Name: ________________________________________________________ Period: ______

Review Packet for 6th Grade Science Final

Format: Part 1 – 1-100 Multiple Choice Questions (You will be using a scantron.) Part 2 – 101-114 Short Answers (You will be using a separate answer sheet.) Part 3 – 115-119 Short Answers (You will be using a separate answer sheet.)

Life Science 1. The function of each organelle: a. Nucleus -control center of the cell. Where the chromosomes are found. Control the heredity of traits. b. Mitochondria -powerhouse of the cell. Where energy is made. c. Cell membrane -controls the passage of nutrients into the cell and wastes out of the cell. d. chromosomes -are made of DNA. Contain genes which contain recipes for making proteins. e. cell wall -only found in plant cells. Protects and provides support for the cell. f. ribosomes -read the recipes for making protein. This is where proteins are made. g. chloroplast_ -only found in plant cells. Where food is made using chlorophyll. Site of photosynthesis h. vacuole -stores water and nutrients. i. cytoplasm -jelly-like fluid that holds organelles together and allows movement in the cell. j. DNA -carries the code which produces proteins and controls all activities in the cell. k. Endoplasmic Reticulum: it is the transport system. It transports ribosomes.

2. Label the plant and animal cell below and then complete the differences and similarities in the Venn diagram below- 3. Look at the diagram below.

This is the process of asexual reproduction because the offspring look EXACTLY like the parent cell and the offspring was produced from ONE parent.

a. b.

Animal Cell Plant Cell

animal cell

plant cell

chloroplast

Cell wall

Large vacuole More boxed shaped

Small vacuole MO

mitochondria

nucleus

DNA (chromosomes)

ribosomes

Cell membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

cytoplasm

chlorophyll

Makes its own food through photosynthesis

rounder MO

4. The picture below shows the joining of the egg and sperm to produce a zygote which is sexual reproduction.

This process is called fertilization.

5. The number of chromosomes in a human body cell- 46 6. The number of chromosomes found in a human sex cell-23 7. The male gives half the number of chromosomes, which is 50%. 8. The female gives half the number of chromosomes which is 50%. 9. The two types of sex cells are egg and sperm. 10. The male sex cell is the sperm and the female sex cell is the egg 11. The cell division that makes the sex cells and produces eggs and sperms each in which that has half the number of chromosomes is meiosis. 12. Mitosis is a process of cell division which results in the production of two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. All your BODY cells are made this way. Hint: Mitosis – The “t” stands for TWIN (makes a twin).

13. Answer the following questions based on the diagram below.

a. This is an example of sexual reproduction. Because there are two parents. b. The parents have 4 children. They have 2 boys and 2 girls. c. The father’s genotype is hybrid (N n). The mom’s genotype is recessive nn d. How many children inherited the recessive allele? 4 or 100% e. How many children’s phenotype represented the recessive trait? 2 or 50% f. The recessive trait doesn’t show in the phenotype of the children with the

genotype Nn because they have a dominant allele which over powers (masks) blocks it out, covers it, the recessive allele.

g. Fill-in the Punnett Square based on the diagram above.

n n

N n

Nn Nn

nn nn

14. In terms of capital letters (B) and lowercase letters (b), the allele for a recessive trait would be lowercase letter (b) dominant would be capital letter (B) 15. In terms of capital letters (B) and lowercase letters (b), the alleles for a hybrid trait would be Bb and pure trait would be BB or bb. 16. genetic engineering- transferring a gene from one organism to another. For example when we went to the DNA Learning center, we transferred the gene from the jelly fish to the bacteria and made the bacteria glow in the dark. 17. selective breeding-choosing to mate two organisms to get a desired result. For example, pollinating a tomato plant that produces large tomatoes with one that is seedless. 18. Segments of chromosomes that are recipes for specific traits are called genes. 19. The change in the sequence of the order of the bases in the DNA code mutation. 20. Abnormal cell division results in a mutation. An example of this is cancer. 21. Nitrogen bases- a. adenine pairs with thymine b. thymine pairs with adenine c. guanine pairs with cytosine d. cytosine pairs with guanine 22. Holds (bonds) the nitrogen bases together- hydrogen bond

23. The order of cellular organization is

1. cell

2. tissues 3. organs

4. organ system

5. organism

24. Use the words above to label these pictures:

a. organ b. cells

c. organism d. organ system

e. tissues

25. According to the pedigree chart, “A” is the allele for a normal person and “a” is the allele for an affected person. Look at the key and the pedigree chart. Then answer the questions.

a. How many children did the couple have? 5

b. How many people are affected 1 Male or female? male

c. How many people have the genotype “AA” or “Aa”? The parents both have to be hybrid Aa, in order for one of their children to be affected. The children who aren’t affected are either AA or Aa. Since 4 children aren’t affected, the answer is 6 the four children who aren’t affected and the two parents. The male who is affected must be aa.

