ReviewReview Problems in the U.S. at the beginning of Problems in the U.S. at the beginning of

the 20the 20thth century century

ProgressivismProgressivism

Social, Political, and Economic Social, Political, and Economic Reforms: 1901-1918Reforms: 1901-1918

ProgressivismProgressivism Progressive Movement:Progressive Movement:

Effort to reform the U.S. and Effort to reform the U.S. and preserve its democratic preserve its democratic values.values.

Confronted the problems Confronted the problems caused by industrialization caused by industrialization and urbanization. and urbanization.

The progressives dominated The progressives dominated politics in the 1900’s as they politics in the 1900’s as they tried to combat society’s tried to combat society’s problems. problems.

Progressive IdealsProgressive Ideals Focus on housing shortages, Focus on housing shortages,

political corruption, and high political corruption, and high crime rates. crime rates.

Feared the wealthy few had Feared the wealthy few had too much power and could too much power and could easily buy their popularity.easily buy their popularity.

Lived in urban areasLived in urban areas Believed a well-run Believed a well-run

government could protect government could protect public interest and restore public interest and restore order to society.order to society.

Important ProgressivesImportant Progressives Jane AddamsJane Addams: Disturbed by : Disturbed by

all the neglected children and all the neglected children and homeless immigrants. homeless immigrants.

Created the Created the Hull House:Hull House: Community center where Community center where people could learn English, people could learn English, discuss politics, and have discuss politics, and have their children watched over their children watched over (nursery). (nursery).

“Action indeed is the sole medium for the expression of ethics.”

“America’s future will be determined by the home and school. The child becomes largely what he is taught; hence, we must watch what we teach, and how we live.”

Important ProgressivesImportant Progressives Florence Kelly:Florence Kelly:

American social & American social & political reformerpolitical reformer

Focused on Focused on sweatshops, minimum sweatshops, minimum wage, education and wage, education and child laborchild labor

““We have, in this country, two million children under the age of sixteen years who are We have, in this country, two million children under the age of sixteen years who are earning their bread. They vary in age from six and seven years (in the cotton mills of earning their bread. They vary in age from six and seven years (in the cotton mills of Georgia) and eight, nine, and ten years (in the coal-breakers of Pennsylvania). No Georgia) and eight, nine, and ten years (in the coal-breakers of Pennsylvania). No other portion of the wage earning class increased so rapidly from decade to decade other portion of the wage earning class increased so rapidly from decade to decade as the young girls from fourteen to twenty years. Tonight while we sleep, several as the young girls from fourteen to twenty years. Tonight while we sleep, several thousand little girls will be working in textile mills, all the night through, in the thousand little girls will be working in textile mills, all the night through, in the deafening noise of the spindles and the looms spinning and weaving cotton and deafening noise of the spindles and the looms spinning and weaving cotton and wool, silks and ribbons for us to buy. Until the mothers in the great industrial states wool, silks and ribbons for us to buy. Until the mothers in the great industrial states are enfranchised, we shall none of us be able to free our consciences from are enfranchised, we shall none of us be able to free our consciences from participation in this great evil. No one in this room tonight can feel free from such participation in this great evil. No one in this room tonight can feel free from such participation. The children make our shoes in the shoe factories; knit our stockings; participation. The children make our shoes in the shoe factories; knit our stockings; they spin and weave our cotton underwear in the cotton mills. They carry bundles of they spin and weave our cotton underwear in the cotton mills. They carry bundles of garments from the factories to the tenements, little beasts of burden, robbed of garments from the factories to the tenements, little beasts of burden, robbed of school life so that they may work for us. We do not wish this. We prefer to have our school life so that they may work for us. We do not wish this. We prefer to have our work done by men and women. But we are almost powerless. Not wholly powerless, work done by men and women. But we are almost powerless. Not wholly powerless, however, are citizens who enjoy the right of petition. For myself, I shall use this however, are citizens who enjoy the right of petition. For myself, I shall use this power in every possible way until the right to the ballot is granted, and then I shall power in every possible way until the right to the ballot is granted, and then I shall continue to use both.”continue to use both.”

Speech read before the convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Speech read before the convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association on July 22, 1905Association on July 22, 1905

Important ProgressivesImportant Progressives Muckrakers: Muckrakers: writers writers

who motivated the public who motivated the public by highlighting social by highlighting social issues. issues.

Attacked wealthy Attacked wealthy corporations, child labor, corporations, child labor, corrupt police, corrupt police, prostitution rings, and prostitution rings, and corrupt churches. corrupt churches. Ida Tarbell

Ida TarbellIda Tarbell The oil men as a class had been brought up to The oil men as a class had been brought up to enormous profits, and held an entirely false standard of enormous profits, and held an entirely false standard of values. As explained once in a sensible editorial, "their values. As explained once in a sensible editorial, "their business was born in a balloon going up, and spent all business was born in a balloon going up, and spent all its early years in the sky." They had seen nothing but its early years in the sky." They had seen nothing but the extreme of fortune. One hundred per cent per the extreme of fortune. One hundred per cent per annum on an investment was in their judgment only a annum on an investment was in their judgment only a fair profit. If their oil property had not paid for itself fair profit. If their oil property had not paid for itself entirely in six months, and begun to yield a good entirely in six months, and begun to yield a good percentage, they were inclined to think it a failure. They percentage, they were inclined to think it a failure. They were notoriously extravagant in the management of were notoriously extravagant in the management of their business. Rarely did an oil man write a letter if he their business. Rarely did an oil man write a letter if he could help it. He used the telegraph instead. Whole sets could help it. He used the telegraph instead. Whole sets of drilling tools were sometimes sent by express. It was of drilling tools were sometimes sent by express. It was no uncommon thing to see near a oilrig broken tools no uncommon thing to see near a oilrig broken tools which could easily have been mended, but which the which could easily have been mended, but which the owner had replaced by new ones. It was anything to owner had replaced by new ones. It was anything to save bother with him. Frequently wells were abandoned save bother with him. Frequently wells were abandoned which might have been pumped on a small but sure which might have been pumped on a small but sure profit. The simple fact was that the profits which men in profit. The simple fact was that the profits which men in trades all over the country were glad enough to get, the trades all over the country were glad enough to get, the oil producers despised. oil producers despised.

