review student review package

8/4/2019 Review Student Review Package

1/12

Chemistry 534 Review Name:

Chemistry Review Package

Before we get started, we must spend some time reviewing Science 10.

Try your best. We will cover it very quickly, so please come see me if you need help.

We must be familiar with the following information:

Classification of matter

Terms

Atomic Structure

Periodic Table

Valence Electrons

Writing & Naming Compounds

Balancing Equations

Scientific Notation

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Classification & Terms

MATTER: Anything that takes up space and has mass.Ex. A desk

SUBSTANCE: Matter that has a uniform composition.

ELEMENT: The simplest form of matter that cannot be separated or broken down intosimpler substances.

Ex. Iron (Fe), Oxygen (O)

COMPOUND: A substance that is composed of two or more elements.It can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions.Ex. Water (H2O)

MIXTURE: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

Example: Sugar

Sugar (Compound)

Carbon (element) & Water (compound)

Hydrogen (element) & Oxygen (element)

Remember, elements are made up ofATOMS.

2

Matter

PureSubstance

Mixture ofSubstances

Elementsex. Fe, O

Compoundex. water

HomogenousMixture

HeterogeneousMixture

Physically

Separable

Che

mically

Sep

arable


3/12

ATOM: The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of theelement.

Proton: A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron: A subatomic particle with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom.

Electron: A negatively subatomic particle.

ATOMIC MASS: The mass of a single atom measured in atomic mass units (amu or ).The sum of the protons and the neutrons

ATOMIC NUMBER:The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element.

Example:

Oxygen:Atomic Mass of 16 g/mol

Atomic Number of 8So, 8 protons, 8 electrons and 8 neutrons

Sodium:Atomic Mass of 23 g/molAtomic Number of 11So, 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons

Argon:

Cobalt:

Potassium:

3


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3p4n

Periodic Table

The PERIODIC TABLE groups elements according to their similar properties. (Rememberexamples of properties include density, melting and boiling point, color, etc.)

Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Period1

1

H2

He

23

Li4

Be5

B6

C7

N8

O9

F10

Ne

311

Na12

Mg13

Al14

Si15

P16

S17

Cl18

Ar

419

K20

Ca21

Sc22

Ti23

V24

Cr25

Mn26

Fe27

Co28

Ni29

Cu30

Zn31

Ga32

Ge33

As34

Se35

Br36

Kr

537

Rb38

Sr39

Y40

Zr41

Nb42

Mo43

Tc44

Ru45

Rh46

Pd47

Ag48

Cd49

In50

Sn51

Sb52

Te53

I54

Xe

655

Cs

56

Ba

71

Lu

72

Hf

73

Ta

74

W

75

Re

76

Os

77

Ir

78

Pt

79

Au

80

Hg

81

Tl

82

Pb

83

Bi

84

Po

85

At

86

Rn7

87

Fr88

Ra103

Lr104

Rf105

Db106

Sg107

Bh108

Hs109

Mt110

Ds

Within the periodic table you can find the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transitionmetals, metalloids, non-metals, halogens and inert gases.

The periodic table is organized into:

Horizontal Rows: PeriodRepresents the # of electron shells

Vertical Columns: Family or GroupRepresents the # of valence electrons

Recall:

Lithium has 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons.

1 valence electron Family I

2 shells Period 2

Recall:First Shell - 2 electronsSecond Shell - 8 electronsThird Shell - 18 electrons BUT put 8 electrons in first, then 2 electrons into the

fourth shell, then continue to fill the third shell!Where do these belong?

