWB device on a Lab Dev board
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 30
� UWB device on a Lab Dev board� With SMA connector for conducted� And fitted with antenna for radiated
� Controlled by PC application – UltraTest� Agilent low noise spectrum analyser MXA N9020A� Agilent DSO91304A with UWB VSA� Anritsu ML2495A Power Meter
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Measurements – Conducted
� Dev board connected directly to test equipment via SMA cable� Cable loss not accounted for in measurements� Screen shots give actual reading, no corrections applied
� Oscilloscope (VSA) setup i.a.w. Wi-Media
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 31
� Spectrum Analyser (SA) setup i.a.w. ETSI� Plus setting display to average
� UltraTest used to set the signal properties
� By choosing different payload lengths at each data-rate, a fixed frame length can be achieved…
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Force 96 Symbol Frames
Data RateData RateMbpsMbps
Payload LengthPayload LengthOctetsOctets
Frame Frame LengthLength
SpacingSpacing
53 195 43µs 10µs
80 295 43µs 10µs
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 32
10µs
106 395 43µs 10µs
160 595 43µs 10µs
200 745 43µs 10µs
320 1195 43µs 10µs
400 1495 43µs 10µs
480 1795 43µs 10µs
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Test Results, BG1 TFC1, continuous Tx
SignalSignalFrame Frame LengthLength
Frame Frame SpacingSpacing
Pwr MtrPwr MtrdBmdBm
VSAVSAdBmdBm
Spec.AnSpec.AndBm/MHzdBm/MHz
53Mbps 43µs 10µs −12.0 −11.0 −42.3
200Mbps 43µs 10µs −11.8 −10.8 −42.0
480Mbps 43µs 10µs −12.0 −10.9 −42.4
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 33
480Mbps 43µs 10µs −12.0 −10.9 −42.4
53Mbps Burst 43µs 1.875µs −11.2 −10.9 −41.7
200Mbps Burst 43µs 1.875µs −11.1 −10.9 −41.5
480Mbps Burst 43µs 1.875µs −11.3 −11.0 −41.8
� Tx duty cycle� normal frames 81.1% (0.908dB)� burst frames 95.8% (0.185dB)
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VSA Screenshot TFC1
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 34
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Spectrum Analyser Screenshot TFC1
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 35
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Test Results, BG1 TFC5, continuous Tx
SignalSignalFrame Frame LengthLength
Frame Frame SpacingSpacing
Pwr MtrPwr MtrdBmdBm
VSAVSAdBmdBm
Spec.AnSpec.AndBm/MHzdBm/MHz
53Mbps 43µs 10µs −15.5 −14.4 −40.7
200Mbps 43µs 10µs −15.5 −14.4 −40.6
480Mbps 43µs 10µs −15.6 −14.5 −40.8
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 36
480Mbps 43µs 10µs −15.6 −14.5 −40.8
53Mbps Burst 43µs 1.875µs −14.8 −14.4 −40.0
200Mbps Burst 43µs 1.875µs −14.8 −14.5 −40.2
480Mbps Burst 43µs 1.875µs −14.9 −14.6 −40.4
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VSA Screenshot TFC5
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 37
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Spectrum Analyser Screenshot TFC5
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 38
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Contrast VSA and Power Meter Results (53Mbps)
ModeMode TFCTFC TFC1TFC1 TFC5TFC5
Normal
Power Meter Reading −12.0 −15.5
Corrected for Duty Cycle (+0.908dB) −11.1 −14.6
VSA reading −11.0 −14.4
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 39
VSA reading −11.0 −14.4
Error +0.1 +0.2
Burst
Power Meter Reading −11.2 −14.8
Corrected for Duty Cycle (+0.185dB) −11.0 −14.6
VSA reading −10.9 −14.4
Error +0.1 +0.2
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Analysis
� On each of the three equipments:� Power is data-rate invariant� (for a fixed frame/packet length)
� Power Meter
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 40
� Power Meter� Burst mode powers are ~0.72dB higher� Accounted for in difference in duty cycles
� VSA� Reports the same power in normal and burst mode� Because it’s reporting the power during the packet
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Test Results: BG1, 53Mbps, Normal Packets
TFCTFC№№ Hop Hop BandsBands
Power MeterPower MeterCorr for Duty Cycle dBmCorr for Duty Cycle dBm
VSAVSAdBmdBm
Spec.AnSpec.AndBm/MHzdBm/MHz
1 3 −12.0 + 0.91 = −11.1 −11.0 −42.3
8 2 −13.9 + 0.91 = −13.0 −13.0 −42.6
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 41
SignalSignal№№ Hop Hop BandsBands
Req. power Req. power Increase dBIncrease dB
VSAVSAdBdB
Actual error Actual error from UWB Txfrom UWB Tx
Spec.AnSpec.AndBdB
TFC1 w.r.t. TFC5 3 +4.8 +3.4 −1.4 −1.6
TFC8 w.r.t. TFC5 2 +3.0 +1.4 −1.6 −1.9
TFC5 w.r.t. TFC5 1 0 0 0 0
5 1 −15.5 + 0.91 = −14.6 −14.4 −40.7
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Variation of Tx Power with TFCs
� The VSA is reporting power correctly� 2-band hopping is light in power by 1.6dB� And 3-band hopping by 1.4dB� This UWB Tx could be calibrated better � The absolute power of this Tx is a little low, some maybe
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 42
� The absolute power of this Tx is a little low, some maybe accounted for in the cable
� The Spectrum Analyser is reporting correctly� The difference in power levels in a per MHz bandwidth� But the absolute levels would need to be corrected by the Tx
duty cycle.
