Why did attitudes to immigration change?

People were worried about - Violence Poor education Immigrants stealing jobs Strange ideas such as communism They couldnt speak English

Why did KKK act as they did?

They hated non WASPS They were opposed in integration Had a lot of power and influence They wanted to force people to accept their ideas of segregation and white supremacy

Why did people from the South want to move North?

Farming was in crisis no money and constant debt They faced discrimination They had no opportunities for developing careers North had jobs North had no Jim Crow laws

Why did Civil Rights take off in the 1950s

Came back from WW2 wanting change Important cases like Brown v Topeka Media showed more interest NAACP was working hard People like Martin Luther King and Elijah Mohammed came on to the scene

Why did MLK become important?

Organised and helped lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott Gave good speeches Led the SCLC His non-violence was more appealing to whites

Why did black people begin to oppose MLKs

methods?

There was too much violence against blacks and they wanted revenge The pace of change was slow They saw him as a traitor to the cause They listened to speeches from Malcolm X and other militant leaders What change that had come (1957 Civil Rights Act etc) didnt change much

Why did some white people oppose the increase in Civil Rights?

Racism was embedded in the South They opposed the violence of Black power They didnt want to share power They didnt like the idea of integration

Why was the Montgomery Bus Boycott successful?

Showed people that the Black community could be organized It highlighted the economic power of blacks MLK was an effective leader The black community

The Succession Crisis

Alexander III of Scotland had no adult children. He said that after he died his granddaughter (the daughter of the King of Norway) would be queen. He married again to try and get a son. In 1286 he fell off a cliff and died. The Maid of Norway was sent for and the Community of the Realm elected 6 Guardians (3 from north, 3 from south. 2 bishops, 2 earls and 2 barons). The guardians asked King Edward I of England for help (Maids Great-Uncle)

The Great Cause

Treaty of Birgham 1290 King Edward I and Scotland signed a treaty to marry Margaret of Norway to Edwards son. The treaty said that

Scotland would remain separate. The Maid died this left competitors who wanted to be king Norham Edward agreed to mediate at Norham (he was prepared for war with his army and finances ready). Edward got control of the important castles in Scotland, replaced the guardians and got all the 13 competitors to agree that he was the overlord of the King of Scotland

The Court Case

Three main claimants descended from David the Earl of Huntingdon. John Balliol great-grandson via eldest daughter. Robert Bruce grandson through second daughter. John Hastings great grandson through youngest daughter Hastings thought Scotland should be divided amongst the three but Edward agreed it should remain a united kingdom. Balliol had the best claim and in 1292 King Edward made the Award of Berwick making John Balliol king. He was crowned on St Andrews Day and swore loyalty to Edward

King John and King Edward

Edward treated John badly. He ordered him about, interfered in Scottish courts, made John take part in English royal ceremonies. He humiliated John in Public and eventually summoned John and his nobles to go and fight in France for him.The Scots refused to go, signed an alliance with the French and persuaded the Pope that Edward had bullied the king into loyalty In 1296 Edward invaded Scotland. Bruce supported Edward, Balliol and Comyn didnt

The War

Bruce defended Carlisle for the English while Edward attacked Berwick. The Scots defended the town and refused to surrender but Edward attacked the harbour and eventually slaughtered everyone in the town. At the Battle of Dunbar in 1296 some nobles fought for Edward and some against him. The Scots were utterly defeated and John fled. At Kincardine John was captured and Edward stripped him of his title at Montrose ( he is called Toom Tabard bc. of this) and sent him as a prisoner to England

Edward in charge of Scotland

He refused to make Bruce king He decided to rule Scotland himself He took over all the Scottish Castles Made nobles swear loyalty took prisoners as safeguards Took away all the important documents and the Stone of Destiny Appointed de Warenne as Governor and Cressingham as Treasurer Revolts broke out in the west under the MacDougalls, Moray in Inverness and Aberdeen, Stewart in Galloway, Wallace in Lanark and Nobles who then surrendered at Inverrurie

Battle of Stirling Bridge 1

Wallace was younger son of a minor noble who joined forces with Moray. They chose a site that was marshy to make it hard for the English Knights. Scots had the high and form ground. There was a deep river and only a narrow bridge and road through the marsh. English were better equipped and more experienced but were overconfident and Scots had the advantage of home ground despite their few knights

Battle of Stirling Bridge 2

Events - English could have gone upstream to a ford but many crossed the bridge because de Warenne had slept in. Wallace waited until many were across the bridge before attacking. They English couldnt get

back over the river and many died. The rest fled and Cressingham died. Wallace made guardian of Scotland. Reformed the army, started trading abroad and got foreign support. He also appointed Lamberton as bishop of St Andrews (he was very important because he persuaded French and Papacy to support Scotland)

