REVISION B682B

Keeping AnimalsReason for keeping animal

How are they treated?

Companionship exercise dogs so that they do not become bored and bark excessively.castrate or spay cats so that they do not breed with other pets.confine animals that may bite

Cared for in terms of welfare until they are needed for food

Competition Treated as pets but with an interest in their performance

Treated as pets but kept for hunting purposes

Conservation keep animals away from the public to maintain a more natural environment.

animals kept away from the public to avoid transmission of disease.

Breeding

• Different breeds have different characteristics – s and t – selected for different purposes

• Cross breeding - mating different breeds ( )

• L Breeding - mating closely r within a breed (keep characteristics)

Bird and Mammal ReproductionBirds Mammals

Similarities Produce egg by f of egg by sperm

Produce egg by fertilisation of egg by sperm

Differences Egg layingNo penis Testicles internalOvary on l hand side onlyF determines sex

Live birthTesticles eOvaries on both sidesM determines sex

Rabbits (mammals)

Fertilisation

• G or sex cells contain 23 chromosomes.

• The male gamete (s ) fertilises the female gamete (e ) in the oviduct and produces an embryo with 46 chromosomes

Embryo Development Animal Development Gestation Functions

Rabbitdays

U - nurturing the fertilised egg that develops into the foetus and holding it till the rabbit is mature enough for birthVagina – connect the cervix to the external genitals, part of the birth canal.

Bird days Vent-male vent turns inside out, to allow the sperm to enter the female reproductive system and fertilise the egg. Female vent allows sperm to enter to fertilise eggShell Gland – where the s is formed

Artificial IncubationChickens need an incubation period of 28 days at a temperature of about °C.

T - Eggs need to be turned every few hours to stop the chick becoming d . If the eggs spend too long on one side the chicken can have a ‘flat’ side.

% Humidity so that the embryo does not dry out

We can check whether an egg is developing through C . This is holding an egg up to the light to see if a ‘shadow’ can be seen within the egg.

Artificial Incubator

Incubation Advantages DisadvantagesArtificial – Hatching eggs by putting them in an incubator

1) You can hatch eggs whenever you want - you don't have to wait for a hen to go b .2) If you get a big enough incubator, you can hatch out as many e as you want.3) You get the satisfaction of caring for the eggs yourself

1) You have to worry about the t , ventilation, and humidity.2) If you do not have an automatic turner, you will have to turn the eggs at least three times a day at evenly spaced intervals.3) Incubators usually hatch out a l percentage of eggs than broody hens do.

Natural – Hatching eggs by putting them under a broody hen

1. The hen does most of the work for you. You don't have to worry about t the eggs or keeping the temperature stable 2. A broody hen will usually hatch out a higher percentage of eggs than you will get in an incubator.3. Once the chicks hatch, she will do much of the work of caring for them.

1) Cannot tell when a hen will go broody.2) You can't guarantee that she will be a good m .3) You can only fit so many eggs under one hen, so you might not be able to hatch out as many as you want.4) Sometimes a mother hen will "go wild" when she hatches out chicks, and it will be much harder to tame them.

Food Tests• Grind up the food using a pestle and mortar• Starch – Add a few drops of I – does it

turn b ?• G – Half fill a beaker with water, boil

using a Bunsen. Add food and Benedict’s Solution to a test tube. Place test tube in beaker and continue to heat – does the solution turn orange?

• Fat – rub onto f paper – does it turn transparent?

• Protein – Add copper sulphate solution – is there a colour change?

Animal DietCarbohydrates – used in r to release energyProteins – used for g and r of body tissueF – used as insulation and source of energyFibre – Prevents c W – prevent dehydrationVitamin A – for v . If deficient – eye problems,

chickens will have reduced e production, C – to keep skin healthy ONLY ESSENTIAL FOR PRIMATES AND GUINEA PIGS, if deficient – chickens have reduced egg shell quality, D – for b and teeth, if deficient – rickets, reduced growth

Minerals – Calcium – to strengthen bones, if deficient – brittle or deformed bones and weakened t

- Iron – for blood, if deficient - anaemiaExcess of fats and carbohydrates - obesity

Feedstuffs

Roughage succulent concentrate

Description High fi bre Low nutrient value

High moisture Processed f eeds High nutrient value

Example Carrots Hay

Grass

Pellets Crushed grain

Chicken and Rabbit Digestive System

Digestive System FunctionsDigestive part Function

Mouth food is chewed and mixed with s

Stomach mixes food with e which digest food. Acid kills harmful microbes.

Small I more enzymes, food is absorbed into the b stream

Large Intestine excess w is removed

C Break down cellulose turning it into c which are eaten by the rabbit

Gizzard Contains small stones to crush food

C Storage sac

Rectum holds dry p (faeces) until they are ready to be expelled out of the anus

Animal HousingAnimal Housing Size Cleaning Food and bedding Other info. Problems

Bird A , cage, coop

Large enough for bird to spread it’s wings

Once a week Consumed in a day, bowls cleaned daily, fresh water, c provides calcium and exercises jaw and trims beak

Bars for perching, cage cover for sleeping, toys for chewing, climbing

Cage too small = behaviour problems

Rabbit hutch Large, indoor sleeping, outdoor run

Once a week, fresh bedding

Hay, straw, wood shavings for bedding. Fresh food and water daily

Like Lots of hay, fruit and vegetables

Cage too small – behaviour problems, lack of e

Small Mammal

Cage As big as possible, room to exercise

Once a week with mild d .

Feed bowls/water cleaned daily. wood shavings, shredded paper for bedding

Toys for gnawing, wheels for exercise

Cage too small = behavioural problems

Reptile T Appropriate to reptile

Once a week Tank dry, except hide box – damp moss. Hiding places-leaves, bark

Thermal gradient needed

Food stored well to prevent disease

Fish bowl, tank, a

Match fish to tank

Check, maintain pHChange 20% water twice a week, clean tank once a month

Correct f food twice a day

Filter air pump to oxygenate water

Chlorine in tap water can kill fish, add dechlorinator

Rabbit Health Check • Have clean, bright eyes, which do not have m

, a crust, etc. in or near them. • Have clean ears, unobstructed by w , and

they should not smell bad. • Have clean, untangled fur, and no ticks, f or

other parasites on their skin. Check them all over. They should not smell bad anywhere.

• They should not have anything in the fur around their a . If they do, it's a suggestion of major health problems.

• They should not be limp and unresponsive, but they shouldn't be overly j /trembly either.

Handling, Transport• Handled correctly to reduce s and avoid I both to the handler

and the animal. • Wash h before and after handling to prevent spread of disease.

Reptiles can carry salmonella bacteria and it is possible to contract ringworm from rabbits.

• Up to date v , tetanus from an animal bite. Sometimes necessary to wear gloves.

• Hold the animal loosely and for short periods of time.• Be sensitive to the needs of the animal. Do not handle animals just after they

have woken up, if they are nursing young or are in the process of shedding their skin.

• Whilst handling it is important that routine husbandry tasks are carried out such as g and clipping n .

• Small animals are usually transported in containers that are well v , warm and c , small enough to contain the animal from damage if bumped around but large enough to provide freedom of movement.

• Specific laws control the movement of cats and dogs in and out of the UK in order to prevent the introduction of rabies. Cats and dogs are required to spend 6 months in quarantine unless they have been issued with a pet passport by their vet, have been micro chipped and been vaccinated against rabies.