26. Fill in the chart with the differences of the male and female Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit flies). Life cycle of fruit fly: egg, larva, pupa, adult

Male Drosophila Female Drosophila Round abdomen Pointy abdomen

Mostly Black abdomen ( hard to see stripes)

Striped abdomen ( easy to count stripes

smaller larger

Sex combs on front legs (Remember I call them the hairy elbows.)

27. Punnett Squares

a. In purple people eaters, one-horn is dominant (H) and no horns is recessive (h). Draw a Punnett square showing the cross of a purple people eater that is hybrid for horns with a purple people eater that does not have horns. (recessive)

Hh x hh % genotype HH 0%

% genotype Hh 50%

% genotype hh 50%

% phenotype one-horn 50%

% phenotype no horns 50%

b. Look at the Punnett Square below. Each offspring has a hybrid genotype. Therefore, the parent’s genotypes would be T T x t t.

Tt

TtTt

Tt

H h

h h

Hh hh

Hh hh

Microscope 1. Look at the picture of the preparation of a wet-mount slide.

To reduce air bubbles, make a list of what the student should do when adding the coverslip to the slide? Hold the coverslip by its edges Bend at a 45 degree angle Place it down near the drop of water to touch the water

2. Use the word bank to fill in the parts of the microscope.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

coarse adjustment knob

arm

stage clips

fine adjustment knob

base

Eyepiece (ocular lens)

bodytube

diaphragm

nosepiece

low-power objective lens

high-power objective lens objective lens

stage

mirror

coverslip stage fine adjustment knob eyepiece (ocular lens) base stage clips coarse adjustment knob slide arm mirror high-power objective lens nosepiece bodytube diaphragm low-power objective lens

3. How do you find the total magnification? Multiply the objective lens’ power by the eyepiece’s power. Objective Lens Total Magnification Low-power (10x) 100 x High-power (40x) 400 x 4. Read each of the functions below. Then use the word bank on the previous page to fill in the correct microscope part. a. stage - This is where the specimen is placed for viewing. b. eyepiece (ocular lens) - This is the part you look through. It magnifies the specimen 10 times its original size. c. arm- This part connect the body tube to the base of the microscope. It is also the part you use to carry the microscope. d. revolving nosepiece- This part turns allowing you to switch objective lenses. e. low power objective lens - This part also magnifies the specimen 10 times its original size but it is located on the nosepiece. f. body tube - This part is in between the ocular lens and the revolving nosepiece. g. coarse adjustment knob - This part is used for focusing. It moves the body tube closer to or further from the specimen. h. base - This is the bottom part of the microscope. i. diaphragm & mirror - These parts you would use to increase or decrease the amount of light coming up through the slide. j. fine adjustment knob - This part is used to sharpen the focus of the specimen. k. stage clips - These help hold the specimen slide in place. l. high power objective lens - This part can magnify the specimen 40 or 43 times its original size.

Earth Science 1. weather -daily/short term conditions of the Earth’s atmosphere. 2. climate-the weather in an area over a long period of time. 3. meteorologist-a person who studies/predicts weather conditions of the atmosphere. 4. Which 4 factors interact to cause weather? W.H.A.T.

a. W inds b. H umidity c. A ir pressure d. T emperature

5. What is the major cause of weather and the major reason for the differences in temperature here on Earth? The unequal heating of the Earth’s surface causes the land to heat up faster than the water causing the air above these areas to be different temperatures. Also because the equator receives direct rays from the sun and the poles indirect rays causing the air in these areas to have different temperatures. 6. How does weather generally move across the United States? From west to east 7. Look at the diagram and fill in the boxes with the correct words from the word bank below. The layer that weather occurs in is the Troposphere

troposphere lithosphere hydrosphere atmosphere

8. Complete the chart to identify the weather instruments, what they measure and the unit of measurement: Instrument Name Measures Unit

Barometer Air pressure Mb or inches

Anemometer Wind speed mph

psychrometer Relative Humidity %

Wind vane Weather vane

Wind direction North, South, East,West Cardinal directions

thermometer temperature Degrees Metric Celsius

9. Besides these instruments, what else do meteorologists use to forecast the weather? Patterns of the weather in the past. Satellite images. Doppler radar. 10. List the gases in the Earth’s atmosphere and their percentages.