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Summary Conducted Measurements
� Power levels are not dependant on data-rate or modulation type
� Power levels are grossly affected by frame/packet length� Power levels are affected by inter-packet gap, SIFS/MIFS
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 43
� Power levels are affected by inter-packet gap, SIFS/MIFS normal/burst mode
� Average power levels are dependant upon TFC� ETSI does not take these into account
� Needs to add a mark/space correction statement
� UWB standards need to add a test-mode� To ensure a particular packet length and Tx in full power
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Part 5 – Radiated Measurements at CSR
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 44
Part 5 – Radiated Measurements at CSR
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Radiated Measurement Setup
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 45
� Path Loss = 32.45 + 20 * log(f)� Cable B Loss = 2.1066 * log(f) − 0.2351dB (f in GHz)� Rx Antenna Gain = 11.3dB (3.1GHz to 4.8GHz)� BPF Loss 1.5dB� LNA Gain 35.5dB
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Spectrum Analyser Screenshot (TFC1)
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 46
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Calculation of actual EIRP (TFC1)
ElementElement Correction AppliedCorrection Applied ResultResult
Reading (at 3.2GHz in this case) −42.5dBm/MHz
Duty Cycle (96symbol frame SIFS) +0.91dB
Cable-B Loss +0.83dB
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 47
LNA Gain −35.5dB
BPF Loss +1.5dB
Ref Antenna Gain (at 3.2GHz) −9.8dB
Path Loss (1metre at 3.2Hz) +42.6dB
Total Correction +0.54dB
EIRP (Global specs −41.3dBm/MHz) −42.0dBm/MHz
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Spectrum Analyser Screenshot (TFC5)
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 48
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Calculation of actual EIRP (TFC5)
ElementElement Correction AppliedCorrection Applied ResultResult
Reading (at 3.2GHz in this case) −40.5dBm/MHz
Duty Cycle (96symbol frame SIFS) +0.91dB
Cable-B Loss +0.83dB
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 49
LNA Gain −35.5dB
BPF Loss +1.5dB
Ref Antenna Gain (at 3.2GHz) −9.8dB
Path Loss (1metre at 3.2Hz) +42.6dB
Total Correction +0.54dB
EIRP (Global specs −41.3dBm/MHz) −40.0dBm/MHz
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Calibration
� In order to minimise measurement uncertainties� Any cables must be calibrated over the frequency range� Take account of path loss variation over the bandgroup
� Path loss delta across TFC1 is
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 50
� 20*log(4.8/3.1) = 3.8dB� Frequency response of LNA� Frequency response of Test Antenna
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Maximum Peak Radiated Power
� To do …
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 51
� Bandwidth of 8MHz possible not 50MHz� Spec limit changed from 0dBm/50MHz to
−8dBm/8MHz
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Rx Spur
� To do …
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 52
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Tx Power Control
� To do …
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 53
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Emissions
� Noise floor good enough to do …� TBD
� But not
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved. Slide 54
� But not� 1.6GHz� TBD
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Changing the way the world connects
© CSR plc 2009. All rights reserved.