N F He Mg C Ca

4

3Li7
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/hydrogen/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/helium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/lithium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/beryllium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/boron/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/carbon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/nitrogen/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/oxygen/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/fluorine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/neon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/sodium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/magnesium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/aluminium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/silicon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/phosphorus/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/sulfur/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/chlorine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/argon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/potassium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/calcium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/scandium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/titanium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/vanadium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/chromium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/manganese/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/iron/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/cobalt/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/nickel/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/copper/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/zinc/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/gallium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/germanium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/arsenic/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/selenium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/bromine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/krypton/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/rubidium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/strontium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/yttrium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/zirconium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/niobium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/molybdenum/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/technetium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/ruthenium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/rhodium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/palladium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/silver/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/cadmium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/indium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/tin/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/antimony/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/tellurium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/iodine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/xenon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/caesium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/barium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/lutetium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/hafnium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/tantalum/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/tungsten/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/rhenium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/osmium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/iridium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/platinum/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/gold/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/mercury/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/thallium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/lead/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/bismuth/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/polonium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/astatine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/radon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/francium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/radium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/lawrencium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/rutherfordium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/dubnium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/seaborgium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/bohrium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/hassium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/meitnerium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/darmstadtium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/hydrogen/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/helium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/lithium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/beryllium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/boron/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/carbon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/nitrogen/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/oxygen/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/fluorine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/neon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/sodium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/magnesium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/aluminium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/silicon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/phosphorus/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/sulfur/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/chlorine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/argon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/potassium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/calcium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/scandium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/titanium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/vanadium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/chromium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/manganese/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/iron/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/cobalt/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/nickel/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/copper/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/zinc/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/gallium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/germanium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/arsenic/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/selenium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/bromine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/krypton/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/rubidium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/strontium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/yttrium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/zirconium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/niobium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/molybdenum/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/technetium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/ruthenium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/rhodium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/palladium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/silver/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/cadmium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/indium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/tin/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/antimony/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/tellurium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/iodine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/xenon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/caesium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/barium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/lutetium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/hafnium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/tantalum/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/tungsten/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/rhenium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/osmium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/iridium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/platinum/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/gold/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/mercury/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/thallium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/lead/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/bismuth/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/polonium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/astatine/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/radon/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/francium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/radium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/lawrencium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/rutherfordium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/dubnium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/seaborgium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/bohrium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/hassium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/meitnerium/key.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/darmstadtium/key.html


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Family VPeriod 2

So, 2 shells &5 valence elec

Recall that ATOMS are usually NEUTRAL.

meaning that the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

When atoms lose or gain electrons they become charged and called IONS.

Ions want a full outer electron shell & will gain or lose electrons to achieve this!

Cation: Positively charged ion.i.e. the atom lost electron(s)

Anion: Negatively charged ion.i.e. the atom gained electron(s)

For example:

Name ofElement

Symbol ofElement

Change inElectrons

Ion Name of Ion

Sodium Na Loses one Na+ Sodium ion

Calcium Ca Loses two Ca2+ Calcium ion

Oxygen O Gains two O2- Oxygen ion

Fluorine F Gains one F- Fluoride ion

Iodine I Gains one I- Iodide ionNitrogen N Gains three N3- Nitride ion

Note the relationship between charge and the position in the periodic table (the families).How do valency and ionic charge relate? What do you notice about metallic ions?

Some elements have more than one ionic charge. See page 95 for complete list.

Name ofElement

Symbol ofElement

Change in Electrons Ion

Copper Cu Loses one OR Loses two Cu+ or Cu2+

Iron Fe Loses two or Loses three Fe2+ or Fe3+

POLYATOMIC ION: A tightly bond units of atoms that behaves as a unit and carries acharge. For example phosphate PO4

3-.

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Ammonia NH4+

Carbonate CO32-

Hydroxide OH-

Nitrate NO3-

MEMORIZE THESE!

6


7/12

Writing & Naming Formulas

Writing

What would happen if lithium and oxygen came together?

Step 1 - Write the chemical symbols for each element, with the metal first.Li O

Step 2 - Write the ionic charges above each symbol.Li+ O2-

Step 3 - Crossover the ionic chargesand write them below,removing the + or -.Li2O1

Step 4 - Simply the numbers (if necessary). Remove the 1s.Li2O

*This method can mess you up at times!Use this only if you really understand what ishappening.