Battle of Falkirk

Armies Edward brought his proper army to Scotland about 14,000 with many knights and archers. Scots had smaller army with poorer weapons and few knights. Site lake in front, marshes around it and woods behind. Had his men in schiltrons (hedgehogs) Events Knights charged round both sides of the loch. Scots knights fled and archers broke up the schiltrons and massacred the Scots

Consequences of Falkirk

Wallace resigned as Guardian but Scots determined to resist. They decide to not fight battles any longer and continued to rule much of Scotland for themselves. They got support from the Pope who forced Edward to free King John Edward couldnt stay in Scotland and

was not able to concentrate on Scotland. It cost him too much money so he lost control of even more of Scotland

The Importance of William Wallace

Important because he encouraged resistance to the English. He gave them a surprise victory and revived the idea of the guardians ruling for King John. He gained foreign help and appointed Lamberton who would become an important leader in Scotland. However he was not born well so nobles disliked taking orders from him and eventually was captured by the English and executed for treason in 1305

Scottish Collapse

Between 1302 and 1305 Edward gained the upper hand in Scotland. Bruce changed sides again King of France made peace with Edward who was then able to concentrate on Scotland The Pope stopped supporting Scotland Edward came to Scotland with an army and the nobles made their peace (Ed promised to give land back, let Scots govern and keep old laws). Most Scots accepted that Edward had won except Wallace and the Guardian

The ambition of the Bruces

Robert Bruce The Competitor was the one who claimed the throne after the death of the Maid Robert Bruce his son remained loyal to Edward Robert Bruce the competitors grandson had two aims. 1: Keep England and Scotland separate so he could rule Scotland and 2: Keep John Balliol off the throne Supported Edward in 1296 and 1302 and Scotland in 1297, at Falkirk, as Guardian and from 1304 onwards

Murder of Comyn

Background - serious talk of Balliol returning. Red Comyn was looking after Scotland for him. Edward I was in declining health The Crime Bruce and Comyn met at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries. English say Bruce murdered him and Scottish say that Bruce and he fought but the killing was an accident. Results Bruce excommunicated by Pope and opposed by Comyns and the Pope 1306 Bruce crowned king but had little support

The Defeat of Bruce

1306 coronation. 1307 defeated at Methven by the English. 1307 defeated by the MacDougalls (Comyns) at Dalry. 1307 wife, daughter and womenfolk captured and one brother executed at Kildrummy Castle. 1308 two brothers captured and executed in Carrick

Bruces Recovery

Weakening the English Victories at Glen Trool & Loudon Hill and the Death of Edward I weakened the English. Defeating the Comyns the Herschip of Galloway and Buchan forced many to flee and weakened the Comyns and the Battle of Inverurie defeated them finally. Defeating the MacDougalls Battle of the Pass of Brander and the support of the MacDonalds achieved this. Winning the support of Nobles - Made example of the Comyns and MacDougalls and Edward II was inactive so Nobles supported him and came to Parliament. Capturing Castles Bruce captured the main English Castles using stealth and trickery and had the castles wrecked to stop his opponents using them

Bannockburn 1

Background Bruces brother had been besieging Stirling Castle. He had agreed with the garrison that they would surrender if nobody came to help them. This meant a probable invasion but Bruce knew he couldnt fight a normal

battle. The site was close to the marshes and pits were dug to trap the English. It was a difficult site and Bruce organised four schiltons with his cavalry led by Sir Robert Keith

Bannockburn 2

On 23rd of June there was an attack on Bruce by English leader de Bohun and Randolphs

Schiltron saw off some knights. The English were dismayed and began arguing amongst themselves. They were camped between two tidal burns. The Next day the English attacked but couldnt break the Schiltrons. Keiths Cavalry

stopped the archers getting behind around the Schiltrons and eventually Bruce was able to break the English when his small folk joined the

attack. Edward couldnt get into the castle and

he fled to Dunbar and then on to England

The end of the wars

Bannockburn gave Bruce more authority in Scotland as most remaining supporters of John Balliol and Edward now joined him In 1320 the Declaration of Arbroath was sent to the Pope to persuade him that Scotland should always be independent and that Bruce had the right to be King (he had a good claim, he had won the battle and the Scots wanted him as king) In 1328 the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton ended the war Bruce was accepted as king, Balliol rejected, Bruces son David married Edward IIIs sister and the government papers

were returned and Bruce agreed to pay 20,000 Bruce died 1 year later

The Triangular Trade

Britain sent ships to Africa carrying iron goods, alcohol, glass and guns to trade From Africa the ships took slaves to the Americas From the Americas the ships brought goods such as Rum, sugar, molasses and tobacco

Effects of the Slave Trade

In Britain worth over 300m a year. Created jobs in shipbuilding, maintenance etc. Lots of sailors, making goods to take to Africa and in manufacturing in other areas. More Ships, more docks, more factories In Africa slaves came from the West Coast (particularly Ahanti or Gold coast and Dahomey or the Slave Coast). Africans were traded as slaves if had been captured in war, were punished for crime, their family needed money or were kidnapped Slavery caused wars, collapse of justice, collapse of family life and growing distrust between Africans and Slave Traders