Gases % Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21 % Trace gases (CO2, water vapor, argon,ozone)

1-2 %

11. Air mass -large body of air that is described by its moisture content and temperature. 12. Name the 4 types of air masses and identify their two properties: Air Mass Location (over) Temperature Moisture Continental Tropical

land

warm

dry

Continental Polar

land

cold

dry

Maritime Tropical

sea

warm

wet

Maritime Polar

sea

cold

wet

13. A front -where two different air masses meet. Some sort of precipitation always occurs.

14. Complete the chart on fronts. Front Symbol Weather it brings

cold

Stormy weather

warm

Light rain

stationary

Precipitation for several days

15. Define the following forms of heat energy: Energy Transfer Definition Example convection

Transfer of heat through air & liquid. Hot air rises; cool air sinks.

Water boiling Air conditioners heaters

conduction

Transfer of heat by the direct (touching) contact.

Your feet heat up walking on a warm, sandy beach.

Radiation

Transfer of heat through empty space

Sunburn Sitting by a fire place

16. Energy from the sun reaches the Earth mainly by radiation. 17. Complete the chart on the different pressures. Pressure Weather it brings Symbol High

Fair, clear skies Think happy. Don’t write happy!!!!

H

Low

Some kind of precipitation

L

18. Air pressure at sea level is higher. Air pressure at the top of a mountain is lower.

19. These three things affect air pressure: (H.A.T) Humidity, Altitude, and Temperature. 20. Fill in the blanks.

Storm Characteristics Precautions

Hurricane

-Forms over warm waters. -Strong winds. -Large, rotating tropical weather system.

-Evacuate. -board up windows. -Secure outdoor furniture.

Tornado

-Forms over land. -Rotating column of air that has high winds and low pressure that touches the ground.

-Seek shelter underground. -In your house hide in the basement

Thunderstorms

-Produce strong winds, heavy rain, lightning and thunder

-Seek shelter indoors. -Don’t go under a tree!!!

21. What is the "greenhouse effect"? It is good. It is how our Earth is kept warm. By CO2, absorbing the heat in the atmosphere and keeping it close to the ground. Too much greenhouse gases in our atmosphere can lead to Global Warming, (not gOOD) because too much heat would stay close to the earth.

22. Fill out the global warming chart. Global warming is…. Global warming is caused by… Global warming effects… *The over warming of the Earth’s surface. *The greenhouse effect squared.

Too much CO2 in the atmosphere, causing too much heat to remain close to the earth. Increasing the overall average temperature on Earth.

*The rise in temperature. *Food chains affected. *Ice caps melting causing flooding. *Animals going extinct due to the loss of their environment.

23. What are fossil fuels? How were they formed? Give examples. Fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They were formed millions of years ago from the remains of once living organisms. We use fossil fuels to create electricity, petrochemicals, heat our homes etc. They are nonrenewable. 24. Name five alternate sources of energy that might be used in place of fossil fuels.

a. solar energy (sun) b. hydroelectric energy (water) c. geothermal energy (from deep inside the earth) d. biomass (organic wastes) e. wind energy (wind )

25. What does the term conservation mean in regards to natural resources? The wise use of natural resources so that they are not used up too quickly. 26. Which gas in the atmosphere can block harmful UVA and UVB rays? Ozone gas

27. Draw a diagram of the water cycle labeling the terms: evaporation, condensation, precipitation and transpiration. (Include arrows, water source, sun trees, clouds, rain, snow, sleet or hail.) 28. Directions: Use the relative Humidity Chart to Fill-in the answers. Dry Bulb Reading

Wet Bulb Reading

Relative Humidity

14° 10° 60% 19° 14° 58%

condensation

29. Look at the weather map to answer the questions. a. What type of weather front is over the state of Florida? Cold Front b. What type of weather does this front usually bring? Stormy, heavy precipitation, colder temperatures. c. What is the pressure system is northwest of New York? Low pressure d. What type of weather does this system bring? Cloudy, precipitation

Hawaii

Texas

New Mexico

Arizona

Oklahoma

Utah Nevada

Colorado Californi

a

Wyoming

Idaho Oregon

Washington Montana North

Dakota South Dakota

Nebraska

Kansas

Louisiana

Arkansas

Missouri

Iowa

Minnesota

Wisconsin

Illinois

Michigan

Indiana

Kentucky

Tennessee

Mississippi Alabam

a Georgia

Florida

South Carolina

North Carolina

Virginia

West Virginia

Ohio Pennsylvania

New York

New Jersey

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Connecticut

Rhode Island

Delaware Maryland

Alaska

L

Physical Science 1. Simple machines help us do work. 2. Look at the picture and complete the chart on simple machines.