Step 3 - Add more positive or negativeions as required until thecharge is balanced.Li+ Li+ O2-

Step 4 - Write the formula usingsubscripts to indicate thenumber of ions of each type.Li2O1 then remove any 1Li2O

Examples:

1- calcium and fluorine

Ca FCa2+ F-

Ca2+ F- F- or Ca1F2CaF2

2- aluminum and sulfur

3- magnesium and oxygen

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NAMING

1- When naming a metal and a non-metal:

i- Name the metal first, using the name on the periodic table.ii- Name the non-metal, changing the ending to ide

Example:CaF2 Li2O Al2S3 BaO

calcium fluoride

2- When naming two non-metals:

i- Name the first non-metal, using the name on the periodic table.ii- Determine how many of the first non-metal there are.iii- Add the appropriate pre-fix before the non-metals name.*iv- Name the second non-metal, using the name on the periodic table.

v- Add the appropriate pre-fix before the non-metals name.

Example:N2O3 CO2 CO

dinitrogen trioxide

*Note if there is only one of the first non-metal, then we do not write mono.

3- When naming a formula with a multiple charged ion:

If the formula has a metal and non-metal:

Name the metal first.Determine the metals ionic charge.Write the ionic charge using Roman numerals in brackets.Name the non-metal, changing the ending to ide.

Example:Cu2O Fe2O3copper(I) oxide

4- When naming a formula with a polyatomic ion:

Follow the appropriate rules above!! (see pg 97 for polyatomic ions)

Example:KNO3 NaOH Ca3(PO4)2 BaSO4potassium nitrate


9/12

WRITING & NAMING

Given the following compounds, writing the correct chemical formula or name the compound.

1- magnesium nitride

2- carbon dioxide

3- iron (III) sulfide

4- NaCl

5- CF4

6- HgCl2


10/12

Writing & Balancing Equations

All chemical reactions involve changes in substances. The reactants (the starting substances)are changed into one or more new substances called the products.

Bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.

Atoms are neither created nor destroyed just rearranged.

Example:

Sodium + Iodine Sodium iodide

Na + I NaI

Because atoms are neither created nor destroyed, only rearranged, when writing reactions wemust ensure we follow this and balance the equation.

Example:Aluminum metal reacts with oxygen in the air to form aluminum oxide

Al (s) + O2 (g) Al2O3 (s) skeleton equation

4Al (s)+ 3O2 (g) 2Al2O3 (s) balanced equation

When balancing equations, each side of the equation must have the same number of atoms!

RULES FOR BALANCING EQUATIONS: pg 148

1- Determine the correct formulas for all reactants and products and properly set upan equation.

2- Count the number of atoms of each element in the reactants and products anddetermine what needs to be balanced. Count polyatomic ions has a unit.

3- Balance the elements one at a time by using coefficients, which are numbersplaced in front of the formula. It is best to begin with elements other thanhydrogen or oxygen. You CANNOT balance by changing the subscripts.

4- Check to see if everything is balanced.

5- Make sure that the coefficients are in the lowest possible ratio.

Example:

1- H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (l)

2 Hydrogens 2 Oxygens 2 Hydrogens, 1 Oxygen

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l)


11/12

2- Al (s) + O2 (g) Al2O3 (s)

3- AgNO3 (aq) + Cu (s) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Ag (s)


12/12

Scientific Notation

We will be using very BIG & very SMALL numbers. It takes a long time to write out the entirenumber, so we use a short cut called scientific notation.

Example:

1, 100, 000.00 becomes 1.10 x 106

Move decimal over to first number1, 100, 000.00

The number of times you move the decimal becomes the power of 10So, six times so 106

o If you move to the left, the power is positive.

o

If you move to the right, the power is negative.

Take to two decimal placesSo, 1.10 x 106

Examples:

1. 1, 250 becomes 1.25 x 103

2. 13, 472 becomes 1.35 x 104

3. 0.000864 becomes 8.64 x 10 -4

4. 0.05725 becomes 5.73 x 10 -2

Hint Your calculator will do this for you!!!

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