Conditions in Factories

Factories were the name given to the trading posts. They were set up by the slave traders to hold 1000 slaves. Had exercise yards and strong defences to prevent attacks. Unpleasant for the traders because of isolation and illness Slaves were examined for age and condition and branded for ID. Kept chained up but exercised and given enough food. Some resisted some lost will to live and died, others attempted escape or refused to eat

Conditions on Slave Ships

Ships had - holds full of shelves for the slaves, padlocked grills. No fresh water and poor sanitation. Crews feared revolt. Slaves were either Loose Packed or Tight Packed. There were fewer slaves with Loose Pack but healthier ones and more profit from Tight Pack. Slaves were chained up, fed a little, unsanitary and unhealthy. Were exercised a bit during the voyage but many were suicidal

Resistance Middle Passage

Slaves could show resistance by Revolting and taking over the ship if they could break their chains perhaps in exercise time Committing Suicide by throwing themselves overboard or refusing to eat Crews had whips and muskets and would use thumbscrews and exemplary punishment to scare the others

Conditions in the Slave Markets

Prep slaves were oiled to look healthy, fed and exercised to improve muscle tone, shaved to look younger Location- they were sold where slaves were scarce to drive up the prices Auction buyers could look over the merchandise before they were sold by lot (individually), by scramble (a fixed price for a number of slaves and buyers grabbed what they could) or by refuse (the weak were wither sold off cheap, left to die or sold to people who made them better then sold them off later)

Slavery in the plantations

Preparing Crop digging, hoeing, planting, pruning and manuring from dawn to dusk. Harvesting cutting, carting, boiling etc (long and dangerous work) Produce the slaves helped make Molasses and Sugar Day started before sunrise. Half an hour for breakfast and two hours for lunch. Ended day at sunset. Houses were poor with small rooms and thatched roofs (drivers had better conditions)

Resistance plantations

Slaves could resist by working slowly (whipped), working badly (whipped), running away (difficult on an island and harsh punishment) or stealing from their owner Many committed suicide as resistance Plantation owners used hanging (killing slave lost them money though!), nailing ears to posts, branding, flogging and making bad slaves carry heavy weights

Abolitionist Movement 1

Aims: to abolish the trade to prevent further slavery and to end the wars in Africa. This would lead to eventual ending of slavery itself. The Quakers were prominent abolitionists because of their religion. Made up of the Committee For the Abolition of the Slave Trade Granville Sharp opposed slavery on religious grounds and as a Civil Servant was able to use the aw to help. Two Cases - Jonathan Strong was re-captured but court said he had not committed a crime running away. James Somersett court said he could not be forced to go back to the Caribbean

Abolitionist Movement 2

Thomas Clarkson Churchman, religious reasons to oppose. Gathered evidence about slavery from ship captains, free slaves etc. Wrote pamphlets and books and published posters. He organized petitions Josiah Wedgewood wealthy maker of china goods made things with anti-slavery message on them, wrote pamphlets and organized petitions (religious opposition to slavery) John Newton former captain of slave ship, became religiously opposed

Abolitionist Movement 3

Ouladah Equiano had once been a slave, wrote a bestselling book about his life William Wilberforce wealthy member of Parliament who had important friends including the Prime Minister (Pitt) and the Prince of Wales. He introduced bills in Parliament to have the trade abolished William Pitt Prime Minister (he lent personal but not government support to the cause

Methods of the Abolitionists

Gathering evidence from those involved in the trade and competent observers such as doctors Publishing this evidence Equianos book, Pamphlets that were cheaper than books, Wedgewoods objects (the famous medallion) Petitioning Parliament Debating in Parliament bills every year from 1789 to 1807

Reasons for Abolition

Humanitarianism slavery brutalised all those involved and was cruel. It broke up families and caused wars Religious the Bible said slavery was wrong, it broke several of the Ten Commandments Economic sugar etc could be produced elsewhere more cheaply so there was no need for slavery. It caused many deaths of sailors. Industry didnt need slavery and there were

lots of unemployed people at home

Why did it last so long?

Supporters they gave good reasons to keep it. Plantations would be ruined, people would lose jobs, it would increase taxes elsewhere, sailors and ships would be lost and this was a risk for the British The Rich those who supported it were rich and powerful. They were well connected and had the support of King George II. Slave towns like Liverpool and Bristol feared the ending of the trade The French Revolution there had been slave revolts on French islands after the revolution and people feared this would happen on British Islands and the government needed the money from slavery to fund war with France

Ending of the Slave Trade

Every year after 1789 Wilberforce introduced a bill in parliament to end the trade. It passed in House of Commons in 1804 but lost in the House of Lords. Eventually passed in 1807. Ships were not allowed to trade in slaves and British ships stopped others carrying slaves too. Anyone found involved were fined 100 a slave