Example Name of tool Name of Simple Machine

Hammer

Lever

Flagpole

Pulley

Axe

Wedge

Ramp

Inclined Plane

Doorknob

Wheel and axle

Lightbulb

Screw

3. Compound machines are made up of two or more simple machines that help us do work. 4. The formula for speed is distance divided by time. 5. If a ball travels 55cm down a ramp in .67 sec., what is the speed of the ball? Show your work in the box. 82.1 cm/sec 55cm / .67 sec = 82.08 rounded to the nearest tenth 82.1 cm/sec

Answer: 82.1 cm/sec (Oops! Round to the nearest tenth & don’t forget the unit!!) 6. Balanced forces – No movement will occur. Like a balanced tug of war. Equal forces. 7. Unbalanced forces – Unequal forces. Movement will occur. Like a tug of war where one side is winning. 8. Velocity – speed in a given direction 9. Acceleration is three things speed up, slow down and change direction. 10. Two factors of Gravitational Attraction – mass of the objects and how far apart they are (distance apart) 11. friction -opposes motion and slows things down. 12. Complete the energy chart below. Energy Define Example Kinetic Energy

Energy in motion

Running child, ball flying through the air.

Potential Energy

Stored energy, affected by a person’s position.

Gas tank, lump of coal, standing on top of a hill

13. gravity -keeps planets in their orbit.

14. If you are on a planet with less gravity your mass will stay the same, but your WEIGHT will change. 15. Complete the energy resources chart below. Energy Resource Define Example Renewable resource

Natural resources that can be replaced by nature

Trees, solar, wind, water

Nonrenewable resources

Natural resources that cannot be replaced by nature.

Petrochemicals, coal, oil and natural gas.

16. Read the information and complete the graph.

Supergirl was practicing her flying speed to prepare for the “Superhero Fly-a-Thon” that raises money for all the potential baby superheroes out there. The faster she flies the more money she raises. Below is a chart of her times and distances at practice. Distance (m) 25 70 95 130 Time (sec.) .20 .60 .85 1.00 Check off the list below as you complete your graph. ___ I labeled the x & y axis correctly. ___ I connected all the plots. ___ I gave the graph a title. ___ My intervals are consistent. Flying Speeds

O .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30

The Nature of Science 1. Fill-in the steps of the scientific method. a. problem -the question you want to answer. b. materials -supplies you need to conduct the experiment. c. hypothesis -your educated guess of the answer to the problem. d. independent -the variable that is being manipulated or tested. e. control group -the group that does not receive the independent variable and is compared to the experimental group. f. experimental group -the group that receives the independent variable. g. conclusion -the results of the experiment. 2. Read the passage and answer the questions. A group of scientists at Columbia University wanted to find out if drinking one soda with caffeine had a significant effect on the driving skills of adults. To test their hypothesis, they asked for volunteers who were 35-70 years old, 140-180 lbs. and drank 2-4 sodas with caffeine per week. Two groups were set up. Each group had equal number of men and women. The first group was given diet soda with caffeine in it and the second group was given caffeine-free soda. Both groups received their drinks in a cup so they did not know what type of soda they were drinking.

a. What is the problem? Does drinking caffeine have a significant effect on the driving skills of adults? b. The experiment group is the group that was given the caffeine soda. c. The control group is the group that was NOT given caffeine soda d. The independent variable is caffeine e. The groups were similar because they needed to make the experiment fair, valid. f. They use diet soda because it taste similar to caffeine free soda g. The placebo is caffeine free soda. The purpose of it is to make the control group think they were getting the IV (independent variable ) caffeine.

3. A student sets up the following experiment using tomato plants and potting soil. Use this picture to help you answer the questions below. a. By looking at the pots, what is the independent variable? # of seeds, # of plants. b. What would be a good problem for this set-up? Does the number of seeds (plants) effect the growth of plants? c. What are the things that need to remain constant? Size of the pots, type of plants, amount of light, amount of water they were given, type of container. 4. What is the formula for finding the volume of a solid? L x W x H 5. Find the volume of this solid. Show your work in the box. Answer: 42.0 cm3 Because 3 x 7 x 2 = 42.0 cm3

6. Fill-in the chart below for the scientific tools. Instrument Name Measures Unit

beaker Volume of a liquid

ML or L

Graduated cylinder

Volume of liquid/volume of --------------------- irregular-shaped object

ML or L ----------------- cm3

Triple beam balance

mass

grams

Newton Spring Scale

Force (weight) Newtons (N)

pipette

Volume of a liquid

ML

ruler

Distance/length

millimeter, centimeters, & meters

7. Put the steps in the correct order to find the volume of an irregular-shaped solid: 4 Subtract the final volume minus the initial volume. 1 Pour 50mL of water in a graduated cylinder. This is your initial volume. 5 Write your volume in cubic centimeters. 2 Hold the graduated cylinder on an angle & drop the object in. 3 Read the meniscus. This is your final volume. 8. Look at the picture and write in the volume of the rock.

2

2cc