Important ProgressivesImportant Progressives Upton Sinclair: Upton Sinclair: showed showed

unsanitary factory conditions in unsanitary factory conditions in his novel, his novel, The JungleThe Jungle..

Caused the government to Caused the government to pass the pass the Pure Food and Drug Pure Food and Drug Act: Act: Federal inspection of meat Federal inspection of meat products and regulation of products and regulation of pesticide use.pesticide use. Currently, the FDA: (Food Currently, the FDA: (Food

and Drug Administration)and Drug Administration)

“ “There would come all the way back from Europe old sausage There would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms’ and the water from leaky roofs would drip great piles in rooms’ and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, so the packers dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, so the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and then rats, poisoned bread, and meat would go into the hoppers then rats, poisoned bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.”together.”

- Upton Sinclair, - Upton Sinclair, The Jungle,The Jungle, 1906 1906

Progressive PresidentsProgressive PresidentsRoosevelt, Taft & WilsonRoosevelt, Taft & Wilson

TR: 1901-1908

Wilson: 1912-1921

Taft: 1908-1912

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Nickname: “TR”, “Teddy”, “The Bull Moose” Personality: Extremely energetic, great speaker While boxing in the White House with heavyweight

John Sullivan, Roosevelt received a blow to his face that left him blind in his left eye. (kept secret for several years)

Mad House: Roosevelt had 6 children, horses, dogs, snakes, cats, a badger, & guinea pigs running around the White House.

Teddy bear named after him

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt A typical TR breakfast included giant mugs of coffee,

and 12 eggs! Firsts: ride in an automobile, fly in an airplane, dive in

a submarine, & travel outside the US while in office Assassination attempt in 1912: “I don’t know whether

you fully understand that I have been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose”

Loved to travel: At 60 yrs. old, TR traveled to S. America. He contracted malaria and died a few years later.

Roosevelt – A Man of Many TradesRoosevelt – A Man of Many TradesHunter & environmentalist

Cowboy & NY socialite

Loved individualism in business & fought to stop monopolies

Roosevelt’s Business PoliciesRoosevelt’s Business Policies Sherman Antitrust Act: prohibit Sherman Antitrust Act: prohibit

monopoliesmonopolies Bureau of Corporations: Bureau of Corporations:

investigates antitrust violationsinvestigates antitrust violations Settled strikes between Settled strikes between

managers and workersmanagers and workers Meat Inspection Act: outlawed Meat Inspection Act: outlawed

misleading labels and misleading labels and dangerous preservativesdangerous preservatives

Roosevelt’s Environmental PoliciesRoosevelt’s Environmental Policies Conserve nature for Conserve nature for

recreational userecreational use Created U.S. Forest Created U.S. Forest

ServiceService Set aside 194 million Set aside 194 million

acres for national parks acres for national parks and nature preservesand nature preserves

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt"Optimism is a good "Optimism is a good

characteristic, but if characteristic, but if carried to an excess, it carried to an excess, it becomes foolishness. We becomes foolishness. We are prone to speak of the are prone to speak of the resources of this country resources of this country as inexhaustible; this is as inexhaustible; this is not so."not so."Seventh Annual Message to Congress, Seventh Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1907December 3, 1907

““Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far”Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” Central point: The U.S. government would intervene to prevent Central point: The U.S. government would intervene to prevent

invasion from other powers.invasion from other powers. Caused a lot of U.S. interventions in Latin America during the 20Caused a lot of U.S. interventions in Latin America during the 20 thth

centurycentury Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy” expressed the view that it was the Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy” expressed the view that it was the

responsibility of the United States to carry out “the most regrettable responsibility of the United States to carry out “the most regrettable but necessary international policy duty which must be performed for but necessary international policy duty which must be performed for the sake of the welfare of mankind.” the sake of the welfare of mankind.”

To keep an open door trading policy with China he mediated a To keep an open door trading policy with China he mediated a peace agreement between China, Russia and Japan, which ended peace agreement between China, Russia and Japan, which ended the Russo-Japanese War. This won him a Nobel Peace Prize. the Russo-Japanese War. This won him a Nobel Peace Prize.

Use of the “Big Stick” in Latin AmericaUse of the “Big Stick” in Latin America

Platt Amendment & Troops: 1901

Proposition of Nicaraguan Canal: 1901

Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” You are now going to read about specific interventions justified by You are now going to read about specific interventions justified by

Roosevelt’s foreign policyRoosevelt’s foreign policy In your HOA textbook, read pgs. 133-137, and take notes on the following In your HOA textbook, read pgs. 133-137, and take notes on the following

seven points:seven points:

1.1. Build up of U.S. Navy (Great White Fleet)Build up of U.S. Navy (Great White Fleet)

2.2. Panama CanalPanama Canal

3.3. Involvement in NicaraguaInvolvement in Nicaragua

4.4. Venezuelan BlockadeVenezuelan Blockade

5.5. Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

6.6. Intervention in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)Intervention in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)

7.7. Extraterritoriality (include L.A. response)Extraterritoriality (include L.A. response)